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Arqiva

February 18, 2024

Arqiva (/ɑːrˈkiːvə/) is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure, broadcast transmission and smart meter facilities[1] in the United Kingdom. The company is headquartered at the former Independent Broadcasting Authority headquarters at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley, Hampshire, just outside Winchester. Its main customers are broadcasters and utility companies, and its main asset is a network of circa. 1,500 radio and television transmission sites.[2] It is owned by a consortium of investors led by Digital 9 Infrastructure and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank.[3][4] Arqiva is a patron of the Radio Academy.[5]

Arqiva
Company typePrivate
IndustryTelecommunications
Founded2005
Headquarters
Crawley, Hampshire
,
England
ServicesTransmissions
Owner
Websitewww.arqiva.com

Through its Now Digital subsidiary, it operates various local digital radio ensembles.[6]

History edit

Arqiva has a history that dates back to the beginning of regular public broadcasting in the United Kingdom. Arqiva Limited, a private limited company, was incorporated on 2 April 1990.[7] in January 2001, it was announced that John Cresswell would head Arqiva.[8] Below is a potted history of the various organisations that are now part of Arqiva:

BBC edit

Responsibility for the transmitter assets of the BBC lay solely within the corporation from its foundation in 1922 until 1997. The assets were then split into a separate company, prior to being sold.

The domestic transmitter network was purchased by a US company, Crown Castle, when it was privatised in 1997. Subsequently, in 2004, this was purchased by National Grid plc,[9] which merged in its own private communication network, the name changing to National Grid Wireless in October 2005. Transmitters used by the BBC overseas services were sold to a new startup company, called Merlin Communications.

National Grid edit

National Grid plc had a large internal network for the communication of its engineers serving initially the electricity companies, but subsequently, the gas industry as well. This company developed on the back of the growth in mobile phones, and its large portfolio of tower locations. This was added to by the purchase of the former BBC network (as above).

National Grid Wireless, as it became, led a consortium bidding for the second UK national DAB multiplex licence, but was unsuccessful. The licence was awarded instead to 4 Digital Group in July 2007.[10]

Independent Television Authority (ITA) / Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) edit

The Television Act 1954 gave birth to the Independent Television Authority (ITA). The ITA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme contractors, who built and operated a network of transmitters.

The Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 created legal commercial radio in the UK for the first time. It was modelled on ITA, in that programmes were made by local contractors while the regulator, renamed the Independent Broadcasting Authority, owned and operated the transmitters.

ITC, Ofcom, Radio Authority and Transcom edit

The Broadcasting Act 1990 split the IBA into three bodies. The Independent Television Commission (ITC) regulated commercial TV and the Radio Authority (RA) regulated commercial radio. The IBA's engineering division, which operated the transmitters as well as doing research and development, became an independent company called National Transcommunications Limited (NTL), also known as "Transcom". At this point, technical standards regulation, previously carried out in accordance with the IBA engineering "Code of Practice", seems to have disappeared from the regulatory landscape.

CableTel, Simoco, NTL edit

Transcom was acquired by International CableTel, which subsequently built its brand around the NTL name. It ran up huge debts during the dot-com boom which crippled the company for many years. In 1998, NTL acquired the UK antenna sites business of Simoco, a private mobile radio (PMR) company formed from Philips Telecom – PMR. In 1999 NTL acquired the UK field service operations business of Simoco. In 2004, NTL sold its 'broadcast unit' to Macquarie Communications Infrastructure Group, but continued as a cable operator.

Macquarie edit

In January 2005, Macquarie Communications Infrastructure Group renamed its new subsidiary Arqiva. Subsequently in July 2009, Macquarie sold off a substantial part of its holding and moved the remaining amount to its investment fund. Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (CPPIB) now has a 48% holding and Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund 2 (MEIF 2) has 21%, with other Macquarie Group funds holding 13% [11]

Inmedia edit

Arqiva acquired Inmedia Communications from the Carlyle Group for £68.5 million in July 2005 to form the new Satellite Media Solutions business unit. Inmedia was owned by Kingston Communications and known as Kingston inmedia before being bought by the Carlyle Group in 2004.

BT Broadcast edit

Arqiva announced the signing of a sale and purchase agreement (SPA) with BT to acquire the full-time service components of BT’s Satellite Broadcast Services business for £25 million in cash in November 2006. The deal will include long-term customer contracts, operations and personnel located in the United States, France, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as the UK. Deal completion is subject to regulatory approval in the UK and Germany.

National Grid Wireless edit

Arqiva purchased National Grid Wireless on 3 April 2007 for £2.5 billion.[12] The company planned to run NGW as a separate company – Macquarie UK Broadcast Ventures Ltd – pending review of the deal by competition regulators. Regulatory agreement was reached in late 2008 and National Grid Wireless was amalgamated into Arqiva. The new company employs around 775 people and operates all the TV and most of the radio transmitters in the UK (BBC national and local and many commercial stations). It is deemed to be a monopoly operator and as such is regulated by Ofcom.[13]

JFMG edit

Arqiva purchased PMSE band manager JFMG 19 February 2009.[14] JFMG were contracted by communications regulator Ofcom to provide spectrum management and licensing services for programme making and special events (PSME). In May 2015 Ofcom made the decision to end the contract with Arqiva and to insource the existing services.[15]

Recent activity edit

OneVision DTT Licence application edit

Main article: One Vision (DTT)

During 2009, Arqiva were involved in the possibility of provision of digital pay TV in Ireland.[16]

SeeSaw edit

Main article: SeeSaw (Internet television)

In March 2010, Arqiva invested in and launched a catch-up Internet television, IPTV service called SeeSaw.[17] Subsequently the holding in the company was reduced to 25%.

WiFi edit

In July 2012, Arqiva bought Spectrum Interactive, a wholesale only WiFi provider.[18]

In 2016, Arqiva sold its WiFi business to Virgin Media.[19]

Sale of telecommunications business edit

In October 2019, the company sold its telecommunication business to Cellnex.[20]

Change of ownership edit

In June 2022, Digital 9 Infrastructure acquired a 48% stake in Arqiva from the Canada Pension Plan.[21][22]

Notable transmitter sites edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "O2 and Arqiva win £2.1bn smart meter contracts". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  2. ^ "Arqiva at a glance - Connecting people and organisations". Arqiva. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  3. ^ "Corporate Structure". Retrieved 23 April 2009.
  4. ^ "Our Shareholders". Arqiva. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  5. ^ . The Radio Academy. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
  7. ^ . 8 July 2023. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
  8. ^ "John Cresswell to head Arqiva". The Guardian. 11 January 2001. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  9. ^ "National Grid buys TV masts firm". 28 June 2004. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  10. ^ Dowell, Ben (6 July 2007). "Channel 4 wins radio multiplex bid - MediaGuardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
  11. ^ "About Us". arqiva.com. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2007.
  13. ^ "Macquarie buys National Grid wireless for $4.9 bln". Reuters. 3 April 2007. Retrieved 3 April 2007.
  14. ^ "BEIRG: Arqiva buys JFMG". beirg.co.uk. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  15. ^ "Ofcom transition". 15 December 2016.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ "OneVision wants DTT licence". The Irish Times. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  17. ^ "Internet TV service Seesaw launches beta trial". BBC News. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  18. ^ "Arqiva buys Spectrum Interactive to boost Wi-Fi range". Retrieved 16 March 2016.
  19. ^ "Arqiva confirms sale of WiFi business to Virgin Media". Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  20. ^ "Arqiva reaches agreement to sell its Telecoms division to Cellnex for £2.0bn". Arqiva. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
  21. ^ "Digital 9 Infrastructure buys into Arqiva". Broadband TV News. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  22. ^ "Digital 9 reaches high by buying $454m Arqiva transmitter owner". Capacity Media. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.

Sources edit

External links edit

  • Official website

February 18, 2024
arqiva, ɑːr, british, telecommunications, company, which, provides, infrastructure, broadcast, transmission, smart, meter, facilities, united, kingdom, company, headquartered, former, independent, broadcasting, authority, headquarters, crawley, court, village,. Arqiva ɑːr ˈ k iː v e is a British telecommunications company which provides infrastructure broadcast transmission and smart meter facilities 1 in the United Kingdom The company is headquartered at the former Independent Broadcasting Authority headquarters at Crawley Court in the village of Crawley Hampshire just outside Winchester Its main customers are broadcasters and utility companies and its main asset is a network of circa 1 500 radio and television transmission sites 2 It is owned by a consortium of investors led by Digital 9 Infrastructure and the Australian investment house Macquarie Bank 3 4 Arqiva is a patron of the Radio Academy 5 ArqivaCompany typePrivateIndustryTelecommunicationsFounded2005HeadquartersCrawley Hampshire EnglandServicesTransmissionsOwnerDigital 9 Infrastructure 48 Macquarie Group 25 IFM Investors 14 8 Websitewww wbr arqiva wbr comThrough its Now Digital subsidiary it operates various local digital radio ensembles 6 Contents 1 History 1 1 BBC 1 2 National Grid 1 3 Independent Television Authority ITA Independent Broadcasting Authority IBA 1 4 ITC Ofcom Radio Authority and Transcom 1 5 CableTel Simoco NTL 1 6 Macquarie 1 7 Inmedia 1 8 BT Broadcast 1 9 National Grid Wireless 1 10 JFMG 2 Recent activity 2 1 OneVision DTT Licence application 2 2 SeeSaw 2 3 WiFi 2 4 Sale of telecommunications business 3 Change of ownership 4 Notable transmitter sites 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External linksHistory editArqiva has a history that dates back to the beginning of regular public broadcasting in the United Kingdom Arqiva Limited a private limited company was incorporated on 2 April 1990 7 in January 2001 it was announced that John Cresswell would head Arqiva 8 Below is a potted history of the various organisations that are now part of Arqiva BBC edit Responsibility for the transmitter assets of the BBC lay solely within the corporation from its foundation in 1922 until 1997 The assets were then split into a separate company prior to being sold The domestic transmitter network was purchased by a US company Crown Castle when it was privatised in 1997 Subsequently in 2004 this was purchased by National Grid plc 9 which merged in its own private communication network the name changing to National Grid Wireless in October 2005 Transmitters used by the BBC overseas services were sold to a new startup company called Merlin Communications National Grid edit National Grid plc had a large internal network for the communication of its engineers serving initially the electricity companies but subsequently the gas industry as well This company developed on the back of the growth in mobile phones and its large portfolio of tower locations This was added to by the purchase of the former BBC network as above National Grid Wireless as it became led a consortium bidding for the second UK national DAB multiplex licence but was unsuccessful The licence was awarded instead to 4 Digital Group in July 2007 10 Independent Television Authority ITA Independent Broadcasting Authority IBA edit The Television Act 1954 gave birth to the Independent Television Authority ITA The ITA appointed and regulated a number of regional programme contractors who built and operated a network of transmitters The Sound Broadcasting Act 1972 created legal commercial radio in the UK for the first time It was modelled on ITA in that programmes were made by local contractors while the regulator renamed the Independent Broadcasting Authority owned and operated the transmitters ITC Ofcom Radio Authority and Transcom edit The Broadcasting Act 1990 split the IBA into three bodies The Independent Television Commission ITC regulated commercial TV and the Radio Authority RA regulated commercial radio The IBA s engineering division which operated the transmitters as well as doing research and development became an independent company called National Transcommunications Limited NTL also known as Transcom At this point technical standards regulation previously carried out in accordance with the IBA engineering Code of Practice seems to have disappeared from the regulatory landscape CableTel Simoco NTL edit Transcom was acquired by International CableTel which subsequently built its brand around the NTL name It ran up huge debts during the dot com boom which crippled the company for many years In 1998 NTL acquired the UK antenna sites business of Simoco a private mobile radio PMR company formed from Philips Telecom PMR In 1999 NTL acquired the UK field service operations business of Simoco In 2004 NTL sold its broadcast unit to Macquarie Communications Infrastructure Group but continued as a cable operator Macquarie edit In January 2005 Macquarie Communications Infrastructure Group renamed its new subsidiary Arqiva Subsequently in July 2009 Macquarie sold off a substantial part of its holding and moved the remaining amount to its investment fund Canada Pension Plan Investment Board CPPIB now has a 48 holding and Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund 2 MEIF 2 has 21 with other Macquarie Group funds holding 13 11 Inmedia edit Arqiva acquired Inmedia Communications from the Carlyle Group for 68 5 million in July 2005 to form the new Satellite Media Solutions business unit Inmedia was owned by Kingston Communications and known as Kingston inmedia before being bought by the Carlyle Group in 2004 BT Broadcast edit Arqiva announced the signing of a sale and purchase agreement SPA with BT to acquire the full time service components of BT s Satellite Broadcast Services business for 25 million in cash in November 2006 The deal will include long term customer contracts operations and personnel located in the United States France Italy and the Netherlands as well as the UK Deal completion is subject to regulatory approval in the UK and Germany National Grid Wireless edit Arqiva purchased National Grid Wireless on 3 April 2007 for 2 5 billion 12 The company planned to run NGW as a separate company Macquarie UK Broadcast Ventures Ltd pending review of the deal by competition regulators Regulatory agreement was reached in late 2008 and National Grid Wireless was amalgamated into Arqiva The new company employs around 775 people and operates all the TV and most of the radio transmitters in the UK BBC national and local and many commercial stations It is deemed to be a monopoly operator and as such is regulated by Ofcom 13 JFMG edit Arqiva purchased PMSE band manager JFMG 19 February 2009 14 JFMG were contracted by communications regulator Ofcom to provide spectrum management and licensing services for programme making and special events PSME In May 2015 Ofcom made the decision to end the contract with Arqiva and to insource the existing services 15 Recent activity editOneVision DTT Licence application edit Main article One Vision DTT During 2009 Arqiva were involved in the possibility of provision of digital pay TV in Ireland 16 SeeSaw edit Main article SeeSaw Internet television In March 2010 Arqiva invested in and launched a catch up Internet television IPTV service called SeeSaw 17 Subsequently the holding in the company was reduced to 25 WiFi edit In July 2012 Arqiva bought Spectrum Interactive a wholesale only WiFi provider 18 In 2016 Arqiva sold its WiFi business to Virgin Media 19 Sale of telecommunications business edit In October 2019 the company sold its telecommunication business to Cellnex 20 Change of ownership editIn June 2022 Digital 9 Infrastructure acquired a 48 stake in Arqiva from the Canada Pension Plan 21 22 Notable transmitter sites editAlexandra Palace 51 35 40 N 0 7 45 W 51 59444 N 0 12917 W 51 59444 0 12917 Angus 56 33 18 N 2 59 10 W 56 55500 N 2 98611 W 56 55500 2 98611 Arfon 53 1 11 N 4 16 24 W 53 01972 N 4 27333 W 53 01972 4 27333 Ashkirk 55 30 39 N 2 50 26 W 55 51083 N 2 84056 W 55 51083 2 84056 Ashton Moss 53 28 59 N 2 7 43 W 53 48306 N 2 12861 W 53 48306 2 12861 Ashton Moss West MF station amp 53 29 28 N 2 6 55 W 53 49111 N 2 11528 W 53 49111 2 11528 Ashton Moss East MF station Beacon Hill 50 26 47 N 3 36 39 W 50 44639 N 3 61083 W 50 44639 3 61083 Beacon Hill A amp 50 26 49 N 3 36 37 W 50 44694 N 3 61028 W 50 44694 3 61028 Beacon Hill b Belmont 53 20 9 N 0 10 19 W 53 33583 N 0 17194 W 53 33583 0 17194 Black Hill Black Mountain Bilsdale West Moor Blaenplwyf 52 21 38 N 4 6 10 W 52 36056 N 4 10278 W 52 36056 4 10278 Bluebell Hill 51 19 27 N 0 31 14 E 51 32417 N 0 52056 E 51 32417 0 52056 Bressay Brookmans Park Brougher Mountain 54 25 24 N 7 27 45 W 54 42333 N 7 46250 W 54 42333 7 46250 Burghead Burnhope Caldbeck Caradon Hill Carmel 51 49 6 5 N 4 3 58 W 51 818472 N 4 06611 W 51 818472 4 06611 Chatton 55 31 55 N 1 50 3 W 55 53194 N 1 83417 W 55 53194 1 83417 Chillerton Down Clevedon 51 25 24 N 2 51 52 W 51 42333 N 2 86444 W 51 42333 2 86444 Craigkelly Croydon Crystal Palace 54 49 19 N 1 42 53 W 54 82194 N 1 71472 W 54 82194 1 71472 Darvel 55 34 46 N 4 17 23 W 55 57944 N 4 28972 W 55 57944 4 28972 Daventry Divis Douglas 54 8 26 N 4 29 35 W 54 14056 N 4 49306 W 54 14056 4 49306 Dover Droitwich Durris 56 59 59 N 2 23 30 W 56 99972 N 2 39167 W 56 99972 2 39167 Eitshal 58 10 45 N 6 35 6 W 58 17917 N 6 58500 W 58 17917 6 58500 Emley Moor 53 36 44 N 1 39 52 W 53 61222 N 1 66444 W 53 61222 1 66444 Forfar 56 33 27 N 2 50 37 W 56 55750 N 2 84361 W 56 55750 2 84361 Fort William 56 50 54 N 5 5 19 W 56 84833 N 5 08861 W 56 84833 5 08861 Fremont Point Hannington 51 18 28 5 N 1 14 41 W 51 307917 N 1 24472 W 51 307917 1 24472 Haverfordwest Heathfield Holme Moss 53 32 00 N 1 51 29 W 53 53333 N 1 85806 W 53 53333 1 85806 Huntshaw Cross 50 58 45 N 4 5 56 W 50 97917 N 4 09889 W 50 97917 4 09889 Isles of Scilly Keelylang Hill 58 58 31 N 3 5 2 W 58 97528 N 3 08389 W 58 97528 3 08389 Kilvey Hill 51 37 45 N 3 55 13 W 51 62917 N 3 92028 W 51 62917 3 92028 Kirk o Shotts Knock More 57 31 57 N 3 8 6 W 57 53250 N 3 13500 W 57 53250 3 13500 Les Platons 49 14 46 N 2 6 5 W 49 24611 N 2 10139 W 49 24611 2 10139 Lichfield 52 38 12 N 1 45 32 W 52 63667 N 1 75889 W 52 63667 1 75889 Limavady 55 6 33 N 6 53 11 W 55 10917 N 6 88639 W 55 10917 6 88639 Lisnagarvey Llanddona Llangollen 53 1 52 N 3 10 50 W 53 03111 N 3 18056 W 53 03111 3 18056 Londonderry 55 0 15 N 7 22 8 W 55 00417 N 7 36889 W 55 00417 7 36889 Manningtree 51 55 26 N 1 5 10 E 51 92389 N 1 08611 E 51 92389 1 08611 Meldrum 57 23 13 N 2 24 0 W 57 38694 N 2 40000 W 57 38694 2 40000 Melvaig Membury Mendip Mendlesham Midhurst 51 1 1 N 0 42 3 W 51 01694 N 0 70083 W 51 01694 0 70083 Moel y Parc Moorside Edge 53 38 05 N 1 53 37 W 53 63472 N 1 89361 W 53 63472 1 89361 Mounteagle North Hessary Tor 50 33 1 N 4 0 30 W 50 55028 N 4 00833 W 50 55028 4 00833 Oban 56 24 15 N 5 29 9 W 56 40417 N 5 48583 W 56 40417 5 48583 Oxford 51 47 26 N 1 10 44 W 51 79056 N 1 17889 W 51 79056 1 17889 Peterborough Pontop Pike Preseli Redruth Ridge Hill Rosemarkie 57 38 0 N 4 4 31 W 57 63333 N 4 07528 W 57 63333 4 07528 Rowridge Rumster Forest Sandale Sandy Heath Selkirk Skriaig 57 23 12 N 6 14 33 W 57 38667 N 6 24250 W 57 38667 6 24250 Plymouth Stagshaw 55 1 58 N 2 1 23 W 55 03278 N 2 02306 W 55 03278 2 02306 St Hilary 51 27 27 N 3 24 11 W 51 45750 N 3 40306 W 51 45750 3 40306 St Thomas Start Point Stockland Hill Strabane Sudbury Sutton Coldfield 52 36 2 N 1 50 2 W 52 60056 N 1 83389 W 52 60056 1 83389 Swingate Tacolneston Tapton Hill Sheffield Crosspool Thrumster 58 23 38 N 3 7 28 W 58 39389 N 3 12444 W 58 39389 3 12444 Torosay 56 27 30 N 5 43 46 W 56 45833 N 5 72944 W 56 45833 5 72944 Waltham Washford 51 9 41 N 3 20 53 W 51 16139 N 3 34806 W 51 16139 3 34806 Wenvoe Westerglen West Kirby Winter Hill 53 37 32 N 2 30 51 W 53 62556 N 2 51417 W 53 62556 2 51417 The Wrekin Wrotham Zouches FarmSee also editDigital One A joint venture with GCap Media providing UK DAB wholly owned by Arqiva since 11 February 2008 2RN in Ireland Freeview VT Communications Formerly Merlin Communications formed from privatisation of BBC World Service transmitter sites References edit O2 and Arqiva win 2 1bn smart meter contracts Retrieved 16 March 2016 Arqiva at a glance Connecting people and organisations Arqiva Retrieved 17 April 2020 Corporate Structure Retrieved 23 April 2009 Our Shareholders Arqiva Retrieved 3 October 2019 Patrons The Radio Academy Archived from the original on 7 January 2010 NOW Digital Ltd Who We Are Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 Retrieved 7 November 2012 ARQIVA LIMITED overview Find and update company information GOV UK 8 July 2023 Archived from the original on 8 July 2023 Retrieved 8 July 2023 John Cresswell to head Arqiva The Guardian 11 January 2001 Retrieved 13 September 2015 National Grid buys TV masts firm 28 June 2004 Retrieved 17 April 2020 Dowell Ben 6 July 2007 Channel 4 wins radio multiplex bid MediaGuardian co uk The Guardian London Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 Retrieved 8 January 2008 About Us arqiva com Retrieved 13 September 2015 Arqiva and National Grid Wireless to create unified UK communications infrastructure Arqiva com Archived from the original on 2 June 2007 Retrieved 4 April 2007 Macquarie buys National Grid wireless for 4 9 bln Reuters 3 April 2007 Retrieved 3 April 2007 BEIRG Arqiva buys JFMG beirg co uk Retrieved 13 September 2015 Ofcom transition 15 December 2016 permanent dead link OneVision wants DTT licence The Irish Times 1 May 2009 Retrieved 3 August 2009 Internet TV service Seesaw launches beta trial BBC News 26 January 2010 Retrieved 13 September 2015 Arqiva buys Spectrum Interactive to boost Wi Fi range Retrieved 16 March 2016 Arqiva confirms sale of WiFi business to Virgin Media Retrieved 8 September 2016 Arqiva reaches agreement to sell its Telecoms division to Cellnex for 2 0bn Arqiva 2 June 2020 Retrieved 2 May 2020 Digital 9 Infrastructure buys into Arqiva Broadband TV News 27 June 2022 Retrieved 30 November 2022 Digital 9 reaches high by buying 454m Arqiva transmitter owner Capacity Media 27 June 2022 Retrieved 30 November 2022 Sources editPawley Edward 1972 BBC Engineering 1922 1972 London BBC ISBN 0 563 12127 0 Shacklady Norman and Ellen Martin 2003 On Air A History of BBC Transmission Wavechange Books ISBN 0 9544077 1 7 paperback ISBN 0 9544077 0 9 hardback External links editOfficial website Arqiva Online Virtual Tour Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Arqiva amp oldid 1177163056, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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