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NHIndustries NH90

April 02, 2023

"NH90" redirects here. NH90 may also refer to National Highway 90 (India).

The NHIndustries NH90 is a medium-sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter. It was developed in response to NATO requirements for a battlefield helicopter which would also be capable of being operated in naval environments. The NH90 was developed and is manufactured by NHIndustries, a collaborative company owned by Airbus Helicopters, Leonardo (formerly AgustaWestland) and Fokker Aerostructures. The first prototype conducted its maiden flight in December 1995; the type first entered operational service in 2007. As of June 2022, the NH90 has logged 327,053 flight hours in the armed forces of thirteen countries.[2]

NH90
A French Navy NH90
Role Medium utility military helicopter
National origin Multinational
Manufacturer NHIndustries
First flight 18 December 1995
Introduction 2007[1]
Status In service
Primary users Italian Armed Forces
Bundeswehr
French Armed Forces
Netherlands Air Force
Produced 1995–present
Number built 471[2][full citation needed]

The NH90 is the first production helicopter to feature entirely fly-by-wire flight controls.[3] There are two main variants, the Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH) for army use and the navalised NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH); each customer typically has various alterations and customisations made to their own NH90 fleets, such as different weapons, sensors, and cabin arrangements, to meet their own specific requirements.

Since its introduction into service, the NH90 has suffered several technical issues, which have delayed active deployment of the type by some operators. In 2022 Norway terminated the program and demanded a full refund, while Australia decided to retire the type 10 years ahead of schedule.

Development

Origins

In 1985, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom teamed to develop a NATO battlefield transport and anti-ship/anti-submarine helicopter for the 1990s. The United Kingdom left the team in 1987.[4] On 1 September 1992, NH Industries signed an NH90 design-and-development contract with NAHEMA (NATO Helicopter Management Agency).[5] This agency represented the four participating states: France, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. Portugal later joined the agency in June 2001. Design work on the helicopter started in 1993.[6] The first prototype, PT1, made the type's first flight on 18 December 1995.[4][6] The second prototype, PT2, first flew on 19 March 1997 and the third prototype, PT3, on 27 November 1998.[6] On 12 December 2002, PT3 became the first helicopter to fly exclusively with fly-by-wire controls following the removal of mechanical back-up controls.[7]

The NH90 was developed into two main variants: the Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH) and the NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH).[4] These two main variants share about 75% commonality with each other.[8] Many of the operators have requested specific configurations to their own helicopter fleets, thus each country's NH90 is effectively customized to the end-user's requirements. During the development phase of the programme in the 1990s, both technical and funding problems were experienced.[9] In June 2000, the partner states placed a large production order, worth US$8.6 billion, for a total of 366 helicopters.[4][10] Additional orders have since followed from customers in Europe, Asia, and Australia. By April 2013, a total of 529 NH90s of all variants were on order by various customers.[11]

Production

 
The glass cockpit of an NH90

The NH90 was initially intended to be produced at three exporting final assembly lines (FAL): Cascina Costa in Italy for AgustaWestland, Marignane in France and Donauwörth in Germany for Airbus Helicopters. The Nordic and Australian contracts stipulated production locally (the Nordic ones at Patria in Finland and the Australian ones in Brisbane). Spain has a final assembly line at Albacete.[12][13] The Marignane assembly line can reportedly complete up to 22 NH90s per year.[8]

Major components are produced by each of the shareholding companies:

  • Airbus Helicopters France 31.25% (Engines, rotors, electrical system, flight control, and the core avionics systems)
  • Airbus Helicopters Deutschland 31.25% (Forward and center fuselage, fuel system, communications, and avionics control systems)
  • Fokker 5.5% (Tail structure, doors, sponsons, landing gear, and the intermediate gearbox)
  • AgustaWestland 32% (Rear fuselage, main gearbox, hydraulic system, automatic flight control and plant management systems, power plant, and the NFH mission system)

Items built by the shareholding companies are then distributed to the six locations for assembly and flight test (Marignane, France; Tessera, Italy; Donauwörth, Germany; Halli, Finland; and Brisbane, Australia).[14]

In late 2006, the German Army, the first customer to receive production aircraft, accepted delivery of its first NH90 TTH.[15] In April 2010, the Royal Netherlands Navy was the first customer to receive the navalised NH90 NFH variant.[16] In June 2014, the consortium announced that it had completed delivery of the 200th NH90; at that point, the backlog of orders was reported as reaching out to 2020.[17] In order to alleviate delays and reduce the complexity of manufacturing a large number of NH90 variants, NH Industries proposed the adoption of a simplified baseline airframe which could be configured to the individual customer's requirements.[17] Between 2004 and 2016, the production lead times for the NH90 had reduced from 18 months to 7.5 months.[18]

In 2014, worldwide production of the NH90 peaked at 53 helicopters.[18] In October 2015, the delivery of the 250th NH90 was formally accepted by the Italian Army.[19] In 2015, the rate of NH90 production declined, reportedly due to countries choosing to delay their orders and some contracts having been fulfilled; in 2016, the Finnish final assembly line became the first to close with its orders completed.[18]

Concerns over performance

 
The lowered rear cargo ramp of a German Army NH90

In 2010, German tabloid Bild reported that German Army experts had concerns that the helicopter was not yet ready for the transportation of combat troops. They stated that the seats were rated for only 110 kg (240 lb), not considered enough for a fully equipped soldier. Heavy infantry weapons could not be adequately secured and the cabin floor was prone to damage, citing an anecdote of damage caused by footwear. The helicopter could only land on firm ground, with obstacles not exceeding 16 cm (6.3 in). Troops carrying full equipment could not use the rear ramp due to weight-limitations placed on it. Adding a door machine gun was not possible due to space taken by troop ingress and egress; there was also no provision for fast roping or paratrooper equipment.[20] In response, the German Defense Ministry proclaimed that this article referred to a prototype, not to the production model; the specifications for which were not even finalised at the time. The prototype evaluation and its results were described as a normal procedure in an ongoing design process.[21]

In November 2011, the MRH90 program was placed on the Australian Department of Defence's "Projects of Concern" list.[22] The most serious problem identified by a diagnostic review, which caused a brief grounding in 2010,[23] is compressor blade rubbing caused by the bending of a spool in the Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 engine due to uneven cooling after shutdown. Other problems identified include failure of transmission oil cooler fans, windscreen cracking, an inertial navigation system that is slow to align, and the weakness of the cabin floor to withstand the impact of soldiers’ boots – a problem also encountered in German service.[24]

In March 2014, it was announced that a Dutch NH90 had suffered higher than expected fuselage wear and corrosion following an extended deployment at sea; analysis by the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory attributed the corrosion to design and assembly flaws. However, the aircraft were not grounded. In response, NHI Industries launched a corrosion prevention programme and enacted several design modifications.[25] In December 2014, Dutch NH90 deliveries, which had been temporarily halted earlier in the year, restarted after the majority of identified points were addressed and an agreement was made by the manufacturer to bear the cost of developing modifications, repairs, and preventive measures against corrosion.[26]

Costs of operation

Ron Mark, New Zealand First Deputy Leader and Spokesperson for Defence came out in 2017 in a violent attack against the NH90, citing the statistics of 2015, "The NH90s cost $1,182 an hour to fly and that is 2.5 times more expensive than the Iroquois they replaced. They’re also unreliable, chewing through $3.3 million worth of spares in just two years."[27]

The operating cost of a NH90 HCV (High Cabin Version) was largely reported in Swedish media during 2018 as being at least 200,000 SEK (later specified to 242,000 SEK when the McKinnley report, ordered by the Swedish defence, was published) per hour flown, or about US$28,000. In contrast, the Hkp 16, MH-60 Blackhawks in Swedish service had a cost of 40,000 SEK per hour, something that sparked a heated debate not least since it was revealed that the defence minister had demanded that the purchase had to be a joint procurement with the other Nordic countries which in turn excluded all other contenders.[28][29] [30] A while later, a new debate among the defence bloggers begun, when it was revealed that a lot of the high costs actually was the result of the accounting practices forced upon the Swedish defence forces. The purchase cost and annual services had been factored in meaning that the cost per hour increases the less flight time per year the helicopter gets.[31] In this debate, it was also pointed out that the Finnish defence had budgeted CPFH to €15,900 in 2017, which the year after had been lowered to €10,000.[32]

In 2020, the Belgian ministry of defence announced a cut of 40% to the annual flight time for the NH90. The reason cited that while the old Westland Sea Kings retired in 2019 had a cost per flight hour of around €5,000. The NH-90 is more than double that at €12,000. per hour. In addition, the reliability is so low that "the services do not have enough personnel to keep them flight-worthy".[33]

The Australian parliament released their report "MRH-90 Taipan helicopter: a quick guide" at the end of 2021, detailing the problems that has plagued the helicopter since 2005 and why they now will be replaced. There the CPFH is listed as "the helicopter’s estimated operating costs were $30,000 to $40,000 per hour, which is ‘higher than those combat aircraft with sophisticated weapons and sensor systems’ (p. 72). More recently the cost has increased to $50,000 per hour."[34]

Axel Aloccio, head of NHI since mid-September 2022, believes that most problems stem from the teething issues of new system that always takes a few years of service to find and correct, and that most are either solved or will be addressed with the transformation plan called "New Horizon" that Aloccio' predecessor Nathalie Tarnaud Laude launched, This program for system-wide changes, has the aim of 50-60% average global fleet availability to by the end of 2022 through better spare part availability and localisation of overhaul services. It also seek to lower the operating costs, The time between maintenance inspections and overhaul for dynamic components have both been raised by 50% in order to keep them synchronized, from 600/1200 flight hours to 900/1800 hours respectively.[35]

Design

 
Italian Navy NH90 NFH in flight, 2012

The NH90 was designed to fulfill a NATO staff requirement for a multi-role, medium-sized military helicopter for both land and maritime operations.[36] According to Flight International, the NH90 has the distinction of being the first helicopter in the world to be developed in line with NATO requirements.[37] As such, the design of the NH90 meets with multiple national and international standards, including military airworthiness processes in Germany, France, Italy, and the Netherlands; conformance with FAR 29 and MIL-STDS design standards, as well as DEF-STN 00-970 icing conditions performance and electro-magnetic compatibility.[36] It is produced in two principal variants, the battlefield Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH) and the maritime NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH).[38]

One key innovation of the rotorcraft is the four-channel fly-by-wire control system employed; the NH90 is the first helicopter in the world to be equipped with full fly-by-wire flight controls.[3][37] A four-axis autopilot is also integrated with the fly-by-wire system, as are mission and navigation systems to enable greater autonomy during operations and to reduce pilot workload.[39] The flight envelope of the NH90 is capable of all-weather day-and-night operations, ship-borne operations during high sea states, across a temperature range from −40 °C to +50 °C, and up to a maximum altitude of 20,000 feet.[36] Power is provided by a pair of turboshaft engines, dependent on customer selection, the NH90 is either fitted with Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322 or General Electric CT7-8F powerplants; exhaust gases from the engines are filtered through an infrared suppression system for decreased sensory visibility.[38][40] According to Airbus Helicopters, the NH90 possesses the lowest radar signature in its class, principally due to its diamond-shaped composite fuselage.[39]

The NH90 features an advanced composite airframe, designed for ballistic tolerance, a high level of crashworthiness, lower weight, and 30 per cent greater endurance than a metallic counterpart.[39] The four main rotor blades are also composed of composite materials, increasing fatigue strength and lifespan while providing for greater damage tolerance.[39] The unobstructed main cabin area is entered either by large sliding doors on either side of the fuselage or via a rear ramp, the cabin is designed to accommodate modular equipment packages to enable the rotorcraft to be rapidly reconfigured, providing for operational flexibility.[38][39] In a troop-transport capacity, the cabin can accommodate up to 20 fully equipped soldiers, or up to 12 stretchers in a medical evacuation role, some light vehicles may also be transported; the main cabin is equipped with environmental control systems and sound proofing measures to improve passenger conditions.[38][39]

The NH90 can be equipped with various mission-specific systems, including modular armor plating around the cabin area for undertaking high-risk missions and an ice protection system for operations within cold climates. It can also make use of the In-Hover Flight Refuelling System (HIFR) as well as additional internal and external fuel tanks to conduct extended range missions.[38] Other equipment includes a wire strike protection system, rappelling system, hoist, cargo hook, search light and various seating options, including crashworthy foldable seats.[38] For performing maritime operations, such tasked NH90s are typically equipped with the Harpoon deck-locking system, automatic main rotor blade and tail folding mechanisms, and other deck handling systems to conduct all-weather ship-borne operations;[38] it is also typically outfitted with dipping sonar and sonobuoy processing equipment.[17]

The NH90 features a range of customizable avionics systems, dependent on customer selection and purpose. On some models, French firm Thales Group provides various parts of the avionics, such as the glass cockpit, full-colour multifunction displays, tactical mission and encrypted communication systems, the TopOwl helmet-mounted sight/display, IFF and autonomous navigation systems, and the electrical power generation system.[38][41] Other systems include a forward looking infrared (FLIR), weather radar, digital map generation system, enhanced ground proximity warning system, personal locator system, and VHF/UHF/HF tactical radios.[38] In 2015, the NH90 became the first helicopter to receive a laser-based airborne collision avoidance system.[42] Onboard mission systems feature a dual-redundant databus, are compliant with MIL-STD 1553, and are comprehensively managed via sensor fusion functionality.[36][38] Customer demand for future avionics improvements such as new data links and communication systems, as well as additional electro-optical sensors, have been anticipated by the manufacturer.[17]

The helicopter is equipped with emergency floats which deploy in case of a water landing and are designed to buy the crew enough time to exit the helicopter before it sinks.[43]

Operational history

Australia

 
An Australian Army MRH90 in 2011

In 2005, Australia ordered 12 aircraft to replace its aging fleet of Army UH-1 Iroquois helicopters. In June 2006, the Australian Defence Force announced plans to replace its UH-60 Black Hawk and Westland Sea King helicopters;[44] a further 34 NH90s were ordered, for an ordered total of 46; four being manufactured in Europe, and 42 being manufactured locally by Australian Aerospace (an Airbus Helicopters subsidiary) in Brisbane.[45] The type is designated MRH-90 Taipan, 'MRH' stands for Multi Role Helicopter.[46][47][48] Six examples are operated by 808 Squadron of the Royal Australian Navy, which was reformed in 2011 and recommissioned in 2013.[48][49] The other 40 are operated by the Australian Army.

On 20 April 2010, an ADF MRH90 suffered a single engine failure near Adelaide, landing safely at RAAF Base Edinburgh. NHI Industries sent personnel to Australia to investigate the failure.[50] On 18 May the ADF announced that the MRH90 fleet was grounded due to engine issues since the April incident.[51] The cause of the failure was determined as the compressor blade contacting the engine casing, leading to new preventative inspections; flights resumed in July 2010.[52] In June 2011, the NFH variant lost to the Sikorsky MH-60R in competition to replace the Royal Australian Navy S-70B Sea Hawks.[53]

In July 2014, the Australian National Audit Office released a report on the MRH90, citing a series of procurement errors and development deficiencies delaying final operational capability (FOC), originally planned for that month, until April 2019, nearly five years later than planned. Some nine years after the initial contract was signed, the models first delivered in 2007 had not validated any of the 11 set operational capability milestones, and forced redesigns including bolstered cabin floors and windscreens, rappelling hooks, and door gunner positions; obtaining spare parts and sustaining the helicopters has also been more costly. The Australian Army will be forced to operate its aging S-70A Black Hawk beyond their planned retirement date.[54] Due to the delays, Australia will receive an additional helicopter, for a total of 47.[55] By September 2015, most of the MRH90's flaws had reportedly been addressed.[56] In June 2017, the Australian Navy successfully completed trials aboard HMAS Anzac, marking a major milestone in the helicopter programme.[57]

In 2015, the Australian Army decided to delay retiring 20 Black Hawks by 4 years until the end of 2021 in order to develop a special operations capable MRH90.[58][59] This required developing a Fast Roping and Rappelling Extraction System (FRRES) and a gun mount for the cabin door.[58][59] The Taipan Gun Mount can fit either a M134D minigun or MAG 58 machine gun and when not in use can be moved into a outward stowed position to provide clearance to enable fast roping and rappelling.[60][61] In February 2019, the first two of 12 MRH90 helicopters were delivered to the 6th Aviation Regiment.[62][59] On 24 June 2021, all Australian NH-90s were temporarily grounded due to lack of maintenance and spare parts which have to be shipped from Europe to Australia.[63] In December 2021, on the same day the Black Hawk fleet was retired, the Australian government announced that it would replace the Army's fleet of MRH90s with new UH-60M Black Hawks.[64][65] The Navy ceased flying their MRH90s in April 2022 and their fleet was placed into storage.[66][67] In May 2022, the government announced that it would replace the Navy's fleet of MRH90s with MH-60R Seahawks.[68][69]

Belgium

In 2007, Belgium signed on for a firm order of 8 aircraft (4 TTH, 4 NFH) and an option for 2 additional TTH.[70] In September 2012, NHI performed the first flight of the Belgium's Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH), which is broadly similar to the French NH90 “Caiman” version.[71] In January 2013, eight NH90s were on firm order.[72] On 1 August 2013, Belgium received its first NH90 NFH at Full Operational Capability (FOC).[73] On 23 October 2013, Belgium's first NH90 TTH entered service, the last was delivered on 13 November 2014. From first delivery until the last, three NH90s flew 34 hours a month for a total of 450 flight hours with a 67 percent availability rate, making Belgium one of the type's most intensive users. Two NH90 NFHs for the navy were delivered, the final two were delivered by early 2015 to replace their Westland Sea King helicopters for Search and Rescue operations.[74]

On 21 August 2015, the Belgian Navy declared its NH90s had attained initial operational readiness;[75] on 28 August 2015, the first rescue mission performed by a Belgian Navy NH90 took place.[76]

In June 2020, The Strategic Defence Review (STAR) of Belgium planned to phase out the 4 TTH helicopters by 2024 due to their high operating costs and low availability. They are planned to be replaced, along with the last Agusta 109, by 15 Airbus H145M helicopters. The 4 NFH variants are to remain operational and be provided with currently lacking sensors and weapons for anti-submarine warfare.[77][78]

Finland

 
Finnish Defence Forces NH90 in Turku, Finland in May 2012

In October 2001, Finland signed a contract for 20 NH90 TTHs for the Finnish Army to replace its ageing fleet of Mil Mi-8 helicopters.[79] In March 2008, NH Industries began NH90 deliveries to Finland;[80] deliveries had been delayed from an initial 2004 date, to minimize further delay, aircraft were first delivered to an Initial Operational Configuration (IOC-) and Nearly Operational Configuration (IOC+), to be later modified by Patria into a Final Operational Configuration (FOC).[81][82] In September 2011, the Finnish Defence Forces and Patria signed an agreement to provide ballistic protection for onboard personnel across the NH90 fleet.[83]

In June 2011, nine Finnish NH90s participated in the Finnish Defense Forces' main field exercise, transporting 157 soldiers across 320 kilometers in two rotations; their performance was described as having exceeded expectations.[84] In January 2015, it was reported that Finnish NH90s had been experiencing considerable reliability issues, at one time in 2014 fleet availability dipped to 19%, and some spare parts had up to seven months waiting time.[85] By early 2015, the combined NH90s fleet had accumulated a total of 7,000 flight hours, and had an availability rate of 40%.[86] On 18 June 2015, delivery of the final Finnish NH90 took place.[87] In November 2015, the availability rate was reported as having surpassed 50 percent.[88] All helicopters were in Final Operational Configuration (FOC) in 2018, 17 years after order.

France

 
French Army NH90, 2014

The French government had initially ordered a total of 34 NH90 TTHs for the French Army Light Aviation and 27 NFH for the Navy.[89] Both versions will be named "Caïman" and final assembly will be carried out by Airbus Helicopters.[72][90] The French Army had intended to buy 68 NH90; however, the April 2013 defence review could have cancelled the contract for the second batch of 34.[11] Under the "Bonn rebate" deal, France receives a 12% discount on its 68 Army helicopters; a November 2012 Senate report put the French TTH per unit price at €28.6M after discount, set on the assumption of total orders of 605 aircraft by 2020. Cuts to France's order would result in workshare reallocation; possibly including French Navy NFH90s being assembled in Italy and Fokker performing maintenance of French TTHs.[11] On 29 May 2013, France formally ordered the second batch of 34 NH90 TTHs for just under €1 billion.[91] In January 2016, France placed an order for six additional NH90 TTHs.[92]

 
NH90 helicopter of the French Naval Aviation landing on the FREMM multipurpose frigate Auvergne.

The French Army took delivery of its first NH90 TTH in December 2011.[93] On 21 December 2012, the French Navy received its first NH90 NFH in final operating capability.[94] In December 2010, the NH90 formally achieved in-service status with the French Navy, being initially used to perform search and rescue and maritime counter-terrorism operations. The first seven aircraft were delivered to an interim "Step A" configuration; following aircraft were delivered to the "Step B" standard and are forecast to be delivered at a rate of two per year until 2020.[8] For the ASW role in French service the helicopter is equipped with dipping sonar, acoustic buoys and MU90 torpedoes.[95] The French Navy formally cleared the type to perform anti-surface warfare duties in 2012, clearance to perform anti-submarine warfare missions followed in 2013, allowing the NH90 to take over the missions previously performed by the Navy's Westland Lynx and Aérospatiale Super Frelon helicopter fleets.[8] On 3 November 2014, the French Army Light Aviation deployed two of its NH90s to Mali; both helicopters had been fitted with three additional fuel tanks to fly the four-day ferry flight to the region.[96]

In October 2020, France signed a contract to develop the TFRA Standard 2 configuration for French Army special forces using the final batch of 10 NH90 TTH already ordered.[97] A design study for the new configuration began 18 months earlier in cooperation with Belgium and Australia.[98][99] The first phase of the design will feature a Safran EuroFLIR 410 electro-optical system (EOS), external 500 kg (1,100 lb) fuel tanks and a digital 3D map.[97] The cabin will feature a central rappelling and extraction device, gun mounts for M3M .50 caliber machine guns and fold-able step.[97] The rear ramp will feature a quick removable leaf doors system, fast-rope beam, fold-able step and various improvements made to enable the door to be used inflight.[97][98] The developmental Safran Eurofl'Eye distributed aperture system (DAS) and digital Thales TopOwl helmet-mounted display may be integrated in a second phase with electrical and mechanical provisions made for their installation.[97][98] The first five are to be delivered in 2025 and the last five in 2026 to the 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment.[98]

Germany

 
German Army NH90 at the ILA Berlin Air Show 2016

The German Army chose to procure the troop transport variant. The first three serial production NH90s were delivered to the German Army in December 2006.[100] By January 2013, a total of 80 aircraft were on order for the army.[72] In 2009, the German Navy was also considering the procurement of up to 30 NFH for its new Maritime Helicopter.[101] In March 2013, the German government chose to reorganise the NH90 procurement; the Army's fleet of 122 NH90s was reduced to 82; 18 NH90s previously ordered for the German Army were converted to the NFH maritime variant for the navy instead.[102] On 26 June 2013, the German defense committee declared that the order for a combined 202 NH90 and Tiger helicopters was to be reduced to 157.[103] In December 2014, Germany announced that, in addition to the 80 troop transports firmly on order, it was considering an option for an additional 22 NH90s; it was investigating the possibility of setting up a multinational helicopter unit to operate these 22 helicopters as a shared NATO resource with other countries using and contributing to the force.[104][105]

In July 2012, the German NH90 fleet reached a combined total of 5,000 flight hours.[106] In April 2013, up to 4 German Army NH90 TTH were deployed in Afghanistan in a Forward Air Medical Evacuation role in support of coalition forces operating in the country.[107] On 23 June 2013, German Army NH90s were declared operationally capable of medical evacuation operations.[108] Following an engine failure and controlled crash in Uzbekistan in July 2014, the German Army temporarily grounded the type for investigation.[109] In December 2015, it was announced that production of the German Navy's variant of the NH90 NFH, named Sea Lion, had formally commenced; a refit of the German Army's TTH variant was also underway at the same time.[110] Since late 2014, Germany has promoted the establishment of a multinational NH90 force for combat MEDEVAC missions; the taskforce would comprise up to 20 NH90s.[111]

The Navy's version, known as the NH90 Sea Lion, is based on the NH90 NFH. The Sea Lion first flew on 8 December 2016.[112][113] Its 18 NH90 Sea Lions are equipped with improved navigation and communications equipment permitting operation within civil airspace, along with additional sensors for military missions. The IFF system was also updated. Designed to replace Germany's Westland Sea Kings in the SAR and Vertrep roles, the Sea Lion was to enter service with the German Navy by the second quarter of 2019.[114] On 26 November 2019, the German Navy stated that the NH90 is not going operational at this time due to deficiencies in technical documentation not allowing safe operations.[115]

On 20 November 2020 the Bundestag approved the purchase of 31 more helicopters. These will be used by the navy to replace their 22 Sea Lynx Mk88A helicopters. The deal is valued at €2.7 billion including spares, accessories and training material.[116]

Greece

In August 2003, Greece ordered 20 NH90s with an option for 14 more.[117] In early 2013, the German newspaper Bild alleged that Airbus officials paid €41 million in bribes to Greek officials to secure the order; Airbus stated that the claim was "groundless".[118] On December 12 it was stated that deliveries would start again after an embargo by the Hellenic Government, with 4 helicopters being of the SPECOPS specification.

By early 2017, 12 NH90s had been delivered and are in service, with eight aircraft to be delivered from the manufacturer.[119][120]

Italy

 
An Italian Army NH90; note the Minigun door gun
 
7th Army Aviation Regiment "Vega" NH90 helicopter during a night-time mission

In June 2000, Italy signed an initial contract for a batch of 60 TTH (Tactical Transport Helicopter) for the Italian Army, along with a further 46 NFH (NATO Frigate Helicopter) and 10 TTH for the Italian Navy.[121] On 30 December 2007, the first NH90 TTH was formally handed over to the Italian Army.[122] On 23 June 2011, the navy received its first NH90, which was delivered to an interim MOC (Meaningful Operational Capability) standard, capable of performing training, search and rescue, and utility operations; anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare capabilities were not initially available until aircraft are retrofitted to a FOC (Final Operational Capability) standard.[123] In May 2013, the Italian Army took delivery of the first NH90 TTH of a FOC standard;[124] in November 2013, the Italian Navy took delivery of its first FOC-standard NH90 NFH.[125]

In 2012, Italy deployed a total of 5 Army NH90 TTHs to support troops participating in the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan.[126] The NH90s, which were air-transported individually by allied Boeing C-17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft, replaced six Agusta/Bell 205s in performing tactical transport and medevac operations; Army Aviation Commander Gen. Enzo Stefanini stated that "…in Afghan conditions, the NH90 is delivering performance 15 percent above what was envisaged".[127]

Netherlands

The Netherlands, one of the original supporters of the programme, ordered a total of 20 units, comprising 12 NFH and 8 TNFH for the Royal Netherlands Navy,[128][72][129][130] In 2010, the Royal Netherlands Navy became the first customer to receive the NFH variant.[131]

In 2009, concerns surfaced that design changes had made the helicopter too heavy to operate from Dutch frigates for which they were ordered.[132] In June 2014, the Dutch government decided not to accept the last batch of 7 NH90s due to some 100 shortcomings found in relation to the design, manufacturing and material choice of the aircraft, in particular corrosion in the presence of salt water.[133][134] In December 2014, NH90 deliveries restarted after the Dutch government came to an agreement with the manufacturer, under which modifications and necessary repairs against corrosion would be made at the manufacturer's cost; 75 of the 100 shortcomings were also reported as having been solved.[26][135]

In April 2013, the navy deployed the type onboard HNLMS De Ruyter to fight piracy in the Gulf of Aden.[136] In November 2014, the Royal Netherlands Navy deployed a single NH90NFH to Somalia to support Operation Atalanta in Somalia.[137]

On 19 July 2020, a Royal Netherlands Navy NH90 helicopter crashed off the coast of Aruba, killing two crew members and injuring two passengers. The Dutch Ministry of Defence launched an investigation, temporarily grounding all of the country's NH90s.[138]

New Zealand

In July 2006, the New Zealand government signed a NZ$771 million (~€500M) contract to purchase eight NH90s (plus one extra for spares) to replace the Royal New Zealand Air Force's (RNZAF) fleet of 13 UH-1 Iroquois helicopters.[72][139] For ease of manufacture and logistics, New Zealand deliberately chose its NH90 configuration to be nearly identical to the larger Australian fleet.[140] On 7 December 2011, deliveries to New Zealand formally began with the first two NH90s being airlifted by a leased Antonov An-124 cargo aircraft to RNZAF Base Ohakea. In February 2013, the first phase of the RNZAF's operational evaluation of the NH90 was completed, clearing the type to begin operational duties.[140]

 
A RNZAF NH90 in a tight turn

Between September 2013 and July 2014, the first four delivered NH90s were retrofitted to a final operational configuration; later aircraft were already delivered to this standard.[141] On 31 October 2014, the RNZAF announced that they had received into service the last of the eight NH90 TTHs.[140] Following command structure changes in December 2014, the NH90 fleet was tasked with additional responsibilities, including casualty evacuation during search and rescue operations and providing transport services to the New Zealand Police and other government personnel.[142] In April 2015, Defence Minister Gerry Brownlee questioned the inability of the NH90 fleet to contribute to relief efforts in the aftermath of Cyclone Pam, revealing that the fleet may be refitted with an automated blade and tail folding system to better enable ship borne deployments in the future.[143]

In April 2016, NH90s flew 160 hours during relief missions in Fiji following the devastation of Cyclone Winston.[citation needed]

After the Kaikoura earthquakes in November 2016, the NH90s were critical in delivering aid and supplies to the area. They also assisted with civilian evacuations of foreign nationals.[144]

In April 2017, the RNZAF's NH90 fleet was grounded following an in-flight single engine failure which forced an emergency landing.[145]

In November 2021, New Zealand NH90, NZ3302, became the first of its type to reach 2,000 flying hours. According to the RNZAF, despite being delivered years after other customers, high serviceability rates allow New Zealand NH90s to fly more hours per aircraft than other operators.[146]

Norway

In 2001, Norway ordered 14 NH90 helicopters for use by the Royal Norwegian Navy and Norwegian Coast Guard, to be delivered in 2005-2008.[147] In December 2011, the first helicopter was delivered.[148] In July 2012, the Norwegian Deputy Defence Minister Roger Ingebrigtsen announced that "once our current Westland Lynx helicopters reach their end of life in 2014, we are going to have replacement helicopters on our naval vessels. If the NH90 hasn’t been delivered, we will purchase another helicopter ... considering that the aircraft were to be delivered by 2005, and that delivery is yet to start by 2012, our confidence in the producer isn't exactly on the rise"[149] In August 2012 it was reported that the Royal Norwegian Air Force would be recommending that the Ministry of Defence contact Sikorsky to verify whether versions of the H-60 Seahawk, specifically the MH-60R, would be a viable alternative to the NH-90 in the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) role. Defence Minister Espen Barth Eide stated "We still believe the marine version of the NH90 to be the optimal platform, and we hope to purchase it, but there are limits to our patience."[150] In January 2016, six of the 14 aircraft had been delivered.[151]

A February 2018 report by the Norwegian Armed Forces found that its fleet of NH90 helicopters offer insufficient flight hours for the intended roles. The report advised that all helicopters are converted to the anti-submarine warfare role as required by the Royal Norwegian Navy, as opposed to current plans which see 6 of the 14 helicopters in that role, and the rest configured for Norwegian Coast Guard duties. The Norwegian Ministry of Defence stated that it would consider the report's recommendations before making a decision on the matter.[152][153]

In September 2018, the Norwegian Armed Forces reversed course and released an updated study that affirms that under "certain conditions" the requirements for both the navy and coast guard can be met with the current order of 14 helicopters. The conditions specifically state good spare parts availability, sufficient aircraft for maintenance scheduling and a sufficient overhaul capacity. Norwegian Minister of Defence Frank Bakke-Jensen added that although the inauguration is challenging, the ministry holds on to the timeline in which phasing in will be completed by 2022.[154][155] In February 2022 the Norwegian Minister of Defense again threatened to terminate the NH90 contract due to great concerns regarding new delays and NHI not meeting contractual obligations, considering sourcing alternative helicopters.[156]

In June 2022 the Norwegian Minister of Defense announced the Norwegian Defence Material Agency was given the task to terminate the NH90 contract due to NHI not meeting contractual obligations, and announced that the NH90 is taken out of operation with immediate effect.[157]

Oman

In July 2004, the Sultanate of Oman issued an order for a total of 20 NH90 TTHs for the Royal Air Force of Oman (RAFO). To cope with the extreme flight conditions of the Middle East, RAFO NH90s are equipped with enhanced power plants; the type is to replace the Agusta/Bell 205A and Agusta/Bell 212 used for tactical transport and search and rescue operations.[158] On 23 June 2010, the first two NH90 TTHs were delivered to the RAFO at Musana Air Base.[159] By July 2012, ten NH90s had been delivered to the RAFO; in Omani service, the NH90 has established an endurance record, flying 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) without refueling during a 5-hour 21 minute-long mission.[160]

Qatar

In 2014, Qatar announced that it would invest in NH90 helicopters for $2.76 billion.[161] An contract is expected to be signed in March 2018, during the Dimdex defence exhibition.[162] The signing happened on 14 March 2018, which finalised the purchase of 28 NH90 Helicopters in a deal that is worth 3 billion euros. The agreement includes 16 NH90s for tactical transport and 12 NH90s for naval purposes. The deal is supposed to help Qatar with modernizing her military helicopter fleet.[163][164][165][166] On 20 August 2018, Leonardo announced the contract with Qatar was made effective for a total sum of US$3.7 billion, covering the agreed upon number of helicopters, with an option with six more of each type.[167][168][169][170]

On December 23, 2020, the first flights for Qatari-bound NH90s were being conducted for general evaluation.[171]

Spain

On 20 May 2005 the Council of Ministers authorised the acquisition of 45 NH90 TTHs; in December 2006, it was announced that a procurement contract for the Spanish Armed Forces had been signed. The Spanish NH90 variant features domestically assembled General Electric CT7 8F5 engines, customised communications suite, and Indra-developed electronic warning systems.[172] The original budget for the procurement was for €1,260 million; by 2010, this had grown to €2,463M.[173] In June 2012, it was announced that Spain was negotiating to cut its purchase to 37 aircraft.[174] On 18 December 2014, Spain took delivery of the first NH90 TTH, which had been assembled at Airbus Helicopters Albacete facility; by this point, the order had been reduced to a total of 22 NH90s of the TTH variant.[175]

In January 2018, NHIndustries president Vincent Dubrule stated he was confident Spain would place a follow-on order by the end of 2018 for an additional 23 TTH NH90, bringing the total back up to 45.[162] In September 2018, the Spanish government agreed to the purchase of the additional 23 TTH NH90 helicopters, including seven for naval purposes.[176][177]

Sweden

 
A pair of Swedish HKP14 in flight, 2012

In 2001, Sweden signed a contract for 18 NH90 TTH, made up of 13 TTT[i]/SAR and 5 SAR/ASW to be operated by the Swedish Air Force.[178][179] Because of renewed foreign submarine activity at the Swedish coast in 2014 it was decided in 2015 that four TTT/SAR would be modified to SAR/ASW in order to increase the anti-submarine warfare capability, so there will be 9 TTT/SAR and 9 SAR/ASW.[180] The NH90 is known as the Helikopter 14 (HKP14) in Swedish service, the FOC version of TTT/SAR are designated HKP14E and the FOC version of SAR/ASW are designated HKP14F.[181]

By November 2015, Sweden had ordered 18 NH90s with ten helicopters delivered.[72] Sweden did not expect its NH90s to be operational until 2020 and ordered 15 UH-60M Black Hawks in 2011,[182] deploying four of its new Black Hawks to Afghanistan in March 2013.[183] In December 2015, the first Swedish NH90 in a full ASW configuration was delivered.[184][185] Sweden announced on 1 November 2022 that its NH90s will be replaced with S-70 (H-60) variants and an undetermined aircraft.[186]

Cancelled orders and failed order campaigns

Portugal

Portugal was the fifth state to join the programme with an order for ten transport NH90 in June 2001; it was intended for these to equip the Portuguese Army Light Aviation Unit. However, in July 2012, fiscal consequences of the Great Recession led Portugal to cancel the order, despite having already spent €87m on the project, in order to save another €420m in acquisition and running costs to 2020.[187][188]

Saudi Arabia

In July 2006, the Saudi Government agreed to purchase 64 NH90s.[189] Then in October 2007 the government changed its plans, and agreed to buy 150 Russian-made Mi-35 and Mi-17 helicopters instead.[190]

Egypt

In July 2015, the Egyptian Navy entered negotiations for the purchase of 5 NH90 NFH helicopters; these were intended to serve on board its newly acquired FREMM frigate Tahya Misr and 4 Gowind corvettes that were also on order. The NH90 helicopters would all be of French standard.[191][192] In October 2015, it was reported that negotiations for a "large quantity" of NH90s had reached an advanced stage.[193] In April 2019 it was announced that Egypt was ordering the AW149 and not the NH90.[194]

Variants

NFH: NATO Frigate Helicopter

 
An NFH NATO Frigate Helicopter

The primary role of the NFH version is autonomous ASW and anti-surface unit warfare (ASuW), mainly from naval ships. These aircraft are equipped for day and night, adverse weather and severe ship motion operations. Additional roles include anti-air warfare support, vertical replenishment (VERTREP), SAR and troop transport. France are splitting their purchase between the "NFH version combat" costing €43.3m in FY2013 and the "NFH version soutien" (support) at €36.4m in FY2013.[195]

SH-90A
Italian Navy designation from 2012 for NH90 NFH.[196]
NH90 NFH Caïman
French Navy designation for NH90 NFH.[72][90]
NH90 Sea Lion
German Navy development of the French NH90 NFH. The Sea Lion features a reduced set of sensors as the main task is SAR and ship based Transport (VERTREP and Special Forces) and is usually unarmed (doorguns can be installed). First flight was on 8 December 2016 and service deliveries started in October 2019.[112][113]
NH90 Sea Tiger
Another German Navy development of the NFH90. The Sea Tiger will be the future helicopter for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and anti-surface unit warfare. The first helicopters were ordered in 2019 with a potential total of up to 31.[197]

TTH: Tactical Transport Helicopter

 
A New Zealand NH-90 loaded with Papua New Guinean troops.

The primary role of the TTH version is the transport of 20 troops or more than 2,500 kg of cargo, heliborne operations and search & rescue. It can quickly be adapted to MEDEVAC/CASEVAC missions by fitting up to 12 stretchers or cargo delivery capability. Additional roles include special operations, electronic warfare, airborne command post, parachuting, VIP transport and flight training.

Helikopter 14 (Hkp 14)[198]
Swedish Armed Forces' designation of its eighteen NH90 TTH:[181] of the High Cabin Version (HCV), in which the cabin height is increased by 24 cm (9.4 in) to 1.82 m (6.0 ft) to allow it to be used for ambulance transports as the original height of 1.57 m (5.2 ft) did not comply with peacetime work safety regulations.[199] The fleet consists of nine ground operative helicopters, Hkp 14E, and nine helicopters for maritime use equipped with sonar and search radar for submarine hunting with the designation Hkp 14F.[198] The Swedish aircraft have a Tactical Mission System developed by SAAB[199][200] Finnish and Swedish TTHs are called Tactical Troop Transports (TTT) in some contexts.
HT-29 Caimán
Spanish Army designation for NH90 GSPA TTH.[201]
MRH-90 Taipan
Australian Defence Force designation for NH90 TTH.[48]
NH90 TTH Caïman
French Army designation for NH90 TTH.[72][90]
UH-90A
Italian Army designation for the NH90 TTH.[196]
MH-90A
Italian Navy variant of the NH90 TTH.[202]

MTT: Maritime Tactical Transport

The MTT is a blend between the TTH and NFH, combining the land-based configuration of the TTH with specialized maritime features of the NFH, including folding rotorblades, a tail-boom, and a strengthened undercarriage. The variant was first announced in February 2019 and has reportedly piqued interest from the Spanish and Italian armed forces who may order this variant as part of existing orders.[203]

Operators

 
  Current NH90 operators
  Former NH90 operators
 
An Australian Army NH90
 
A Finnish Army NH-90 performing over RIAT 2013
 
An NH-90 NFH from Royal Netherlands Navy
 
NH90 High Cabin Version of the Swedish Armed Forces
  Australia
  Belgium
  Finland
  France
  Germany
  Greece
  Italy
  Netherlands
  New Zealand
  Oman
  Qatar
  Spain
  Sweden

Former operators

  Norway

Specifications (NH90)

 

Data from AgustaWestland,[38] Airbus Helicopters,[39] The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003[207]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2 flight crew + loadmaster / sensor operator
  • Capacity: 20 seated troops; or 12 medevac stretchers; or 2 NATO pallets; or 4,200 kg (9,259 lb) external slung load
  • Length: 16.13 m (52 ft 11 in)
  • Empty weight: 6,400 kg (14,110 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight: 10,600 kg (23,369 lb)
  • Powerplant: 2 × General Electric CT7-8E turboshaft engines, 1,845 kW (2,474 hp) each (option)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322-1/9 turboshaft engines, 1,802 kW (2,417 hp) each (option)
  • Main rotor diameter: 16.3 m (53 ft 6 in)
  • Main rotor area: 208.699 m2 (2,246.42 sq ft) root: ONERA OA312; tip: ONERA OA409/OA407[208]

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 300 km/h (190 mph, 160 kn)
  • Range: 800 km (500 mi, 430 nmi) TTH
1,000 km (620 mi; 540 nmi) NFH
  • Endurance: 5 hours
  • Service ceiling: 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb: 8 m/s (1,600 ft/min)

Armament

  • Guns: 2 door guns
  • Missiles: anti-submarine and/or air to surface missiles (NFH version)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Tactical Troop Transport

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External links

 
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April 02, 2023
nhindustries, nh90, nh90, redirects, here, nh90, also, refer, national, highway, india, medium, sized, twin, engine, multi, role, military, helicopter, developed, response, nato, requirements, battlefield, helicopter, which, would, also, capable, being, operat. NH90 redirects here NH90 may also refer to National Highway 90 India The NHIndustries NH90 is a medium sized twin engine multi role military helicopter It was developed in response to NATO requirements for a battlefield helicopter which would also be capable of being operated in naval environments The NH90 was developed and is manufactured by NHIndustries a collaborative company owned by Airbus Helicopters Leonardo formerly AgustaWestland and Fokker Aerostructures The first prototype conducted its maiden flight in December 1995 the type first entered operational service in 2007 As of June 2022 the NH90 has logged 327 053 flight hours in the armed forces of thirteen countries 2 NH90A French Navy NH90Role Medium utility military helicopterNational origin MultinationalManufacturer NHIndustriesFirst flight 18 December 1995Introduction 2007 1 Status In servicePrimary users Italian Armed ForcesBundeswehr French Armed Forces Netherlands Air ForceProduced 1995 presentNumber built 471 2 full citation needed The NH90 is the first production helicopter to feature entirely fly by wire flight controls 3 There are two main variants the Tactical Transport Helicopter TTH for army use and the navalised NATO Frigate Helicopter NFH each customer typically has various alterations and customisations made to their own NH90 fleets such as different weapons sensors and cabin arrangements to meet their own specific requirements Since its introduction into service the NH90 has suffered several technical issues which have delayed active deployment of the type by some operators In 2022 Norway terminated the program and demanded a full refund while Australia decided to retire the type 10 years ahead of schedule Contents 1 Development 1 1 Origins 1 2 Production 1 3 Concerns over performance 1 3 1 Costs of operation 2 Design 3 Operational history 3 1 Australia 3 2 Belgium 3 3 Finland 3 4 France 3 5 Germany 3 6 Greece 3 7 Italy 3 8 Netherlands 3 9 New Zealand 3 10 Norway 3 11 Oman 3 12 Qatar 3 13 Spain 3 14 Sweden 3 15 Cancelled orders and failed order campaigns 4 Variants 4 1 NFH NATO Frigate Helicopter 4 2 TTH Tactical Transport Helicopter 4 3 MTT Maritime Tactical Transport 5 Operators 5 1 Former operators 6 Specifications NH90 7 See also 8 References 8 1 Footnotes 8 2 Citations 9 External linksDevelopment EditOrigins Edit In 1985 France West Germany Italy the Netherlands and the United Kingdom teamed to develop a NATO battlefield transport and anti ship anti submarine helicopter for the 1990s The United Kingdom left the team in 1987 4 On 1 September 1992 NH Industries signed an NH90 design and development contract with NAHEMA NATO Helicopter Management Agency 5 This agency represented the four participating states France Germany Italy and the Netherlands Portugal later joined the agency in June 2001 Design work on the helicopter started in 1993 6 The first prototype PT1 made the type s first flight on 18 December 1995 4 6 The second prototype PT2 first flew on 19 March 1997 and the third prototype PT3 on 27 November 1998 6 On 12 December 2002 PT3 became the first helicopter to fly exclusively with fly by wire controls following the removal of mechanical back up controls 7 The NH90 was developed into two main variants the Tactical Transport Helicopter TTH and the NATO Frigate Helicopter NFH 4 These two main variants share about 75 commonality with each other 8 Many of the operators have requested specific configurations to their own helicopter fleets thus each country s NH90 is effectively customized to the end user s requirements During the development phase of the programme in the 1990s both technical and funding problems were experienced 9 In June 2000 the partner states placed a large production order worth US 8 6 billion for a total of 366 helicopters 4 10 Additional orders have since followed from customers in Europe Asia and Australia By April 2013 a total of 529 NH90s of all variants were on order by various customers 11 Production Edit The glass cockpit of an NH90 The NH90 was initially intended to be produced at three exporting final assembly lines FAL Cascina Costa in Italy for AgustaWestland Marignane in France and Donauworth in Germany for Airbus Helicopters The Nordic and Australian contracts stipulated production locally the Nordic ones at Patria in Finland and the Australian ones in Brisbane Spain has a final assembly line at Albacete 12 13 The Marignane assembly line can reportedly complete up to 22 NH90s per year 8 Major components are produced by each of the shareholding companies Airbus Helicopters France 31 25 Engines rotors electrical system flight control and the core avionics systems Airbus Helicopters Deutschland 31 25 Forward and center fuselage fuel system communications and avionics control systems Fokker 5 5 Tail structure doors sponsons landing gear and the intermediate gearbox AgustaWestland 32 Rear fuselage main gearbox hydraulic system automatic flight control and plant management systems power plant and the NFH mission system Items built by the shareholding companies are then distributed to the six locations for assembly and flight test Marignane France Tessera Italy Donauworth Germany Halli Finland and Brisbane Australia 14 In late 2006 the German Army the first customer to receive production aircraft accepted delivery of its first NH90 TTH 15 In April 2010 the Royal Netherlands Navy was the first customer to receive the navalised NH90 NFH variant 16 In June 2014 the consortium announced that it had completed delivery of the 200th NH90 at that point the backlog of orders was reported as reaching out to 2020 17 In order to alleviate delays and reduce the complexity of manufacturing a large number of NH90 variants NH Industries proposed the adoption of a simplified baseline airframe which could be configured to the individual customer s requirements 17 Between 2004 and 2016 the production lead times for the NH90 had reduced from 18 months to 7 5 months 18 In 2014 worldwide production of the NH90 peaked at 53 helicopters 18 In October 2015 the delivery of the 250th NH90 was formally accepted by the Italian Army 19 In 2015 the rate of NH90 production declined reportedly due to countries choosing to delay their orders and some contracts having been fulfilled in 2016 the Finnish final assembly line became the first to close with its orders completed 18 Concerns over performance Edit The lowered rear cargo ramp of a German Army NH90 In 2010 German tabloid Bild reported that German Army experts had concerns that the helicopter was not yet ready for the transportation of combat troops They stated that the seats were rated for only 110 kg 240 lb not considered enough for a fully equipped soldier Heavy infantry weapons could not be adequately secured and the cabin floor was prone to damage citing an anecdote of damage caused by footwear The helicopter could only land on firm ground with obstacles not exceeding 16 cm 6 3 in Troops carrying full equipment could not use the rear ramp due to weight limitations placed on it Adding a door machine gun was not possible due to space taken by troop ingress and egress there was also no provision for fast roping or paratrooper equipment 20 In response the German Defense Ministry proclaimed that this article referred to a prototype not to the production model the specifications for which were not even finalised at the time The prototype evaluation and its results were described as a normal procedure in an ongoing design process 21 In November 2011 the MRH90 program was placed on the Australian Department of Defence s Projects of Concern list 22 The most serious problem identified by a diagnostic review which caused a brief grounding in 2010 23 is compressor blade rubbing caused by the bending of a spool in the Rolls Royce Turbomeca RTM322 engine due to uneven cooling after shutdown Other problems identified include failure of transmission oil cooler fans windscreen cracking an inertial navigation system that is slow to align and the weakness of the cabin floor to withstand the impact of soldiers boots a problem also encountered in German service 24 In March 2014 it was announced that a Dutch NH90 had suffered higher than expected fuselage wear and corrosion following an extended deployment at sea analysis by the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory attributed the corrosion to design and assembly flaws However the aircraft were not grounded In response NHI Industries launched a corrosion prevention programme and enacted several design modifications 25 In December 2014 Dutch NH90 deliveries which had been temporarily halted earlier in the year restarted after the majority of identified points were addressed and an agreement was made by the manufacturer to bear the cost of developing modifications repairs and preventive measures against corrosion 26 Costs of operation Edit Ron Mark New Zealand First Deputy Leader and Spokesperson for Defence came out in 2017 in a violent attack against the NH90 citing the statistics of 2015 The NH90s cost 1 182 an hour to fly and that is 2 5 times more expensive than the Iroquois they replaced They re also unreliable chewing through 3 3 million worth of spares in just two years 27 The operating cost of a NH90 HCV High Cabin Version was largely reported in Swedish media during 2018 as being at least 200 000 SEK later specified to 242 000 SEK when the McKinnley report ordered by the Swedish defence was published per hour flown or about US 28 000 In contrast the Hkp 16 MH 60 Blackhawks in Swedish service had a cost of 40 000 SEK per hour something that sparked a heated debate not least since it was revealed that the defence minister had demanded that the purchase had to be a joint procurement with the other Nordic countries which in turn excluded all other contenders 28 29 30 A while later a new debate among the defence bloggers begun when it was revealed that a lot of the high costs actually was the result of the accounting practices forced upon the Swedish defence forces The purchase cost and annual services had been factored in meaning that the cost per hour increases the less flight time per year the helicopter gets 31 In this debate it was also pointed out that the Finnish defence had budgeted CPFH to 15 900 in 2017 which the year after had been lowered to 10 000 32 In 2020 the Belgian ministry of defence announced a cut of 40 to the annual flight time for the NH90 The reason cited that while the old Westland Sea Kings retired in 2019 had a cost per flight hour of around 5 000 The NH 90 is more than double that at 12 000 per hour In addition the reliability is so low that the services do not have enough personnel to keep them flight worthy 33 The Australian parliament released their report MRH 90 Taipan helicopter a quick guide at the end of 2021 detailing the problems that has plagued the helicopter since 2005 and why they now will be replaced There the CPFH is listed as the helicopter s estimated operating costs were 30 000 to 40 000 per hour which is higher than those combat aircraft with sophisticated weapons and sensor systems p 72 More recently the cost has increased to 50 000 per hour 34 Axel Aloccio head of NHI since mid September 2022 believes that most problems stem from the teething issues of new system that always takes a few years of service to find and correct and that most are either solved or will be addressed with the transformation plan called New Horizon that Aloccio predecessor Nathalie Tarnaud Laude launched This program for system wide changes has the aim of 50 60 average global fleet availability to by the end of 2022 through better spare part availability and localisation of overhaul services It also seek to lower the operating costs The time between maintenance inspections and overhaul for dynamic components have both been raised by 50 in order to keep them synchronized from 600 1200 flight hours to 900 1800 hours respectively 35 Design Edit Italian Navy NH90 NFH in flight 2012 The NH90 was designed to fulfill a NATO staff requirement for a multi role medium sized military helicopter for both land and maritime operations 36 According to Flight International the NH90 has the distinction of being the first helicopter in the world to be developed in line with NATO requirements 37 As such the design of the NH90 meets with multiple national and international standards including military airworthiness processes in Germany France Italy and the Netherlands conformance with FAR 29 and MIL STDS design standards as well as DEF STN 00 970 icing conditions performance and electro magnetic compatibility 36 It is produced in two principal variants the battlefield Tactical Transport Helicopter TTH and the maritime NATO Frigate Helicopter NFH 38 One key innovation of the rotorcraft is the four channel fly by wire control system employed the NH90 is the first helicopter in the world to be equipped with full fly by wire flight controls 3 37 A four axis autopilot is also integrated with the fly by wire system as are mission and navigation systems to enable greater autonomy during operations and to reduce pilot workload 39 The flight envelope of the NH90 is capable of all weather day and night operations ship borne operations during high sea states across a temperature range from 40 C to 50 C and up to a maximum altitude of 20 000 feet 36 Power is provided by a pair of turboshaft engines dependent on customer selection the NH90 is either fitted with Rolls Royce Turbomeca RTM322 or General Electric CT7 8F powerplants exhaust gases from the engines are filtered through an infrared suppression system for decreased sensory visibility 38 40 According to Airbus Helicopters the NH90 possesses the lowest radar signature in its class principally due to its diamond shaped composite fuselage 39 The NH90 features an advanced composite airframe designed for ballistic tolerance a high level of crashworthiness lower weight and 30 per cent greater endurance than a metallic counterpart 39 The four main rotor blades are also composed of composite materials increasing fatigue strength and lifespan while providing for greater damage tolerance 39 The unobstructed main cabin area is entered either by large sliding doors on either side of the fuselage or via a rear ramp the cabin is designed to accommodate modular equipment packages to enable the rotorcraft to be rapidly reconfigured providing for operational flexibility 38 39 In a troop transport capacity the cabin can accommodate up to 20 fully equipped soldiers or up to 12 stretchers in a medical evacuation role some light vehicles may also be transported the main cabin is equipped with environmental control systems and sound proofing measures to improve passenger conditions 38 39 The NH90 can be equipped with various mission specific systems including modular armor plating around the cabin area for undertaking high risk missions and an ice protection system for operations within cold climates It can also make use of the In Hover Flight Refuelling System HIFR as well as additional internal and external fuel tanks to conduct extended range missions 38 Other equipment includes a wire strike protection system rappelling system hoist cargo hook search light and various seating options including crashworthy foldable seats 38 For performing maritime operations such tasked NH90s are typically equipped with the Harpoon deck locking system automatic main rotor blade and tail folding mechanisms and other deck handling systems to conduct all weather ship borne operations 38 it is also typically outfitted with dipping sonar and sonobuoy processing equipment 17 The NH90 features a range of customizable avionics systems dependent on customer selection and purpose On some models French firm Thales Group provides various parts of the avionics such as the glass cockpit full colour multifunction displays tactical mission and encrypted communication systems the TopOwl helmet mounted sight display IFF and autonomous navigation systems and the electrical power generation system 38 41 Other systems include a forward looking infrared FLIR weather radar digital map generation system enhanced ground proximity warning system personal locator system and VHF UHF HF tactical radios 38 In 2015 the NH90 became the first helicopter to receive a laser based airborne collision avoidance system 42 Onboard mission systems feature a dual redundant databus are compliant with MIL STD 1553 and are comprehensively managed via sensor fusion functionality 36 38 Customer demand for future avionics improvements such as new data links and communication systems as well as additional electro optical sensors have been anticipated by the manufacturer 17 The helicopter is equipped with emergency floats which deploy in case of a water landing and are designed to buy the crew enough time to exit the helicopter before it sinks 43 Operational history EditAustralia Edit An Australian Army MRH90 in 2011 In 2005 Australia ordered 12 aircraft to replace its aging fleet of Army UH 1 Iroquois helicopters In June 2006 the Australian Defence Force announced plans to replace its UH 60 Black Hawk and Westland Sea King helicopters 44 a further 34 NH90s were ordered for an ordered total of 46 four being manufactured in Europe and 42 being manufactured locally by Australian Aerospace an Airbus Helicopters subsidiary in Brisbane 45 The type is designated MRH 90 Taipan MRH stands for Multi Role Helicopter 46 47 48 Six examples are operated by 808 Squadron of the Royal Australian Navy which was reformed in 2011 and recommissioned in 2013 48 49 The other 40 are operated by the Australian Army On 20 April 2010 an ADF MRH90 suffered a single engine failure near Adelaide landing safely at RAAF Base Edinburgh NHI Industries sent personnel to Australia to investigate the failure 50 On 18 May the ADF announced that the MRH90 fleet was grounded due to engine issues since the April incident 51 The cause of the failure was determined as the compressor blade contacting the engine casing leading to new preventative inspections flights resumed in July 2010 52 In June 2011 the NFH variant lost to the Sikorsky MH 60R in competition to replace the Royal Australian Navy S 70B Sea Hawks 53 In July 2014 the Australian National Audit Office released a report on the MRH90 citing a series of procurement errors and development deficiencies delaying final operational capability FOC originally planned for that month until April 2019 nearly five years later than planned Some nine years after the initial contract was signed the models first delivered in 2007 had not validated any of the 11 set operational capability milestones and forced redesigns including bolstered cabin floors and windscreens rappelling hooks and door gunner positions obtaining spare parts and sustaining the helicopters has also been more costly The Australian Army will be forced to operate its aging S 70A Black Hawk beyond their planned retirement date 54 Due to the delays Australia will receive an additional helicopter for a total of 47 55 By September 2015 most of the MRH90 s flaws had reportedly been addressed 56 In June 2017 the Australian Navy successfully completed trials aboard HMAS Anzac marking a major milestone in the helicopter programme 57 In 2015 the Australian Army decided to delay retiring 20 Black Hawks by 4 years until the end of 2021 in order to develop a special operations capable MRH90 58 59 This required developing a Fast Roping and Rappelling Extraction System FRRES and a gun mount for the cabin door 58 59 The Taipan Gun Mount can fit either a M134D minigun or MAG 58 machine gun and when not in use can be moved into a outward stowed position to provide clearance to enable fast roping and rappelling 60 61 In February 2019 the first two of 12 MRH90 helicopters were delivered to the 6th Aviation Regiment 62 59 On 24 June 2021 all Australian NH 90s were temporarily grounded due to lack of maintenance and spare parts which have to be shipped from Europe to Australia 63 In December 2021 on the same day the Black Hawk fleet was retired the Australian government announced that it would replace the Army s fleet of MRH90s with new UH 60M Black Hawks 64 65 The Navy ceased flying their MRH90s in April 2022 and their fleet was placed into storage 66 67 In May 2022 the government announced that it would replace the Navy s fleet of MRH90s with MH 60R Seahawks 68 69 Belgium Edit In 2007 Belgium signed on for a firm order of 8 aircraft 4 TTH 4 NFH and an option for 2 additional TTH 70 In September 2012 NHI performed the first flight of the Belgium s Tactical Transport Helicopter TTH which is broadly similar to the French NH90 Caiman version 71 In January 2013 eight NH90s were on firm order 72 On 1 August 2013 Belgium received its first NH90 NFH at Full Operational Capability FOC 73 On 23 October 2013 Belgium s first NH90 TTH entered service the last was delivered on 13 November 2014 From first delivery until the last three NH90s flew 34 hours a month for a total of 450 flight hours with a 67 percent availability rate making Belgium one of the type s most intensive users Two NH90 NFHs for the navy were delivered the final two were delivered by early 2015 to replace their Westland Sea King helicopters for Search and Rescue operations 74 On 21 August 2015 the Belgian Navy declared its NH90s had attained initial operational readiness 75 on 28 August 2015 the first rescue mission performed by a Belgian Navy NH90 took place 76 In June 2020 The Strategic Defence Review STAR of Belgium planned to phase out the 4 TTH helicopters by 2024 due to their high operating costs and low availability They are planned to be replaced along with the last Agusta 109 by 15 Airbus H145M helicopters The 4 NFH variants are to remain operational and be provided with currently lacking sensors and weapons for anti submarine warfare 77 78 Finland Edit Finnish Defence Forces NH90 in Turku Finland in May 2012 In October 2001 Finland signed a contract for 20 NH90 TTHs for the Finnish Army to replace its ageing fleet of Mil Mi 8 helicopters 79 In March 2008 NH Industries began NH90 deliveries to Finland 80 deliveries had been delayed from an initial 2004 date to minimize further delay aircraft were first delivered to an Initial Operational Configuration IOC and Nearly Operational Configuration IOC to be later modified by Patria into a Final Operational Configuration FOC 81 82 In September 2011 the Finnish Defence Forces and Patria signed an agreement to provide ballistic protection for onboard personnel across the NH90 fleet 83 In June 2011 nine Finnish NH90s participated in the Finnish Defense Forces main field exercise transporting 157 soldiers across 320 kilometers in two rotations their performance was described as having exceeded expectations 84 In January 2015 it was reported that Finnish NH90s had been experiencing considerable reliability issues at one time in 2014 fleet availability dipped to 19 and some spare parts had up to seven months waiting time 85 By early 2015 the combined NH90s fleet had accumulated a total of 7 000 flight hours and had an availability rate of 40 86 On 18 June 2015 delivery of the final Finnish NH90 took place 87 In November 2015 the availability rate was reported as having surpassed 50 percent 88 All helicopters were in Final Operational Configuration FOC in 2018 17 years after order France Edit French Army NH90 2014 The French government had initially ordered a total of 34 NH90 TTHs for the French Army Light Aviation and 27 NFH for the Navy 89 Both versions will be named Caiman and final assembly will be carried out by Airbus Helicopters 72 90 The French Army had intended to buy 68 NH90 however the April 2013 defence review could have cancelled the contract for the second batch of 34 11 Under the Bonn rebate deal France receives a 12 discount on its 68 Army helicopters a November 2012 Senate report put the French TTH per unit price at 28 6M after discount set on the assumption of total orders of 605 aircraft by 2020 Cuts to France s order would result in workshare reallocation possibly including French Navy NFH90s being assembled in Italy and Fokker performing maintenance of French TTHs 11 On 29 May 2013 France formally ordered the second batch of 34 NH90 TTHs for just under 1 billion 91 In January 2016 France placed an order for six additional NH90 TTHs 92 NH90 helicopter of the French Naval Aviation landing on the FREMM multipurpose frigate Auvergne The French Army took delivery of its first NH90 TTH in December 2011 93 On 21 December 2012 the French Navy received its first NH90 NFH in final operating capability 94 In December 2010 the NH90 formally achieved in service status with the French Navy being initially used to perform search and rescue and maritime counter terrorism operations The first seven aircraft were delivered to an interim Step A configuration following aircraft were delivered to the Step B standard and are forecast to be delivered at a rate of two per year until 2020 8 For the ASW role in French service the helicopter is equipped with dipping sonar acoustic buoys and MU90 torpedoes 95 The French Navy formally cleared the type to perform anti surface warfare duties in 2012 clearance to perform anti submarine warfare missions followed in 2013 allowing the NH90 to take over the missions previously performed by the Navy s Westland Lynx and Aerospatiale Super Frelon helicopter fleets 8 On 3 November 2014 the French Army Light Aviation deployed two of its NH90s to Mali both helicopters had been fitted with three additional fuel tanks to fly the four day ferry flight to the region 96 In October 2020 France signed a contract to develop the TFRA Standard 2 configuration for French Army special forces using the final batch of 10 NH90 TTH already ordered 97 A design study for the new configuration began 18 months earlier in cooperation with Belgium and Australia 98 99 The first phase of the design will feature a Safran EuroFLIR 410 electro optical system EOS external 500 kg 1 100 lb fuel tanks and a digital 3D map 97 The cabin will feature a central rappelling and extraction device gun mounts for M3M 50 caliber machine guns and fold able step 97 The rear ramp will feature a quick removable leaf doors system fast rope beam fold able step and various improvements made to enable the door to be used inflight 97 98 The developmental Safran Eurofl Eye distributed aperture system DAS and digital Thales TopOwl helmet mounted display may be integrated in a second phase with electrical and mechanical provisions made for their installation 97 98 The first five are to be delivered in 2025 and the last five in 2026 to the 4th Special Forces Helicopter Regiment 98 Germany Edit German Army NH90 at the ILA Berlin Air Show 2016 The German Army chose to procure the troop transport variant The first three serial production NH90s were delivered to the German Army in December 2006 100 By January 2013 a total of 80 aircraft were on order for the army 72 In 2009 the German Navy was also considering the procurement of up to 30 NFH for its new Maritime Helicopter 101 In March 2013 the German government chose to reorganise the NH90 procurement the Army s fleet of 122 NH90s was reduced to 82 18 NH90s previously ordered for the German Army were converted to the NFH maritime variant for the navy instead 102 On 26 June 2013 the German defense committee declared that the order for a combined 202 NH90 and Tiger helicopters was to be reduced to 157 103 In December 2014 Germany announced that in addition to the 80 troop transports firmly on order it was considering an option for an additional 22 NH90s it was investigating the possibility of setting up a multinational helicopter unit to operate these 22 helicopters as a shared NATO resource with other countries using and contributing to the force 104 105 In July 2012 the German NH90 fleet reached a combined total of 5 000 flight hours 106 In April 2013 up to 4 German Army NH90 TTH were deployed in Afghanistan in a Forward Air Medical Evacuation role in support of coalition forces operating in the country 107 On 23 June 2013 German Army NH90s were declared operationally capable of medical evacuation operations 108 Following an engine failure and controlled crash in Uzbekistan in July 2014 the German Army temporarily grounded the type for investigation 109 In December 2015 it was announced that production of the German Navy s variant of the NH90 NFH named Sea Lion had formally commenced a refit of the German Army s TTH variant was also underway at the same time 110 Since late 2014 Germany has promoted the establishment of a multinational NH90 force for combat MEDEVAC missions the taskforce would comprise up to 20 NH90s 111 The Navy s version known as the NH90 Sea Lion is based on the NH90 NFH The Sea Lion first flew on 8 December 2016 112 113 Its 18 NH90 Sea Lions are equipped with improved navigation and communications equipment permitting operation within civil airspace along with additional sensors for military missions The IFF system was also updated Designed to replace Germany s Westland Sea Kings in the SAR and Vertrep roles the Sea Lion was to enter service with the German Navy by the second quarter of 2019 114 On 26 November 2019 the German Navy stated that the NH90 is not going operational at this time due to deficiencies in technical documentation not allowing safe operations 115 On 20 November 2020 the Bundestag approved the purchase of 31 more helicopters These will be used by the navy to replace their 22 Sea Lynx Mk88A helicopters The deal is valued at 2 7 billion including spares accessories and training material 116 Greece Edit In August 2003 Greece ordered 20 NH90s with an option for 14 more 117 In early 2013 the German newspaper Bild alleged that Airbus officials paid 41 million in bribes to Greek officials to secure the order Airbus stated that the claim was groundless 118 On December 12 it was stated that deliveries would start again after an embargo by the Hellenic Government with 4 helicopters being of the SPECOPS specification By early 2017 12 NH90s had been delivered and are in service with eight aircraft to be delivered from the manufacturer 119 120 Italy Edit An Italian Army NH90 note the Minigun door gun 7th Army Aviation Regiment Vega NH90 helicopter during a night time mission In June 2000 Italy signed an initial contract for a batch of 60 TTH Tactical Transport Helicopter for the Italian Army along with a further 46 NFH NATO Frigate Helicopter and 10 TTH for the Italian Navy 121 On 30 December 2007 the first NH90 TTH was formally handed over to the Italian Army 122 On 23 June 2011 the navy received its first NH90 which was delivered to an interim MOC Meaningful Operational Capability standard capable of performing training search and rescue and utility operations anti submarine and anti surface warfare capabilities were not initially available until aircraft are retrofitted to a FOC Final Operational Capability standard 123 In May 2013 the Italian Army took delivery of the first NH90 TTH of a FOC standard 124 in November 2013 the Italian Navy took delivery of its first FOC standard NH90 NFH 125 In 2012 Italy deployed a total of 5 Army NH90 TTHs to support troops participating in the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan 126 The NH90s which were air transported individually by allied Boeing C 17 Globemaster III cargo aircraft replaced six Agusta Bell 205s in performing tactical transport and medevac operations Army Aviation Commander Gen Enzo Stefanini stated that in Afghan conditions the NH90 is delivering performance 15 percent above what was envisaged 127 Netherlands Edit The Netherlands one of the original supporters of the programme ordered a total of 20 units comprising 12 NFH and 8 TNFH for the Royal Netherlands Navy 128 72 129 130 In 2010 the Royal Netherlands Navy became the first customer to receive the NFH variant 131 In 2009 concerns surfaced that design changes had made the helicopter too heavy to operate from Dutch frigates for which they were ordered 132 In June 2014 the Dutch government decided not to accept the last batch of 7 NH90s due to some 100 shortcomings found in relation to the design manufacturing and material choice of the aircraft in particular corrosion in the presence of salt water 133 134 In December 2014 NH90 deliveries restarted after the Dutch government came to an agreement with the manufacturer under which modifications and necessary repairs against corrosion would be made at the manufacturer s cost 75 of the 100 shortcomings were also reported as having been solved 26 135 In April 2013 the navy deployed the type onboard HNLMS De Ruyter to fight piracy in the Gulf of Aden 136 In November 2014 the Royal Netherlands Navy deployed a single NH90NFH to Somalia to support Operation Atalanta in Somalia 137 On 19 July 2020 a Royal Netherlands Navy NH90 helicopter crashed off the coast of Aruba killing two crew members and injuring two passengers The Dutch Ministry of Defence launched an investigation temporarily grounding all of the country s NH90s 138 New Zealand Edit In July 2006 the New Zealand government signed a NZ 771 million 500M contract to purchase eight NH90s plus one extra for spares to replace the Royal New Zealand Air Force s RNZAF fleet of 13 UH 1 Iroquois helicopters 72 139 For ease of manufacture and logistics New Zealand deliberately chose its NH90 configuration to be nearly identical to the larger Australian fleet 140 On 7 December 2011 deliveries to New Zealand formally began with the first two NH90s being airlifted by a leased Antonov An 124 cargo aircraft to RNZAF Base Ohakea In February 2013 the first phase of the RNZAF s operational evaluation of the NH90 was completed clearing the type to begin operational duties 140 A RNZAF NH90 in a tight turn Between September 2013 and July 2014 the first four delivered NH90s were retrofitted to a final operational configuration later aircraft were already delivered to this standard 141 On 31 October 2014 the RNZAF announced that they had received into service the last of the eight NH90 TTHs 140 Following command structure changes in December 2014 the NH90 fleet was tasked with additional responsibilities including casualty evacuation during search and rescue operations and providing transport services to the New Zealand Police and other government personnel 142 In April 2015 Defence Minister Gerry Brownlee questioned the inability of the NH90 fleet to contribute to relief efforts in the aftermath of Cyclone Pam revealing that the fleet may be refitted with an automated blade and tail folding system to better enable ship borne deployments in the future 143 In April 2016 NH90s flew 160 hours during relief missions in Fiji following the devastation of Cyclone Winston citation needed After the Kaikoura earthquakes in November 2016 the NH90s were critical in delivering aid and supplies to the area They also assisted with civilian evacuations of foreign nationals 144 In April 2017 the RNZAF s NH90 fleet was grounded following an in flight single engine failure which forced an emergency landing 145 In November 2021 New Zealand NH90 NZ3302 became the first of its type to reach 2 000 flying hours According to the RNZAF despite being delivered years after other customers high serviceability rates allow New Zealand NH90s to fly more hours per aircraft than other operators 146 Norway Edit In 2001 Norway ordered 14 NH90 helicopters for use by the Royal Norwegian Navy and Norwegian Coast Guard to be delivered in 2005 2008 147 In December 2011 the first helicopter was delivered 148 In July 2012 the Norwegian Deputy Defence Minister Roger Ingebrigtsen announced that once our current Westland Lynx helicopters reach their end of life in 2014 we are going to have replacement helicopters on our naval vessels If the NH90 hasn t been delivered we will purchase another helicopter considering that the aircraft were to be delivered by 2005 and that delivery is yet to start by 2012 our confidence in the producer isn t exactly on the rise 149 In August 2012 it was reported that the Royal Norwegian Air Force would be recommending that the Ministry of Defence contact Sikorsky to verify whether versions of the H 60 Seahawk specifically the MH 60R would be a viable alternative to the NH 90 in the anti submarine warfare ASW role Defence Minister Espen Barth Eide stated We still believe the marine version of the NH90 to be the optimal platform and we hope to purchase it but there are limits to our patience 150 In January 2016 six of the 14 aircraft had been delivered 151 A February 2018 report by the Norwegian Armed Forces found that its fleet of NH90 helicopters offer insufficient flight hours for the intended roles The report advised that all helicopters are converted to the anti submarine warfare role as required by the Royal Norwegian Navy as opposed to current plans which see 6 of the 14 helicopters in that role and the rest configured for Norwegian Coast Guard duties The Norwegian Ministry of Defence stated that it would consider the report s recommendations before making a decision on the matter 152 153 In September 2018 the Norwegian Armed Forces reversed course and released an updated study that affirms that under certain conditions the requirements for both the navy and coast guard can be met with the current order of 14 helicopters The conditions specifically state good spare parts availability sufficient aircraft for maintenance scheduling and a sufficient overhaul capacity Norwegian Minister of Defence Frank Bakke Jensen added that although the inauguration is challenging the ministry holds on to the timeline in which phasing in will be completed by 2022 154 155 In February 2022 the Norwegian Minister of Defense again threatened to terminate the NH90 contract due to great concerns regarding new delays and NHI not meeting contractual obligations considering sourcing alternative helicopters 156 In June 2022 the Norwegian Minister of Defense announced the Norwegian Defence Material Agency was given the task to terminate the NH90 contract due to NHI not meeting contractual obligations and announced that the NH90 is taken out of operation with immediate effect 157 Oman Edit In July 2004 the Sultanate of Oman issued an order for a total of 20 NH90 TTHs for the Royal Air Force of Oman RAFO To cope with the extreme flight conditions of the Middle East RAFO NH90s are equipped with enhanced power plants the type is to replace the Agusta Bell 205A and Agusta Bell 212 used for tactical transport and search and rescue operations 158 On 23 June 2010 the first two NH90 TTHs were delivered to the RAFO at Musana Air Base 159 By July 2012 ten NH90s had been delivered to the RAFO in Omani service the NH90 has established an endurance record flying 700 nautical miles 1 300 km 810 mi without refueling during a 5 hour 21 minute long mission 160 Qatar Edit In 2014 Qatar announced that it would invest in NH90 helicopters for 2 76 billion 161 An contract is expected to be signed in March 2018 during the Dimdex defence exhibition 162 The signing happened on 14 March 2018 which finalised the purchase of 28 NH90 Helicopters in a deal that is worth 3 billion euros The agreement includes 16 NH90s for tactical transport and 12 NH90s for naval purposes The deal is supposed to help Qatar with modernizing her military helicopter fleet 163 164 165 166 On 20 August 2018 Leonardo announced the contract with Qatar was made effective for a total sum of US 3 7 billion covering the agreed upon number of helicopters with an option with six more of each type 167 168 169 170 On December 23 2020 the first flights for Qatari bound NH90s were being conducted for general evaluation 171 Spain Edit On 20 May 2005 the Council of Ministers authorised the acquisition of 45 NH90 TTHs in December 2006 it was announced that a procurement contract for the Spanish Armed Forces had been signed The Spanish NH90 variant features domestically assembled General Electric CT7 8F5 engines customised communications suite and Indra developed electronic warning systems 172 The original budget for the procurement was for 1 260 million by 2010 this had grown to 2 463M 173 In June 2012 it was announced that Spain was negotiating to cut its purchase to 37 aircraft 174 On 18 December 2014 Spain took delivery of the first NH90 TTH which had been assembled at Airbus Helicopters Albacete facility by this point the order had been reduced to a total of 22 NH90s of the TTH variant 175 In January 2018 NHIndustries president Vincent Dubrule stated he was confident Spain would place a follow on order by the end of 2018 for an additional 23 TTH NH90 bringing the total back up to 45 162 In September 2018 the Spanish government agreed to the purchase of the additional 23 TTH NH90 helicopters including seven for naval purposes 176 177 Sweden Edit A pair of Swedish HKP14 in flight 2012 In 2001 Sweden signed a contract for 18 NH90 TTH made up of 13 TTT i SAR and 5 SAR ASW to be operated by the Swedish Air Force 178 179 Because of renewed foreign submarine activity at the Swedish coast in 2014 it was decided in 2015 that four TTT SAR would be modified to SAR ASW in order to increase the anti submarine warfare capability so there will be 9 TTT SAR and 9 SAR ASW 180 The NH90 is known as the Helikopter 14 HKP14 in Swedish service the FOC version of TTT SAR are designated HKP14E and the FOC version of SAR ASW are designated HKP14F 181 By November 2015 Sweden had ordered 18 NH90s with ten helicopters delivered 72 Sweden did not expect its NH90s to be operational until 2020 and ordered 15 UH 60M Black Hawks in 2011 182 deploying four of its new Black Hawks to Afghanistan in March 2013 183 In December 2015 the first Swedish NH90 in a full ASW configuration was delivered 184 185 Sweden announced on 1 November 2022 that its NH90s will be replaced with S 70 H 60 variants and an undetermined aircraft 186 Cancelled orders and failed order campaigns Edit PortugalPortugal was the fifth state to join the programme with an order for ten transport NH90 in June 2001 it was intended for these to equip the Portuguese Army Light Aviation Unit However in July 2012 fiscal consequences of the Great Recession led Portugal to cancel the order despite having already spent 87m on the project in order to save another 420m in acquisition and running costs to 2020 187 188 Saudi ArabiaIn July 2006 the Saudi Government agreed to purchase 64 NH90s 189 Then in October 2007 the government changed its plans and agreed to buy 150 Russian made Mi 35 and Mi 17 helicopters instead 190 EgyptIn July 2015 the Egyptian Navy entered negotiations for the purchase of 5 NH90 NFH helicopters these were intended to serve on board its newly acquired FREMM frigate Tahya Misr and 4 Gowind corvettes that were also on order The NH90 helicopters would all be of French standard 191 192 In October 2015 it was reported that negotiations for a large quantity of NH90s had reached an advanced stage 193 In April 2019 it was announced that Egypt was ordering the AW149 and not the NH90 194 Variants EditNFH NATO Frigate Helicopter Edit An NFH NATO Frigate Helicopter The primary role of the NFH version is autonomous ASW and anti surface unit warfare ASuW mainly from naval ships These aircraft are equipped for day and night adverse weather and severe ship motion operations Additional roles include anti air warfare support vertical replenishment VERTREP SAR and troop transport France are splitting their purchase between the NFH version combat costing 43 3m in FY2013 and the NFH version soutien support at 36 4m in FY2013 195 SH 90A Italian Navy designation from 2012 for NH90 NFH 196 NH90 NFH Caiman French Navy designation for NH90 NFH 72 90 NH90 Sea Lion German Navy development of the French NH90 NFH The Sea Lion features a reduced set of sensors as the main task is SAR and ship based Transport VERTREP and Special Forces and is usually unarmed doorguns can be installed First flight was on 8 December 2016 and service deliveries started in October 2019 112 113 NH90 Sea Tiger Another German Navy development of the NFH90 The Sea Tiger will be the future helicopter for anti submarine warfare ASW and anti surface unit warfare The first helicopters were ordered in 2019 with a potential total of up to 31 197 TTH Tactical Transport Helicopter Edit A New Zealand NH 90 loaded with Papua New Guinean troops The primary role of the TTH version is the transport of 20 troops or more than 2 500 kg of cargo heliborne operations and search amp rescue It can quickly be adapted to MEDEVAC CASEVAC missions by fitting up to 12 stretchers or cargo delivery capability Additional roles include special operations electronic warfare airborne command post parachuting VIP transport and flight training Helikopter 14 Hkp 14 198 Swedish Armed Forces designation of its eighteen NH90 TTH 181 of the High Cabin Version HCV in which the cabin height is increased by 24 cm 9 4 in to 1 82 m 6 0 ft to allow it to be used for ambulance transports as the original height of 1 57 m 5 2 ft did not comply with peacetime work safety regulations 199 The fleet consists of nine ground operative helicopters Hkp 14E and nine helicopters for maritime use equipped with sonar and search radar for submarine hunting with the designation Hkp 14F 198 The Swedish aircraft have a Tactical Mission System developed by SAAB 199 200 Finnish and Swedish TTHs are called Tactical Troop Transports TTT in some contexts HT 29 Caiman Spanish Army designation for NH90 GSPA TTH 201 MRH 90 Taipan Australian Defence Force designation for NH90 TTH 48 NH90 TTH Caiman French Army designation for NH90 TTH 72 90 UH 90A Italian Army designation for the NH90 TTH 196 MH 90A Italian Navy variant of the NH90 TTH 202 MTT Maritime Tactical Transport Edit The MTT is a blend between the TTH and NFH combining the land based configuration of the TTH with specialized maritime features of the NFH including folding rotorblades a tail boom and a strengthened undercarriage The variant was first announced in February 2019 and has reportedly piqued interest from the Spanish and Italian armed forces who may order this variant as part of existing orders 203 Operators Edit Current NH90 operators Former NH90 operators An Australian Army NH90 A Finnish Army NH 90 performing over RIAT 2013 An NH 90 NFH from Royal Netherlands Navy NH90 High Cabin Version of the Swedish Armed Forces AustraliaAustralian Army 204 Will be phased out in 2025 Royal Australian Navy 204 Will be phased out in 2025 BelgiumBelgian Air Component 204 4 TTH s flown for Belgian Army will be phased out in 2025 FinlandFinnish Army 204 FranceFrench Army 204 French Navy 204 GermanyGerman Army 204 German Navy 204 GreeceHellenic Army 204 ItalyItalian Army 204 Italian Navy 204 NetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Navy 204 New ZealandRoyal New Zealand Air Force 204 OmanRoyal Air Force of Oman 204 QatarQatar Emiri Air Force 204 SpainSpanish Army 204 Spanish Air and Space Force 205 SwedenDefence Force Helicopter Wing 204 18 NH90 HCV High Cabin Version Former operators Edit NorwayRoyal Norwegian Air Force The Ministry of Defense announced its NH90s are phased out from service as of June 2022 206 Specifications NH90 Edit Data from AgustaWestland 38 Airbus Helicopters 39 The International Directory of Military Aircraft 2002 2003 207 General characteristicsCrew 2 flight crew loadmaster sensor operator Capacity 20 seated troops or 12 medevac stretchers or 2 NATO pallets or 4 200 kg 9 259 lb external slung load Length 16 13 m 52 ft 11 in Empty weight 6 400 kg 14 110 lb Max takeoff weight 10 600 kg 23 369 lb Powerplant 2 General Electric CT7 8E turboshaft engines 1 845 kW 2 474 hp each option Powerplant 2 Rolls Royce Turbomeca RTM322 1 9 turboshaft engines 1 802 kW 2 417 hp each option Main rotor diameter 16 3 m 53 ft 6 in Main rotor area 208 699 m2 2 246 42 sq ft root ONERA OA312 tip ONERA OA409 OA407 208 Performance Maximum speed 300 km h 190 mph 160 kn Range 800 km 500 mi 430 nmi TTH1 000 km 620 mi 540 nmi NFH dd dd dd Endurance 5 hours Service ceiling 6 000 m 20 000 ft Rate of climb 8 m s 1 600 ft min Armament Guns 2 door guns Missiles anti submarine and or air to surface missiles NFH version See also Edit Aviation portalAircraft of comparable role configuration and era AgustaWestland AW149 AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat Airbus Helicopters H175 Bell 525 Relentless Eurocopter EC 725 Eurocopter AS532 Cougar Harbin Z 20 Mil Mi 38 Sikorsky MH 60R Seahawk Sikorsky CH 148 Cyclone Sikorsky UH 60 Black HawkReferences EditFootnotes Edit Tactical Troop Transport Citations Edit Sgarlato Nico April 2008 Gli NH 90 dell Esercito Aeronautica amp Difesa in Italian a b NH Industries Retrieved 19 June 2022 a b Perry Dominic Rotor club Our top 10 most influential helicopters Archived 2014 11 24 at the 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