Musunuri Nayakas
The Musunuri Nayakas were chieftains of 14th-century South India who were briefly significant in the region of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka is said to have taken a leadership role among the Andhra chieftains and driven out the Delhi Sultanate from Warangal. But his rise was soon challenged by the Bahmani Sultanate and he was defeated. The Recherla Nayakas wrested power from him in 1368.[1]
Musunuri dynasty | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 1335–1368 | |||||
| Capital | Warangal | ||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||
| History | |||||
• Established | c. 1335 | ||||
• Disestablished | 1368 | ||||
| |||||
Origins edit
Little is known of the Musunuri family; they are often described as "obscure".[2][3] The founding ruler of the family, Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka, suddenly appears as a new ruler at Rekapalle, near Bhadrachalam, around 1330.[4] Prolaya Nayaka was son of Musunuri Pochaya Nayaka.[citation needed]
Some Andhra historians state that Musunuri Nayakas belonged to the Kamma caste group.[5][6] However, according to Cynthia Talbot, the modern castes of Andhra region did not originate until the late stages of the Vijayanagara Empire.[7] Musunuri Nayakas were ardent saivities and Kapaya Nayaka acclaimed that he was chosen by none other than the Lord Visweswara of Kashi (i.e. Lord Siva) to protect the Dharma.[8]
Opposition to the Delhi Sultanate's invasion edit
After the fall of the Kakatiyas, their empire was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate. Ulugh Khan (also known as Muhammad bin Tughluq), the general that conquered Warangal, renamed it "Sultanpur" and remained as the governor of the region for a short period. In 1324, he was recalled to Delhi to succeed the Khaljis as Muhammad bin Tughluq. A former Kakatiya commander, Nagaya Ganna Vibhudu, now renamed Malik Maqbul, was appointed as the governor of the region.[9] However, the Tughluq hold over the erstwhile Kakatiya empire was tenuous and a number of local chieftains seized effective power.[10]
Vilasa grant edit
Vilasa grant was the only inscription made by Prolaya Nayaka that got discovered. This grant gave new insight into the history of Andhra and Telangana, and the happenings aftermath of the death of Prataparudra. This Vilasa grant was originally discovered in the 19th century but it took nearly a century to be deciphered by the eminent Indian historian, Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma. As published in Volume 32 of the Epigrahica Indica, the original discovery happened at Kandarada, a village near the ancient town Pithapuram, Andhra Pradesh, by Hundi Venkata Rao Pantulu and his Vaishya partner. These discovered 14 copper plates were equally distributed and the share of 7 plates held by Venkata Rao Pantulu got preserved and now they are currently located in the Government museum at Chennai.[11] These 7 copper plates are deciphered by Somasekhara Sarma and they reveal about a land grant to Brahmins in Konaseema region nearby a village named Vilasa (Telugu: విలస), currently in Ainavilli Mandal of Konaseema district, Andhra Pradesh.
Prolaya Nayaka edit
According to the Vilasa grant,[11] Prolaya Nayaka ruled from Rekapalle. Located at the edge of the Papikondalu hills (part of the Eastern Ghats), Rekapalle could control the narrow Sabari river valley lying between the Bhadrachalam forest and the Papikondalu forest. Konda Reddis, who populate the hill forests would have facilitated Prolaya Nayaka's rebellion against the Sultanate.[4][12] Rekapalle is also a strategic location to control or obstruct communications on the Godavari river passing through the hills.
Prolaya Vema Reddi of the Panta Reddi clan, who seems to have established his own independent rule in Addanki by 1325, is believed to have taken control of the region between the Krishna and Godavari rivers, perhaps up to Rajahmundry.[13][14] Historian M. Rama Rao states that Prolayavema Reddi and Prolaya Nayaka must have made a 'joint effort' to drive the Muslim rule out from the area.[14]
In 1330, Prolaya Nayaka published the Vilasa grant, a copper-plate grant near Pithapuram, in which he bemoaned the devastation of the Telugu country brought about by northern Muslim armies and attempted to legitimise himself as the rightful restorer of order.[15] Prolaya Nayaka left no children and was succeeded by a cousin, Kapaya Nayaka, who governed until 1368 and attempted to further expand his rule.
Kapaya Nayaka edit
Rebellion edit
Kapaya Nayaka (r. 1333–1368) led a larger rebellion against the Tughluq rule, driving it out of Warangal in 1336. According to the Kaluvacheru grant of Anithalli, a female member of the Panta Reddi clan in 1423, Kapaya Nayaka was assisted by 75 Nayakas. The grant also states that Prolaya Vema Reddi was one among these 75 Nayakas.[16][a]
Muhammad bin Tughluq, who became the Sultan of Delhi in 1324, witnessed numerous rebellions starting in 1330, first in the immediate vicinity in the Ganga-Yamuna doab, which caused a famine in Delhi, and rebellions within ranks in Ma'bar (Madurai) and Bengal. It is possible that Kapaya Nayaka advanced in the direction of Warangal in this period, acquiring some of its territory. Consequently, Telangana was also counted among the rebellious territories.[19] In 1334–35, the Sultan marched on Deccan in an attempt to quell the rebellions, but his army was struck by some kind of epidemic and the Sultan himself fell gravely ill. He was forced to retreat to Delhi via Daulatabad. It is said that about a third of his army perished due to the epidemic.[20]
Ferishta narrates that, around this time, Kapaya Nayaka approached the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III for assistance in evicting the Sultanate from Warangal. After consideration, assistance was offered.
Bilal Dew [Ballala], convened a meeting of his kinsmen and resolved, first, to secure the forts of his own country. and then to remove his seat of government among the mountains. Krishn Naig [Kapaya Nayak] promised, on his part also, that when their plans were ripe for execution, to raise all the Hindoos of Wurungole and Telingana and put himself at their head.... He (Bilal Dew) then raised an army and put part of it under the command of Krishn Naig, who reduced Wurungole and compelled Imad-ool-Moolk, the governor, to retreat to Dowlatabad [Daulatabad].
Historian R. C. Majumdar characterises it as a 'national revolt' backed up by a regular army. Governor Malik Maqbul found himself unable to withstand the rebellion and fled to Delhi.[22][23] Ferishta states that Kapaya Nayaka and Ballala III then jointly marched on the newly declared Madurai Sultanate and divested it of its outlying territories, in particular Tondaimandalam.[21][22]
Rule edit
Kapaya Nayaka took control of Warangal from Malik Maqbul in 1336 and thus also of a wider swathe of eastern Telangana that was governed from there. He also tried to support other rebels in the surrounding areas, although in the case of aid given to Alauddin Bahman Shah, the outcome was that his fellow rebel turned on him. Several military engagements with Bahman Shah followed over a period of years, during which Kapaya Nayaka had to cede various forts and territories, including Golconda (near modern Hyderabad). His weakened position was exploited by the Reddis of Kondavidu and the Recherla Nayakas, the latter of whom killed him in battle at Bhimavaram near Warangal in 1368.[1][24][25][b]
Despite his supposed opposition to the Dehlavi Sultans, Kapaya Nayaka continued using the Kush Mahal built by the Sultans in Warangal and adopted the Persianised title "Sultan of the Andhra country" (Āndhra Suratrāṇa). In 1361, he gifted to the Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I the Turquoise throne of Warangal, made during the Delhi rule, as part of a treaty agreement.[26]
After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, his allied Nayakas are said to have returned to their own towns, and the period of the Musunuri family ended. The Recherla Nayakas became the dominant power in the Telangana that lasted till 1435.[27]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ The Kaluvacheru grant states that Prolaya Vema Reddi became independent after the death of Kapaya Nayaka in 1368. However, it is known that Vema Reddi was already independent by 1325. M. Somasekhara Sarma recognises the mistake in the record, but nevertheless believes that Vema Reddi acted as a subordinate of the Musunuri Nayakas, while M. Rama Rao states that they bore no relation to each other.[17][18]
- ^ Bhimavaram is now known as "Bhimaram". It is a suburb of Warangal at 18°01′57″N 79°32′23″E / 18.0324°N 79.5396°E.
References edit
- ^ a b Talbot (2001), pp. 177–182.
- ^ Talbot (2001), p. 177.
- ^ Eaton (2005), pp. 26–28.
- ^ a b Rama Rao (1947), pp. 295–296.
- ^ Rao, B. S. L. Hanumantha; India), Telugu University (Hyderabad (1995). Socio-cultural history of ancient and medieval Andhra. Telugu University. p. 157. ISBN 9788186073087.
The Nayakas of Musunuru who are said to have been Kammas . . .
- ^ Pramila, Kasturi (1 January 2002). Economic and social conditions of Āndhra Deśa, A.D. 1000 to 1323 A.D. Bharatiay Kala Prakashan. p. 162. ISBN 9788186050927.
Prolayanayaka of the Musunuri family who is considered to belong to the Kamma caste established an independent kingdom at Rekapalli.
- ^ Talbot (2001), p. 86.
- ^ Venkata Ramanayya, N. (1942). The Early Muslim expansion in South India)(Hyderabad. University of Madras. p. 188.
- ^ Wagoner & Rice (2001), p. 78.
- ^ Eaton (2005), pp. 26–27.
- ^ a b Epigraphia Indica. Vol. XXXII (1957-58). Archeological Survey of India. 1987. p. 239.
- ^ Hemingway (1915), pp. 4, 66–67.
- ^ Somasekhara Sarma (1946), pp. 76–77.
- ^ a b Rama Rao (1947), pp. 296–297.
- ^ Talbot (2001), p. 178; Eaton (2005), pp. 26–27; Chattopadhyaya (1998), pp. 57–59
- ^ Prasad (1988), p. 173.
- ^ Somasekhara Sarma (1946), p. 81: "How this discrepancy arose and why such a wrong account was given in the Kaluvaceru grant is a mystery which is yet to be unravelled."
- ^ Rama Rao (1947), p. 295: "It is thus impossible that Prolaya Vema could at any time have been a subordinate of the Musunuri chiefs."
- ^ Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 267.
- ^ Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 268–269.
- ^ a b Somasekhara Sarma, M. (April 1931), "Kapaya Nayaka", Journal of the Andhra Historical Research Society, 5 (4): 227–228
- ^ a b Majumdar, The Delhi Sultanate—Muhammad Bin Tughluq (1967), p. 76.
- ^ Jackson, The Delhi Sultanate (2003), p. 268.
- ^ Somasekhara Sarma (1946), p. 22.
- ^ Prasad (1988), pp. 168–172.
- ^ Eaton (2005), p. 50.
- ^ Talbot (2001), pp. 177, 178.
Bibliography edit
- Chattopadhyaya, B. D. (1998), Representing the Other? Sanskrit Sources and the Muslims, New Delhi: Manohar, ISBN 978-8173042522
- Eaton, Richard M. (2005), A Social History of the Deccan: 1300–1761, Cambridge University Press, pp. 15–16, ISBN 978-0-52125-484-7
- Jackson, Peter (2003), The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-54329-3
- Hemingway, F. R. (1915), Madras District Gazetters: Godavari, Government of Madras
- Majumdar, R. C. (1967), "Muhammad Bin Tughluq", in R. C. Majumdar; A. D. Pusalker; A. K. Majumdar (eds.), The Delhi Sultanate (Second ed.), Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 61–89
- Prasad, J. Durga (1988), History of the Andhras up to 1565 AD, P. G. Publishers
- Rama Rao, M. (1947), "The Fall of Warangal and After", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 10: 292–297, JSTOR 44137150
- Somasekhara Sarma, Mallampalli (1946), History of the Reddi Kingdoms (Circa. 1325 A.D., to circa. 144B A.D.), Waltair: Andhra University
- Talbot, Cynthia (2001), Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19803-123-9
- Wagoner, Phillip B.; Rice, John Henry (2001), "From Delhi to the Deccan: Newly Discovered Tughluq Monuments at Warangal-Sult̤ānpur and the Beginnings of Indo-Islamic Architecture in Southern India", Artibus Asiae, 61 (1): 77–117, doi:10.2307/3249963, JSTOR 3249963
Further reading edit
- Devi, V. Yashoda (1975), After the Kākatīyas, Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi
- A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri, Oxford Univ. Press, 1955.