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Wikipedia

Motion picture film scanner

June 10, 2023

A motion picture film scanner is a device used in digital filmmaking to scan original film for storage as high-resolution digital intermediate files.[1]

Film scanner at EYE Film Institute Netherlands, 2014

A film scanner scans original film stock: negative or positive print or reversal/IP. Units may scan gauges from 8 mm to 70 mm (8 mm, Super 8, 9.5 mm, 16 mm, Super 16, 35 mm, Super 35, 65 mm and 70 mm) with very high resolution scanning at 2K, 4K, 8K, or 16K resolutions. (2K is approximately 2048×1080 pixels and 4K is approximately 4096×2160 pixels).[1]

Some models of film scanner are intermittent pull-down film scanners which scan each frame individually, locked down in a pin-registered film gate, taking roughly a second per frame. Continuous-scan film scanners, where the film frames are scanned as the film is continuously moved past the imaging pick up device, are typically evolved from earlier telecine mechanisms, and can act as such at lower resolutions.[1]

The scanner scans the film frames into a file sequence (using high-end computer data storage devices), whose single file contains a digital scan of each still frame; the preferred image file format used as output are usually Cineon, DPX or TIFF, because they can store color information as raw data, preserving the optical characteristics of the film stock. These systems take a lot of storage area network (SAN) disk space. The files can be played back one after each other on high-end workstation non-linear editing system (NLE) or a virtual telecine systems. The playback is at the normal rate of 24 frames per second (or original projection frame rate of: 25, 30 or other speeds). Each year hard disks get larger and are able to hold more hours of movies on SAN systems. The challenge is to archive this massive amount of data on to data storage devices.[1] The scanned footage is edited and composited on work stations then mastered back on film, see film-out and digital intermediate. Scanned film frames may also be used in digital film restoration. The film may also be projected directly on a digital projector in the theater. The data film files may be converted to SDTV (NTSC or PAL) video TV systems.[1][2] Film recorders are the opposite of film scanners, copying content from a computer system onto film stock, for preservation or for display using film projectors. Telecines are similar to film scanners.

Imaging device

 
Splitting a film image into three colours in a Spirit DataCine scanning machine, 2006

Image processing

  • The three color signals (RGB) are electronically processed and color graded. A 3D look up table (3D LUT) is usually applied to the RGB values before it is coded into the DPX output files.
  • The DPX files are usually made output through a network port cable or an optical fiber port: HIPPI, Fibre Channel or newer systems like gigabit Ethernet. A computer then stores the files on to hard drives of a storage area network for later processing and use.[1]
  • Modern motion picture film scanners many have an option for an infrared CCD channel for dirt mapping, that can be used to automatically or in post manually remove dirt-dust spots on the film. The IR camera channel can be used with IR dirt and scratch removal system or made output on a four IR channel for downstream dirt and dirt and scratch removal systems. Popular downstream dirt and dirt and scratch removal systems are PF Clean and Digital ICE.[3][4][5]
  • HDR or high dynamic range is a new system, using a compositing and tone-mapping of images to extend the dynamic range beyond the native capability of the capturing device. This may be done by using a triple exposure for the film and then compositing the three back together. Compositing can be done in a workstation in none real time or in the scanner in real time.[6][7]

Models

Bold indicates a currently produced model

  • Single frame intermittent pull-down:[1]
    • Kodak - Cineon, the first system designed for DI work, included a scanner, tapes drives, workstations and a film recorder.[8][9][10]
    • ARRI - Arriscan
    • Filmlight - Northlight 1 (up to 6K, 16mm to VistaVision), Northlight 2 (up to 8K, 16mm to VistaVision)
    • Imagica scanner, single frame intermittent scanner.
    • Cintel - diTTo
  • Continuous motion scanning:
    • Arri - ARRISCAN XT (up to 6K, S35 down to 16mm)
    • Cintel's C-Reality/DSX and ITK - Millennium/dataMill. Under ownership of Blackmagic Design, the Cintel Scanner was released, with the current 3rd generation capable of up to 4K scans at 30 fps.[11]
    • DFT - Spirit Classic (up to 2K), Spirit 4k/2k/HD (up to 4K), POLAR HQ (up to 8K, 8mm to S35), OXScan 14K (up to 14K, 16mm to 70mm), Scanity HDR (up to 4K, 16mm to S35)
    • Filmfabriek - HDS+ (up to 4k), Pictor Pro (up to 2.7K), Pictor (up to 1080p). Filmfabriek scanners can only scan 17.5mm or smaller film formats.
    • GE4 - Golden Eye Four - Filmscanner, 38 Mega Pixel camera. LED light source and continuous film transport using Capstan. From Digital Vision.
    • Lasergraphics - Director (up to 13.5K, 8mm to 65mm), ScanStation (up to 6.5K, 8mm to 65mm), & Archivist (up to 5K, 8mm to 17.5mm).
    • MWA Nova Vario series with patented laser-based, sprocket and claw free transport for 16/35mm for realtime (24/25fps) scanning with sensors for either 2K+ 2236 x 1752, or 2.5K+ HDR High Dynamic Range at 2560 x 2160, direct optical and magnetic sound on and 16 and 35mm.
    • MWA Nova Choice 2K+ patented laser-based, sprocket and claw free transport for 8/Super8, 9.5mm, 16mm realtime (24/25fps) scanning w at 2K+, 2236 x 1752 with direct optical and magnetic sound on 16mm, magnetic from main and balance stripes on 8, Super8. Faster than real time scanning at lower resolution.
    • P+S Technik - SteadyFrame Universal Format Film Scanner
    • Walde - FilmStar 4K UHD 2K @ 25fps, 4K UHD @ 6fps. 35mm/16mm/8mm archive quality, continuous motion capstan driven.

See also

Photo gallery

  •  

    SDC-2000 Spirit DataCine Film Deck

  •  

    Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors closed

  •  

    Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors open.jpg

  •  

    GCP for a Spirit Datacine

  •  

    Scanity Film Deck

  •  

    Scanity 4k and work station

  •  

    Cintel C-Reality Film Deck

  •  

    Filmlight's Northlight single frame film scanning unit

  •  

    Imagica single frame film scanning unit

  •  

    Vintage Cloud Steenbeck is the only system capable of digitizing separate image and audio at the same time at up to 4K resolution and up to 60 fps.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h COMPARISON OF SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARCHIVAL MOTION PICTURE FILM, by Dr. Gerard Maier and Michelle S. Carlos, 2. August, 2013
  2. ^ Patent for Processing film images for digital cinema, EP 1223765 A2
  3. ^ PF Clean
  4. ^ kodak.com Digital ICE
  5. ^ DFT Scanity with infrared CCD for dust removal 2009-06-18 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ "Compositing Multiple Pictures of the Same Scene", by Steve Mann, in IS&T's 46th Annual Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 9–14, 1993
  7. ^ Reinhard, Erik; Ward, Greg; Pattanaik, Sumanta; Debevec, Paul (2005). High dynamic range imaging: acquisition, display, and image-based lighting. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-12-585263-0. Images that store a depiction of the scene in a range of intensities commensurate with the scene are what we call HDR, or "radiance maps". On the other hand, we call images suitable for display with current display technology LDR.
  8. ^ digital-intermediate.co.uk, Understanding Cineon, by Richard Patterson, First Draft 10/2/01
  9. ^ Brucegoren.com/, Kodak Brings Digital Art to Film, by Bruce N. Goren
  10. ^ cinematography.com, Five Scientists Earn Kudos for Developing Kodak Hybrid Technology, by Tim Tyler, February 2005
  11. ^ Stout, Andy. "Blackmagic Design announces new Cintel Scanner G3 HDR+". www.redsharknews.com. Retrieved 2023-04-08.

June 10, 2023
motion, picture, film, scanner, motion, picture, film, scanner, device, used, digital, filmmaking, scan, original, film, storage, high, resolution, digital, intermediate, files, film, scanner, film, institute, netherlands, 2014, film, scanner, scans, original,. A motion picture film scanner is a device used in digital filmmaking to scan original film for storage as high resolution digital intermediate files 1 Film scanner at EYE Film Institute Netherlands 2014 A film scanner scans original film stock negative or positive print or reversal IP Units may scan gauges from 8 mm to 70 mm 8 mm Super 8 9 5 mm 16 mm Super 16 35 mm Super 35 65 mm and 70 mm with very high resolution scanning at 2K 4K 8K or 16K resolutions 2K is approximately 2048 1080 pixels and 4K is approximately 4096 2160 pixels 1 Some models of film scanner are intermittent pull down film scanners which scan each frame individually locked down in a pin registered film gate taking roughly a second per frame Continuous scan film scanners where the film frames are scanned as the film is continuously moved past the imaging pick up device are typically evolved from earlier telecine mechanisms and can act as such at lower resolutions 1 The scanner scans the film frames into a file sequence using high end computer data storage devices whose single file contains a digital scan of each still frame the preferred image file format used as output are usually Cineon DPX or TIFF because they can store color information as raw data preserving the optical characteristics of the film stock These systems take a lot of storage area network SAN disk space The files can be played back one after each other on high end workstation non linear editing system NLE or a virtual telecine systems The playback is at the normal rate of 24 frames per second or original projection frame rate of 25 30 or other speeds Each year hard disks get larger and are able to hold more hours of movies on SAN systems The challenge is to archive this massive amount of data on to data storage devices 1 The scanned footage is edited and composited on work stations then mastered back on film see film out and digital intermediate Scanned film frames may also be used in digital film restoration The film may also be projected directly on a digital projector in the theater The data film files may be converted to SDTV NTSC or PAL video TV systems 1 2 Film recorders are the opposite of film scanners copying content from a computer system onto film stock for preservation or for display using film projectors Telecines are similar to film scanners Contents 1 Imaging device 2 Image processing 3 Models 4 See also 5 Photo gallery 6 ReferencesImaging device Edit Splitting a film image into three colours in a Spirit DataCine scanning machine 2006 The front end of a motion picture film scanner is similar to a telecine The imaging system may be either a charge coupled device CCD a complementary metal oxide semiconductor CMOS or photomultipliers imaging pick up A lamp is used as the light source in a CCD imaging front end The CCDs convert the light to the video signals In a cathode ray tube CRT imaging system the CRT also called a Flying spot tube is used as the light source and part of the scanning system Photomultipliers or avalanche photodiodes are used to convert the light to electrical video signals A prism and or dichroic mirrors or color filters are used to separate the light into the three red green and blue imaging pick up devices 1 Image processing EditThe three color signals RGB are electronically processed and color graded A 3D look up table 3D LUT is usually applied to the RGB values before it is coded into the DPX output files The DPX files are usually made output through a network port cable or an optical fiber port HIPPI Fibre Channel or newer systems like gigabit Ethernet A computer then stores the files on to hard drives of a storage area network for later processing and use 1 Modern motion picture film scanners many have an option for an infrared CCD channel for dirt mapping that can be used to automatically or in post manually remove dirt dust spots on the film The IR camera channel can be used with IR dirt and scratch removal system or made output on a four IR channel for downstream dirt and dirt and scratch removal systems Popular downstream dirt and dirt and scratch removal systems are PF Clean and Digital ICE 3 4 5 HDR or high dynamic range is a new system using a compositing and tone mapping of images to extend the dynamic range beyond the native capability of the capturing device This may be done by using a triple exposure for the film and then compositing the three back together Compositing can be done in a workstation in none real time or in the scanner in real time 6 7 Models EditBold indicates a currently produced model Single frame intermittent pull down 1 Kodak Cineon the first system designed for DI work included a scanner tapes drives workstations and a film recorder 8 9 10 ARRI Arriscan Filmlight Northlight 1 up to 6K 16mm to VistaVision Northlight 2 up to 8K 16mm to VistaVision Imagica scanner single frame intermittent scanner Cintel diTTo Continuous motion scanning Arri ARRISCAN XT up to 6K S35 down to 16mm Cintel s C Reality DSX and ITK Millennium dataMill Under ownership of Blackmagic Design the Cintel Scanner was released with the current 3rd generation capable of up to 4K scans at 30 fps 11 DFT Spirit Classic up to 2K Spirit 4k 2k HD up to 4K POLAR HQ up to 8K 8mm to S35 OXScan 14K up to 14K 16mm to 70mm Scanity HDR up to 4K 16mm to S35 Filmfabriek HDS up to 4k Pictor Pro up to 2 7K Pictor up to 1080p Filmfabriek scanners can only scan 17 5mm or smaller film formats GE4 Golden Eye Four Filmscanner 38 Mega Pixel camera LED light source and continuous film transport using Capstan From Digital Vision Lasergraphics Director up to 13 5K 8mm to 65mm ScanStation up to 6 5K 8mm to 65mm amp Archivist up to 5K 8mm to 17 5mm MWA Nova Vario series with patented laser based sprocket and claw free transport for 16 35mm for realtime 24 25fps scanning with sensors for either 2K 2236 x 1752 or 2 5K HDR High Dynamic Range at 2560 x 2160 direct optical and magnetic sound on and 16 and 35mm MWA Nova Choice 2K patented laser based sprocket and claw free transport for 8 Super8 9 5mm 16mm realtime 24 25fps scanning w at 2K 2236 x 1752 with direct optical and magnetic sound on 16mm magnetic from main and balance stripes on 8 Super8 Faster than real time scanning at lower resolution P S Technik SteadyFrame Universal Format Film Scanner Walde FilmStar 4K UHD 2K 25fps 4K UHD 6fps 35mm 16mm 8mm archive quality continuous motion capstan driven See also EditColor suite Film scanner Image scanner Film out Film recorder Post production Direct to Disk Recording Television Hard disk recorderPhoto gallery Edit SDC 2000 Spirit DataCine Film Deck Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors closed Spirit Datacine 4k with the doors open jpg GCP for a Spirit Datacine Scanity Film Deck Scanity 4k and work station Cintel C Reality Film Deck Filmlight s Northlight single frame film scanning unit Imagica single frame film scanning unit Vintage Cloud Steenbeck is the only system capable of digitizing separate image and audio at the same time at up to 4K resolution and up to 60 fps References Edit a b c d e f g h COMPARISON OF SCANNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARCHIVAL MOTION PICTURE FILM by Dr Gerard Maier and Michelle S Carlos 2 August 2013 Patent for Processing film images for digital cinema EP 1223765 A2 PF Clean kodak com Digital ICE DFT Scanity with infrared CCD for dust removal Archived 2009 06 18 at the Wayback Machine Compositing Multiple Pictures of the Same Scene by Steve Mann in IS amp T s 46th Annual Conference Cambridge Massachusetts May 9 14 1993 Reinhard Erik Ward Greg Pattanaik Sumanta Debevec Paul 2005 High dynamic range imaging acquisition display and image based lighting Amsterdam Elsevier Morgan Kaufmann p 7 ISBN 978 0 12 585263 0 Images that store a depiction of the scene in a range of intensities commensurate with the scene are what we call HDR or radiance maps On the other hand we call images suitable for display with current display technology LDR digital intermediate co uk Understanding Cineon by Richard Patterson First Draft 10 2 01 Brucegoren com Kodak Brings Digital Art to Film by Bruce N Goren cinematography com Five Scientists Earn Kudos for Developing Kodak Hybrid Technology by Tim Tyler February 2005 Stout Andy Blackmagic Design announces new Cintel Scanner G3 HDR www redsharknews com Retrieved 2023 04 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Motion picture film scanner amp oldid 1148827251, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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