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Mohammad al-Shirazi

Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi (Arabic: محمد الحسيني الشيرازي; Persian: محمد حسينى شيرازى; August 31, 1928 – December 17, 2001), commonly known as Imam Shirazi, was an Iranian-Iraqi Shia marja' and political activist.

Muhammad al-Shirazi
السيد محمد الحسيني الشيرازي
Personal
Born(1928-08-31)August 31, 1928
DiedDecember 17, 2001(2001-12-17) (aged 73)
Resting placeFatima Masumeh Shrine
ReligionShia Islam
Children
ParentMirza Mahdi al-Shirazi (father)
DenominationShi'a
SectTwelver
JurisprudenceJa'fari (Usuli)
MovementShirazi[1]
Other namesSultan al-Mu'alifin, Arabic: سلطان المؤلفين
RelativesMirza Shirazi (great-great grandfather)
Sadiq al-Shirazi (brother)
Hassan al-Shirazi (brother)
Mujtaba al-Shirazi (brother)
Razi Shirazi (second cousin)
Mohammed Kadhim al-Modarresi (brother-in-law)
Mohammed Kadhim al-Qazwini (brother-in-law)
Websitewww.alshirazi.com/

Early life and education edit

al-Shirazi was born to Mirza Mahdi al-Shirazi and Halima al-Shirazi. Both of his parents are from the distinguished clerical al-Shirazi family that emigrated from Shiraz to Karbala in the 19th century. He is the first of ten children. All of his brothers are clerics, and Sadiq al-Shirazi is a marja'. His mother is the great-granddaughter of Mirza Shirazi, the pioneer of the Tobacco Movement. His nephew, Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi is also a marja'.[2]

Education edit

He grew up and studied briefly in Najaf, and moved to Karbala with his father in 1937. He remained in Karbala studying in its seminary under his father, as well as prominent scholars like Sayyid Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi, Sayyid Muhammad-Hadi al-Milani, Sheikh Muhammad-Ridha al-Isfahani, Sayyid Zain al-Abiden al-Kashani and Sheikh Jafar al-Rashti. He was granted an ijaza by grand Ayatollah's Sayyid Muhsin al-Hakim; Sayyid Abd al-Hadi al-Shirazi; Sayyid Ahmed al-Khawansari to lead the seminary of Karbala after the death of his father, in 1961. al-Milani also announced al-Shirazi's capability to numerous notable figures, including Agha Bozorg al-Tehrani who mentions this in his Tabaqat al-A'lam.[3]

Base in Kuwait edit

In 1971, he was exiled to Lebanon by the Baathist regime. From Lebanon, al-Shirazi travelled to Kuwait, where he settled for nine years. After his nephews joined, al-Shirazi turned Kuwait into the base of Shiite scholarship.[4]

At the time Al-Shirazi came into conflict with other prominent Shia religious figures in Najaf. The most prominent Shia religious leader of the time, Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, sought to dismiss Al-Shirazi's status as a scholar.[5]

Through personal charisma and intellectual arguments, al-Shirazi built up a large following in Kuwait and Iraq. His followers became known as the 'Shiraziyyin' and tended to be critical of existing Shi'i religious establishments. [citation needed]

Theory of clerical rule edit

al-Shirazi was a leading Islamist political theorist and devised the Hukumat al-Fuqaha' principle of theocratic rule. According to Cambridge University's Toby Matthiesen: "The political theory of Muhammad al-Shirazi and the MVM [Movement of Vanguard Missions] was quite close to Khomeini’s notion of velayet-e faqih (the guardianship of the jurisprudent), although al-Shirazi favored the theory that not a single cleric, but a council of scholars should govern the Islamic State (hukumat al-fuqaha’/shurat al-fuqaha’)."[6]

Under al-Shirazi's theory government would be in the form of a 'Consultative System of Leadership' composed of senior clerics, and he called for the establishment of the 'Leadership Council of Religious Authorities'. He argued for the establishment of a Universal Islamic Government to encompass all the Muslim countries run in accordance with Hukumat al-Fuqaha'.

Iranian Revolution edit

After the Islamic revolution, al-Shirazi moved to Qom. al-Shirazi was initially an important figure within Iran's Islamic Republic with his supporters in key roles within the Iranian state in the 1980s. He was the spiritual guide of the Movement of Vanguard Missionaries,[6] an umbrella group for Iran-based Islamist paramilitaries that included military groups like the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain. Iran maintained support for these paramilitaries in the 1980s through the Office of Liberation Movements, part of the Revolutionary Guards. The Movement of Vanguard Missionaries operated as a military organisation and it was active in Bahrain and Iraq.

He has been critical of the Iranian government.[7][when?]

Iran power struggle edit

Grand Ayatollah Al-Shirazi expected a bigger role in the Islamic Revolution and this was a point of tension between him and Grand Ayatollah Khomeini.[citation needed] In addition, Al-Shirazi believed he was the senior cleric to Khomeini, as both competed for the position of marja al-taqlid.[6] As the revolution progressed Al-Shirazi fell out with Ayatollah Khomeini and particularly his successor, Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.

The Movement of Vanguard Missionaries was close to radicals in the Iranian government within the Revolutionary Guards. As the radicals were increasingly sidelined by the more moderate Sayyid ‘Ali Khamenei and ‘Ali-Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Al-Shirazi's influence waned.[6] Al-Shirazi was highly critical of Khamenei's bid to become a marja and assumption of the position of Iranian supreme leader.

With the political ascendency of Khamenei and Rafsanjani, Al-Shirazi's followers were at times mistreated by the government of the Iranian authorities.[8] In 1995, one of his sons Seyd Morteza Shirazi was imprisoned for 18 months after which "reportedly escaped to Syria and has requested political asylum, the INP reported in Tehran."[9]

Amnesty International reports that in Iran:

several followers of Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Shirazi were detained during [1998]. In January Sheikh Mohammad Amin Ghafoori, a well-known religious figure and writer, his wife, and Sayed Hossein Fali were arrested in Qom. There were reports that they were beaten during arrest and tortured in detention. Sayed Hossein Fali was reported to have been released in June. Sheikh Mohammad Amin Ghafoori was said to have been sentenced in July to two and a half years' imprisonment by the Special Court for the Clergy, whose procedures fell far short of international standards. In October, five other followers of Grand Ayatollah Shirazi, including Reza Sultani, were reported to have been arrested and they remained held incommunicado at the end of the year. Sheikh Sadiq Za'eemiyan has also been harassed.

Seven students arrested in November 1995, apparently on account of their links with Grand Ayatollah Shirazi (see Amnesty International Reports 1996 and 1997), were released in June. However, two of them, Aman Allah Bushehri and Sheikh Mohammad Qahtani, were reportedly rearrested in July and August respectively.[10]

According to reports, methods of torture used against some of these detainees have included beatings, prolonged sleep deprivation, electric shocks and threatened execution by electrocution after attaching electrodes to the body. Sheikh Ali Maash is said to have required medical treatment after his release for the effects of torture, including for a toe on his right foot which was broken and left untreated."[11]

Despite these differences, Al-Shirazi's followers were part of the most pro-Iranian political faction in the post-Saddam Iraq, the United Iraqi Alliance. The Shirazis' Islamic Action Organization contested parliamentary elections along with other pro-Iranian parties such as the Badr Organization and SCIRI as part of the United Iraqi Alliance.[12] In 2006, the Islamic Action Organization had one minister in government in Iraq, the State Minister for Civil Society Affairs, Adil al-Asadi.[13]

Literary contributions edit

Al-Shirazi has written on different subjects including science, ethics, politics, economics, sociology, law, human rights, etc. He has published over 1200 books, treatises and studies. Assad Ali, a poet and professor of Arabic literature, called him the "King of Authors", because of his prolific output. A bid by Assad Ali to get the Guinness World Records to recognise Muhammad al-Shirazi as the most prolific writer in Arabic was rejected by the publisher.

Al-Shirazi believed in the fundamental and elementary nature of freedom including freedom of expression, political plurality, debate and discussion, tolerance and forgiveness. Regarding war and violence he advocated war as a last resort in response to an enemy who has forced the situation.[14]: 5  He called for the Jizyah tax to be imposed on non-Muslims saying 'The obstinate person should become less obstinate in the face of what should return him gradually to the truth.'[14]: 7  He believed in the "Consultative System of Leadership" and called for the establishment of the Leadership Council of Religious Authorities. He called for the establishment of the Universal Islamic Government to encompass all the Muslim countries. These and other ideas are discussed in detail in his books.[citation needed]

He had established many Islamic centers, medical and charitable financial services, educational, welfare and social foundations, libraries, and Hawzah's, or universities for Islamic Studies, in different regions of the world. Hundreds of individuals have graduated from his schools as scholars, lecturers, authors and intellectuals.[citation needed]

Death edit

After many years of being under the house arrest, Grand Ayatollah Shirazi died on Monday, December 17, 2001 in Qom. After his death, his legacy and school of thought were continued through his seminary. His brother Sadiq al-Shirazi is at the helm of this school of thought and is continuing his late brother’s legacy and work.[15][16]

Legacy edit

Although he was under house arrest for a long time, people who often saw him said he never insulted the former supreme guide, Khomeini, or the current one, Ali Khamenei, although his relations with them were not good. According to his visitors, he used to say: “Allah have mercy on a man who shows me my faults.”[17]

Works edit

  • War, Peace & Nonviolence: An Islamic Perspective
  • The Qur'an: When was it compiled?
  • On the question of the Bible and Christianity
  • Islamic Beliefs For All
  • The Family
  • Hajj: Duties and Rulings
  • If Islam were to be established
  • The Islamic System of Government
  • God And His Prophets In The Bible (1960)

Establishments edit

  • al-Rasool al-Adham Mosque. Kuwait.
  • al-Rasool al-Adham Seminary. Kuwait.
  • Husayniyat al-Rasool al-Adham. Kuwait.
  • Husayniyat al-Rasool al-Adham. London.
  • Imam Ali Center. Washington DC.

Notes edit

  1. ^ Matthiesen, T., 2020. 3 Pearl Roundabout. In Sectarian Gulf (pp. 33-49). Stanford University Press.
  2. ^ Ṭuʻmah, Salmān Hādī (1998). Asha'er Karbala Wa 'Usariha [Tribes and Families of Karbala] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: Dar al-Mahaja al-Baydha'. pp. 79–80.
  3. ^ Adhwa' 'Ala Hayat al-Imam al-Shirazi [Lights on the life of Imam Shirazi] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: al-Wafa' Foundation. 1993.
  4. ^ Louër, Laurence (2012). Shiism and Politics in the Middle East. Hurst. pp. 35–6. ISBN 978-1-84904-202-4.
  5. ^ "Has Kuwait reached the sectarian tipping point?". American Enterprise Institute - AEI. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
  6. ^ a b c d Toby Matthiesen, Hizbollah Al-Hjaz: A History of the Most Radical Saudi Shia Opposition Group, Middle East Journal, Spring 2010
  7. ^ Mamouri, Ali (3 July 2013). "Shiite Leaders in Iraq, Iran React to Egypt Killings". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  8. ^ See also Reza Afshari, Human Rights in Iran, 2001.
  9. ^ FDI News-wire, Number 36. February 18, 1997
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-11-14.
  11. ^ Amnesty International Report 13/24/97.
  12. ^ "Platform Of United Iraqi Alliance - Informed Comment". www.juancole.com. 31 December 2004.
  13. ^ Iraq Report: May 26, 2006 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, May 26, 2006
  14. ^ a b Imam Muhammad al-Shirazi, War, Peace and Non-violence: An Islamic perspective, tr. Ali ibn Adam and Z. Olyabek , (2003).
  15. ^ "An outline of Ayat Shirazi's views & teachings". www.jafariyanews.com. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
  16. ^ "imamshirazi.com". www.imamshirazi.com.
  17. ^ "The early disputes between al-Shirazi family and Iran". 16 March 2018.

External links edit

  • Imam Shirazi World Foundation - Washington, DC

mohammad, shirazi, grand, ayatollah, sayyid, muhammad, husayni, shirazi, arabic, محمد, الحسيني, الشيرازي, persian, محمد, حسينى, شيرازى, august, 1928, december, 2001, commonly, known, imam, shirazi, iranian, iraqi, shia, marja, political, activist, grand, ayato. Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad al Husayni al Shirazi Arabic محمد الحسيني الشيرازي Persian محمد حسينى شيرازى August 31 1928 December 17 2001 commonly known as Imam Shirazi was an Iranian Iraqi Shia marja and political activist Grand Ayatollah SayyidMuhammad al Shiraziالسيد محمد الحسيني الشيرازيPersonalBorn 1928 08 31 August 31 1928Najaf Mandatory IraqDiedDecember 17 2001 2001 12 17 aged 73 Qom IranResting placeFatima Masumeh ShrineReligionShia IslamChildrenMuhammad RidhaMurtadhaJafarMahdiMuhammad AliMuhammad HusaynParentMirza Mahdi al Shirazi father DenominationShi aSectTwelverJurisprudenceJa fari Usuli MovementShirazi 1 Other namesSultan al Mu alifin Arabic سلطان المؤلفينRelativesMirza Shirazi great great grandfather Sadiq al Shirazi brother Hassan al Shirazi brother Mujtaba al Shirazi brother Razi Shirazi second cousin Mohammed Kadhim al Modarresi brother in law Mohammed Kadhim al Qazwini brother in law Websitewww alshirazi com Contents 1 Early life and education 1 1 Education 2 Base in Kuwait 3 Theory of clerical rule 4 Iranian Revolution 5 Iran power struggle 6 Literary contributions 7 Death 8 Legacy 8 1 Works 8 2 Establishments 9 Notes 10 External linksEarly life and education edital Shirazi was born to Mirza Mahdi al Shirazi and Halima al Shirazi Both of his parents are from the distinguished clerical al Shirazi family that emigrated from Shiraz to Karbala in the 19th century He is the first of ten children All of his brothers are clerics and Sadiq al Shirazi is a marja His mother is the great granddaughter of Mirza Shirazi the pioneer of the Tobacco Movement His nephew Mohammad Taqi al Modarresi is also a marja 2 Education edit He grew up and studied briefly in Najaf and moved to Karbala with his father in 1937 He remained in Karbala studying in its seminary under his father as well as prominent scholars like Sayyid Hossein Tabatabaei Qomi Sayyid Muhammad Hadi al Milani Sheikh Muhammad Ridha al Isfahani Sayyid Zain al Abiden al Kashani and Sheikh Jafar al Rashti He was granted an ijaza by grand Ayatollah s Sayyid Muhsin al Hakim Sayyid Abd al Hadi al Shirazi Sayyid Ahmed al Khawansari to lead the seminary of Karbala after the death of his father in 1961 al Milani also announced al Shirazi s capability to numerous notable figures including Agha Bozorg al Tehrani who mentions this in his Tabaqat al A lam 3 Base in Kuwait editIn 1971 he was exiled to Lebanon by the Baathist regime From Lebanon al Shirazi travelled to Kuwait where he settled for nine years After his nephews joined al Shirazi turned Kuwait into the base of Shiite scholarship 4 At the time Al Shirazi came into conflict with other prominent Shia religious figures in Najaf The most prominent Shia religious leader of the time Grand Ayatollah Abu al Qasim al Khoei sought to dismiss Al Shirazi s status as a scholar 5 Through personal charisma and intellectual arguments al Shirazi built up a large following in Kuwait and Iraq His followers became known as the Shiraziyyin and tended to be critical of existing Shi i religious establishments citation needed Theory of clerical rule edital Shirazi was a leading Islamist political theorist and devised the Hukumat al Fuqaha principle of theocratic rule According to Cambridge University s Toby Matthiesen The political theory of Muhammad al Shirazi and the MVM Movement of Vanguard Missions was quite close to Khomeini s notion of velayet e faqih the guardianship of the jurisprudent although al Shirazi favored the theory that not a single cleric but a council of scholars should govern the Islamic State hukumat al fuqaha shurat al fuqaha 6 Under al Shirazi s theory government would be in the form of a Consultative System of Leadership composed of senior clerics and he called for the establishment of the Leadership Council of Religious Authorities He argued for the establishment of a Universal Islamic Government to encompass all the Muslim countries run in accordance with Hukumat al Fuqaha Iranian Revolution editAfter the Islamic revolution al Shirazi moved to Qom al Shirazi was initially an important figure within Iran s Islamic Republic with his supporters in key roles within the Iranian state in the 1980s He was the spiritual guide of the Movement of Vanguard Missionaries 6 an umbrella group for Iran based Islamist paramilitaries that included military groups like the Islamic Front for the Liberation of Bahrain Iran maintained support for these paramilitaries in the 1980s through the Office of Liberation Movements part of the Revolutionary Guards The Movement of Vanguard Missionaries operated as a military organisation and it was active in Bahrain and Iraq He has been critical of the Iranian government 7 when Iran power struggle editGrand Ayatollah Al Shirazi expected a bigger role in the Islamic Revolution and this was a point of tension between him and Grand Ayatollah Khomeini citation needed In addition Al Shirazi believed he was the senior cleric to Khomeini as both competed for the position of marja al taqlid 6 As the revolution progressed Al Shirazi fell out with Ayatollah Khomeini and particularly his successor Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei The Movement of Vanguard Missionaries was close to radicals in the Iranian government within the Revolutionary Guards As the radicals were increasingly sidelined by the more moderate Sayyid Ali Khamenei and Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani Al Shirazi s influence waned 6 Al Shirazi was highly critical of Khamenei s bid to become a marja and assumption of the position of Iranian supreme leader With the political ascendency of Khamenei and Rafsanjani Al Shirazi s followers were at times mistreated by the government of the Iranian authorities 8 In 1995 one of his sons Seyd Morteza Shirazi was imprisoned for 18 months after which reportedly escaped to Syria and has requested political asylum the INP reported in Tehran 9 Amnesty International reports that in Iran several followers of Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammad Shirazi were detained during 1998 In January Sheikh Mohammad Amin Ghafoori a well known religious figure and writer his wife and Sayed Hossein Fali were arrested in Qom There were reports that they were beaten during arrest and tortured in detention Sayed Hossein Fali was reported to have been released in June Sheikh Mohammad Amin Ghafoori was said to have been sentenced in July to two and a half years imprisonment by the Special Court for the Clergy whose procedures fell far short of international standards In October five other followers of Grand Ayatollah Shirazi including Reza Sultani were reported to have been arrested and they remained held incommunicado at the end of the year Sheikh Sadiq Za eemiyan has also been harassed Seven students arrested in November 1995 apparently on account of their links with Grand Ayatollah Shirazi see Amnesty International Reports 1996 and 1997 were released in June However two of them Aman Allah Bushehri and Sheikh Mohammad Qahtani were reportedly rearrested in July and August respectively 10 According to reports methods of torture used against some of these detainees have included beatings prolonged sleep deprivation electric shocks and threatened execution by electrocution after attaching electrodes to the body Sheikh Ali Maash is said to have required medical treatment after his release for the effects of torture including for a toe on his right foot which was broken and left untreated 11 Despite these differences Al Shirazi s followers were part of the most pro Iranian political faction in the post Saddam Iraq the United Iraqi Alliance The Shirazis Islamic Action Organization contested parliamentary elections along with other pro Iranian parties such as the Badr Organization and SCIRI as part of the United Iraqi Alliance 12 In 2006 the Islamic Action Organization had one minister in government in Iraq the State Minister for Civil Society Affairs Adil al Asadi 13 Literary contributions editAl Shirazi has written on different subjects including science ethics politics economics sociology law human rights etc He has published over 1200 books treatises and studies Assad Ali a poet and professor of Arabic literature called him the King of Authors because of his prolific output A bid by Assad Ali to get the Guinness World Records to recognise Muhammad al Shirazi as the most prolific writer in Arabic was rejected by the publisher Al Shirazi believed in the fundamental and elementary nature of freedom including freedom of expression political plurality debate and discussion tolerance and forgiveness Regarding war and violence he advocated war as a last resort in response to an enemy who has forced the situation 14 5 He called for the Jizyah tax to be imposed on non Muslims saying The obstinate person should become less obstinate in the face of what should return him gradually to the truth 14 7 He believed in the Consultative System of Leadership and called for the establishment of the Leadership Council of Religious Authorities He called for the establishment of the Universal Islamic Government to encompass all the Muslim countries These and other ideas are discussed in detail in his books citation needed He had established many Islamic centers medical and charitable financial services educational welfare and social foundations libraries and Hawzah s or universities for Islamic Studies in different regions of the world Hundreds of individuals have graduated from his schools as scholars lecturers authors and intellectuals citation needed Death editAfter many years of being under the house arrest Grand Ayatollah Shirazi died on Monday December 17 2001 in Qom After his death his legacy and school of thought were continued through his seminary His brother Sadiq al Shirazi is at the helm of this school of thought and is continuing his late brother s legacy and work 15 16 Legacy editAlthough he was under house arrest for a long time people who often saw him said he never insulted the former supreme guide Khomeini or the current one Ali Khamenei although his relations with them were not good According to his visitors he used to say Allah have mercy on a man who shows me my faults 17 Works edit War Peace amp Nonviolence An Islamic Perspective The Qur an When was it compiled On the question of the Bible and Christianity Islamic Beliefs For All The Family Hajj Duties and Rulings If Islam were to be established The Islamic System of Government God And His Prophets In The Bible 1960 Establishments edit al Rasool al Adham Mosque Kuwait al Rasool al Adham Seminary Kuwait Husayniyat al Rasool al Adham Kuwait Husayniyat al Rasool al Adham London Imam Ali Center Washington DC Notes edit Matthiesen T 2020 3 Pearl Roundabout In Sectarian Gulf pp 33 49 Stanford University Press Ṭuʻmah Salman Hadi 1998 Asha er Karbala Wa Usariha Tribes and Families of Karbala in Arabic Beirut Lebanon Dar al Mahaja al Baydha pp 79 80 Adhwa Ala Hayat al Imam al Shirazi Lights on the life of Imam Shirazi in Arabic Beirut Lebanon al Wafa Foundation 1993 Louer Laurence 2012 Shiism and Politics in the Middle East Hurst pp 35 6 ISBN 978 1 84904 202 4 Has Kuwait reached the sectarian tipping point American Enterprise Institute AEI Retrieved 2020 04 17 a b c d Toby Matthiesen Hizbollah Al Hjaz A History of the Most Radical Saudi Shia Opposition Group Middle East Journal Spring 2010 Mamouri Ali 3 July 2013 Shiite Leaders in Iraq Iran React to Egypt Killings Al Monitor Retrieved 20 December 2017 See also Reza Afshari Human Rights in Iran 2001 FDI News wire Number 36 February 18 1997 Amnesty International Report 1998 Archived from the original on 2007 11 14 Amnesty International Report 13 24 97 Platform Of United Iraqi Alliance Informed Comment www juancole com 31 December 2004 Iraq Report May 26 2006 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty May 26 2006 a b Imam Muhammad al Shirazi War Peace and Non violence An Islamic perspective tr Ali ibn Adam and Z Olyabek 2003 An outline of Ayat Shirazi s views amp teachings www jafariyanews com Retrieved 2020 04 14 imamshirazi com www imamshirazi com The early disputes between al Shirazi family and Iran 16 March 2018 External links editImam Shirazi World Foundation Washington DC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mohammad al Shirazi amp oldid 1208688059, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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