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Mint (facility)

October 24, 2023

"Mint (coin)" redirects here. For a coin in a new-like state, see Mint condition.
For other uses, see Mint (disambiguation).

A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency.

United States Mint, Philadelphia

The history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins. In the beginning, hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting, with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands. In modern mints, coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions.

With the mass production of currency, the production cost is weighed when minting coins. For example, it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter (a 25 cent coin), and the difference in production cost and face value (called seigniorage) helps fund the minting body. Conversely, a U.S. penny ($0.01) cost $0.015 to make in 2016.[1]

History Edit

The first minted coins Edit

The first mint was likely established in Lydia in the 7th century BC, for coining gold, silver and electrum. The Lydian innovation of manufacturing coins under the authority of the state spread to neighbouring Greece, where a number of city-states operated their own mints. Some of the earliest Greek mints were within city-states on Greek islands such as Crete; a mint existed at the ancient city of Cydonia on Crete at least as early as the fifth century BC.[2]

 
Bronze mold for minting banliang coins, Warring States period (475–221 BC), State of Qin, from an excavation in Qishan County, Baoji, Shaanxi province, China

At about the same time, coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan. The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire, dating from about the 4th century BC, significantly influenced the later development of coin minting in Europe.

The origin of the word "mint" is ascribed to the manufacture of silver coin at Rome in 269 BC at the temple of Juno Moneta. This goddess became the personification of money, and her name was applied both to money and to its place of manufacture. Roman mints were spread widely across the Empire, and were sometimes used for propaganda purposes. The populace often learned of a new Roman Emperor when coins appeared with the new Emperor's portrait. Some of the emperors who ruled only for a short time made sure that a coin bore their image; Quietus, for example, ruled only part of the Roman Empire from 260 to 261 AD, and yet he issued two coins bearing his image.

Early minting technology Edit

Main article: Hammered coinage

Ancient coins were made by casting in moulds or by striking between engraved dies. The Romans cast their larger copper coins in clay moulds carrying distinctive markings, not because they knew nothing of striking, but because it was not suitable for such large masses of metal. Casting is now used only by counterfeiters.

 
Ionia, uncertain city (possibly Kyme, Aeolis) 600–550 BCE, Hemiobol. Horse head, rough incuse

The most ancient coins were cast in bulletshaped or conical moulds and marked on one side by means of a die which was struck with a hammer. The "blank" or unmarked piece of metal was placed on a small anvil, and the die was held in position with tongs. The reverse or lower side of the coin received a "rough incuse" by the hammer. Later a rectangular mark, a "square incuse", was made by the sharp edges of the little anvil, or punch. The rich iconography of the obverse of the early electrum coins contrasts with the dull appearance of their reverse which usually carries only punch marks. The shape and number of these punches varied according to their denomination and weight-standard.[3] Subsequently, the anvil was marked in various ways, and decorated with letters and figures of beasts, and later still the anvil was replaced by a reverse die. The spherical blanks soon gave place to lenticular-shaped ones. The blank was made red-hot and struck between cold dies. One blow was usually insufficient, and the method was similar to that still used in striking medals in high relief, except that the blank is now allowed to cool before being struck. With the substitution of iron for bronze as the material for dies, about 300 AD, the practice of striking the blanks while they were hot was gradually discarded.

In the Middle Ages bars of metal were cast and hammered out on an anvil. Portions of the flattened sheets were then cut out with shears, struck between dies and again trimmed with shears. A similar method had been used in Ancient Egypt during the Ptolemaic Kingdom (c. 300 BC), but had been forgotten. Square pieces of metal were also cut from cast bars, converted into round disks by hammering and then struck between dies. In striking, the lower die was fixed into a block of wood, and the blank piece of metal laid upon it by hand. The upper die was then placed on the blank, and kept in position by means of a holder around which was placed a roll of lead to protect the hand of the operator while heavy blows were struck with a hammer. An early improvement was the introduction of a tool resembling a pair of tongs, the two dies being placed one at the extremity of each leg. This avoided the necessity of readjusting the dies between blows, and ensured greater accuracy in the impression.[4]

  •  

    A furnace for producing molten metal for coin production.

  •  

    A trussell for use with a pile in producing hammered coins as shown by the moneyer at work.

  •  

    A mill for the production of 'milled' coins with both coin dies illustrated.

  •  

    A mill for inscribing or milling the edges of coin flans or planchets.

  •  

    Roman Denarius issued by T. Carisius (46BCE) showing the moneyer's die, anvil, hammer and tongs

The screw press Edit

Main article: Milled coinage

Minting by means of a falling weight (monkey press) intervened between the hand hammers and the screw press in many places. In Birmingham in particular this system became highly developed and was long in use. In 1553, the French engineer Aubin Olivier introduced screw presses for striking coins, together with rolls for reducing the cast bars and machines for punching-out round disks from flattened sheets of metal.[5] 8 to 12 men took over from each other every quarter of an hour to maneuver the arms driving the screw which struck the medals. Later, the rolls were driven by horses, mules or water-power.

Henry II came up against hostility on the part of the coin makers, so the process was largely discarded in 1585 and only used for coins of small value, medals and tokens. The system was reintroduced into France by Jean Varin in 1640 and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645.[6] In England the new machinery was tried in London in 1561, but abandoned soon afterwards; it was finally adopted in 1662, although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696.

Industrial minting Edit

 
Boulton 1790 Anglesey halfpenny; the first coin struck by steam power in a collar to assure roundness

Industrial techniques and steam-power was introduced to coin manufacture by Matthew Boulton in Birmingham in 1788. By 1786, two-thirds of the coins in circulation in Britain were counterfeit, and the Royal Mint responded to this crisis by shutting itself down, worsening the situation.[7][8] The industrialist Mathew Boulton turned his attention to coinage in the mid-1780s as an extension to the small metal products he already manufactured in his factory in Soho. In 1788 he established a Mint as part of his industrial plant.[9] He invented a steam driven screw press in the same year (his original machinery was being used at the Royal Mint until 1881, almost a century later), which worked by atmospheric pressure applied to a piston. The piston was in communication with a vacuum vessel from which the air had been pumped by steam power.

 
A 19th-century coining press

He installed eight of these state-of-the-art steam-driven presses in his factory, each with the capacity to strike between 70 and 84 coins per minute. The firm had little immediate success getting a license to strike British coins, but was soon engaged in striking coins for the British East India Company, Sierra Leone and Russia, while producing high-quality planchets, or blank coins, to be struck by national mints elsewhere. The firm sent over 20 million blanks to Philadelphia, to be struck into cents and half-cents by the United States Mint[10]—Mint Director Elias Boudinot found them to be "perfect and beautifully polished".[7]

These were the first truly modern coins; the mass-production of coinage with steam driven machinery organised in factories enabled the achievement of standardized dimensions and uniform weight and roundness, something no counterfeiter of the day could hope to achieve.[11] Boulton also pioneered special methods to further frustrate counterfeiters. Designed by Heinrich Küchler, the coins featured a raised rim with incuse or sunken letters and numbers.[7] The high-technology of Soho Mint gained increasing and somewhat unwelcome attention: rivals attempted industrial espionage, while lobbying with the Government for Boulton's mint to be shut down.[7]

Boulton was finally awarded a contract by the Royal Mint on 3 March 1797, after a national financial crisis reached its nadir when the Bank of England suspended convertibility of its notes for gold. The twopenny coins measured exactly an inch and a half across; 16 pennies lined up would reach two feet.[7]

 
French-made coining press from 1831 (M.A.N., Madrid)

Between 1817 and 1830 the German engineer Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn invented the Presse Monétaire, a level coin press which became known as the Uhlhorn Press. His steam driven knuckle-lever press made him internationally famous, and over 500 units had been sold by 1840.[12] The advanced construction of the Uhlhorn press proved to be highly satisfactory, and the use of the screw press for general coinage was gradually eliminated.[13]

This new technology was used at the Birmingham Mint, the largest private mint in the world for much of the 19th century, and was further improved at the Taylor and Challen who began to supply complete press room equipment to national mints around the world, such as Sydney Mint, Australia.[14]

By the early 20th century, mints were using electrical power to drive rolls, the advantage being that each pair of rolls could be driven independently without the intervention of cumbrous shafting.

Notable mints Edit

 
The current building of the San Francisco Mint, built in 1937.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Ivanova, Irina (6 March 2017). "It cost 1.5 cents to make a penny last year". CBS News. from the original on 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2019-06-08.
  2. ^ UKBullion, Cydonia – The Ancient City of Crete, UKBullion Blog, 23 March 2016 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). (PDF) from the original on 2018-04-11. Retrieved 2017-10-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ Cochran-Patrick, R. W. (1876), Records of the Coinage of Scotland. Pub. Edmonston and Douglas, Edinburgh
  5. ^ Sargent, T. J., & Velde, F. R. (2002). The big problem of small change. Princeton University Press.
  6. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
  7. ^ a b c d e Rodgers, Kerry (May 2009), "Boulton father of mechanized press", World Coin News, pp. 1, 56–58
  8. ^ Lobel 1999, p. 575.
  9. ^ Lobel 1999.
  10. ^ Symons 2009, p. 94.
  11. ^ "ASPECTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STRIKING OF ANGLESEY HALFPENCE IN 1790". from the original on 2014-01-11.
  12. ^ "KMODDL – Engineering Library". from the original on 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-03-10. Kinematic models for design, digital library
  13. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-06-30. Retrieved 2009-03-10. The Royal Canadian Numismatic Association
  14. ^ "How Coins Are Minted: 1920s". 25 February 2012. from the original on 2015-10-02.
  15. ^ Stephen P. Bensch (4 July 2002). Barcelona and Its Rulers, 1096-1291. Cambridge University Press. pp. 102–. ISBN 978-0-521-52589-3. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  16. ^ Martin Allen (5 December 2016). Early Medieval Monetary History: Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn. Taylor & Francis. pp. 341–. ISBN 978-1-351-94252-2. from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  17. ^ de:Jáchymov
  18. ^ "RS". from the original on 2005-03-06. Retrieved 2004-12-05.—historical, established in 1516 and thalers (tolars in Czech, Slovak and Slovene) were minted there. The dollar received its name after them (Joachimsthal Groschen led to Joachimsthal, which was further shortened to "thaler" (German), which was transliterated to "daler" (Dutch), which was rendered in English as "dollar")
  19. ^ "History – Mincovňa Kremnica". from the original on 2008-12-02.
  20. ^ Joint Standing Committee on Public Works, Proposed Refurbishment of the Royal Australian Mint Building, Canberra . Archived from the original on 2006-01-13. Retrieved 2005-10-12.

Works cited Edit

  • Lobel, Richard (1999), Coincraft's 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, 1066 to Date, Standard Catalogue Publishers, ISBN 978-0-9526228-8-8
  • Symons, David (2009), "'Bringing to Perfection the Art of Coining': What did they make at the Soho Mint?", in Mason, Shena (ed.), Matthew Boulton: Selling What All the World Desires, New Haven, Ct.: Yale University Press, pp. 89–98, ISBN 978-0-300-14358-4

External links Edit

  • Website of The Royal Mint, British mint
  • Website of the Monnaie de Paris, French mint
  • Coins of Quietus
  • Robert Morris
  • (archived 7 October 2007)

October 24, 2023
mint, facility, mint, coin, redirects, here, coin, like, state, mint, condition, other, uses, mint, disambiguation, mint, industrial, facility, which, manufactures, coins, that, used, currency, united, states, mint, philadelphiathe, history, mints, correlates,. Mint coin redirects here For a coin in a new like state see Mint condition For other uses see Mint disambiguation A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency United States Mint PhiladelphiaThe history of mints correlates closely with the history of coins In the beginning hammered coinage or cast coinage were the chief means of coin minting with resulting production runs numbering as little as the hundreds or thousands In modern mints coin dies are manufactured in large numbers and planchets are made into milled coins by the billions With the mass production of currency the production cost is weighed when minting coins For example it costs the United States Mint much less than 25 cents to make a quarter a 25 cent coin and the difference in production cost and face value called seigniorage helps fund the minting body Conversely a U S penny 0 01 cost 0 015 to make in 2016 1 Contents 1 History 1 1 The first minted coins 1 2 Early minting technology 1 3 The screw press 1 4 Industrial minting 2 Notable mints 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Works cited 5 External linksHistory EditThe first minted coins Edit The first mint was likely established in Lydia in the 7th century BC for coining gold silver and electrum The Lydian innovation of manufacturing coins under the authority of the state spread to neighbouring Greece where a number of city states operated their own mints Some of the earliest Greek mints were within city states on Greek islands such as Crete a mint existed at the ancient city of Cydonia on Crete at least as early as the fifth century BC 2 nbsp Bronze mold for minting banliang coins Warring States period 475 221 BC State of Qin from an excavation in Qishan County Baoji Shaanxi province ChinaAt about the same time coins and mints appeared independently in China and spread to Korea and Japan The manufacture of coins in the Roman Empire dating from about the 4th century BC significantly influenced the later development of coin minting in Europe The origin of the word mint is ascribed to the manufacture of silver coin at Rome in 269 BC at the temple of Juno Moneta This goddess became the personification of money and her name was applied both to money and to its place of manufacture Roman mints were spread widely across the Empire and were sometimes used for propaganda purposes The populace often learned of a new Roman Emperor when coins appeared with the new Emperor s portrait Some of the emperors who ruled only for a short time made sure that a coin bore their image Quietus for example ruled only part of the Roman Empire from 260 to 261 AD and yet he issued two coins bearing his image Early minting technology Edit Main article Hammered coinageAncient coins were made by casting in moulds or by striking between engraved dies The Romans cast their larger copper coins in clay moulds carrying distinctive markings not because they knew nothing of striking but because it was not suitable for such large masses of metal Casting is now used only by counterfeiters nbsp Ionia uncertain city possibly Kyme Aeolis 600 550 BCE Hemiobol Horse head rough incuseThe most ancient coins were cast in bulletshaped or conical moulds and marked on one side by means of a die which was struck with a hammer The blank or unmarked piece of metal was placed on a small anvil and the die was held in position with tongs The reverse or lower side of the coin received a rough incuse by the hammer Later a rectangular mark a square incuse was made by the sharp edges of the little anvil or punch The rich iconography of the obverse of the early electrum coins contrasts with the dull appearance of their reverse which usually carries only punch marks The shape and number of these punches varied according to their denomination and weight standard 3 Subsequently the anvil was marked in various ways and decorated with letters and figures of beasts and later still the anvil was replaced by a reverse die The spherical blanks soon gave place to lenticular shaped ones The blank was made red hot and struck between cold dies One blow was usually insufficient and the method was similar to that still used in striking medals in high relief except that the blank is now allowed to cool before being struck With the substitution of iron for bronze as the material for dies about 300 AD the practice of striking the blanks while they were hot was gradually discarded In the Middle Ages bars of metal were cast and hammered out on an anvil Portions of the flattened sheets were then cut out with shears struck between dies and again trimmed with shears A similar method had been used in Ancient Egypt during the Ptolemaic Kingdom c 300 BC but had been forgotten Square pieces of metal were also cut from cast bars converted into round disks by hammering and then struck between dies In striking the lower die was fixed into a block of wood and the blank piece of metal laid upon it by hand The upper die was then placed on the blank and kept in position by means of a holder around which was placed a roll of lead to protect the hand of the operator while heavy blows were struck with a hammer An early improvement was the introduction of a tool resembling a pair of tongs the two dies being placed one at the extremity of each leg This avoided the necessity of readjusting the dies between blows and ensured greater accuracy in the impression 4 nbsp A furnace for producing molten metal for coin production nbsp A trussell for use with a pile in producing hammered coins as shown by the moneyer at work nbsp A mill for the production of milled coins with both coin dies illustrated nbsp A mill for inscribing or milling the edges of coin flans or planchets nbsp Roman Denarius issued by T Carisius 46BCE showing the moneyer s die anvil hammer and tongsThe screw press Edit Main article Milled coinage Minting by means of a falling weight monkey press intervened between the hand hammers and the screw press in many places In Birmingham in particular this system became highly developed and was long in use In 1553 the French engineer Aubin Olivier introduced screw presses for striking coins together with rolls for reducing the cast bars and machines for punching out round disks from flattened sheets of metal 5 8 to 12 men took over from each other every quarter of an hour to maneuver the arms driving the screw which struck the medals Later the rolls were driven by horses mules or water power Henry II came up against hostility on the part of the coin makers so the process was largely discarded in 1585 and only used for coins of small value medals and tokens The system was reintroduced into France by Jean Varin in 1640 and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645 6 In England the new machinery was tried in London in 1561 but abandoned soon afterwards it was finally adopted in 1662 although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696 Industrial minting Edit nbsp Boulton 1790 Anglesey halfpenny the first coin struck by steam power in a collar to assure roundnessIndustrial techniques and steam power was introduced to coin manufacture by Matthew Boulton in Birmingham in 1788 By 1786 two thirds of the coins in circulation in Britain were counterfeit and the Royal Mint responded to this crisis by shutting itself down worsening the situation 7 8 The industrialist Mathew Boulton turned his attention to coinage in the mid 1780s as an extension to the small metal products he already manufactured in his factory in Soho In 1788 he established a Mint as part of his industrial plant 9 He invented a steam driven screw press in the same year his original machinery was being used at the Royal Mint until 1881 almost a century later which worked by atmospheric pressure applied to a piston The piston was in communication with a vacuum vessel from which the air had been pumped by steam power nbsp A 19th century coining pressHe installed eight of these state of the art steam driven presses in his factory each with the capacity to strike between 70 and 84 coins per minute The firm had little immediate success getting a license to strike British coins but was soon engaged in striking coins for the British East India Company Sierra Leone and Russia while producing high quality planchets or blank coins to be struck by national mints elsewhere The firm sent over 20 million blanks to Philadelphia to be struck into cents and half cents by the United States Mint 10 Mint Director Elias Boudinot found them to be perfect and beautifully polished 7 These were the first truly modern coins the mass production of coinage with steam driven machinery organised in factories enabled the achievement of standardized dimensions and uniform weight and roundness something no counterfeiter of the day could hope to achieve 11 Boulton also pioneered special methods to further frustrate counterfeiters Designed by Heinrich Kuchler the coins featured a raised rim with incuse or sunken letters and numbers 7 The high technology of Soho Mint gained increasing and somewhat unwelcome attention rivals attempted industrial espionage while lobbying with the Government for Boulton s mint to be shut down 7 Boulton was finally awarded a contract by the Royal Mint on 3 March 1797 after a national financial crisis reached its nadir when the Bank of England suspended convertibility of its notes for gold The twopenny coins measured exactly an inch and a half across 16 pennies lined up would reach two feet 7 nbsp French made coining press from 1831 M A N Madrid Between 1817 and 1830 the German engineer Dietrich Diedrich Uhlhorn invented the Presse Monetaire a level coin press which became known as the Uhlhorn Press His steam driven knuckle lever press made him internationally famous and over 500 units had been sold by 1840 12 The advanced construction of the Uhlhorn press proved to be highly satisfactory and the use of the screw press for general coinage was gradually eliminated 13 This new technology was used at the Birmingham Mint the largest private mint in the world for much of the 19th century and was further improved at the Taylor and Challen who began to supply complete press room equipment to national mints around the world such as Sydney Mint Australia 14 By the early 20th century mints were using electrical power to drive rolls the advantage being that each pair of rolls could be driven independently without the intervention of cumbrous shafting Notable mints Edit nbsp The current building of the San Francisco Mint built in 1937 Austrian Mint established in 1397 and produces the Vienna Philharmonic gold bullion Barcelona Mint Seca de Barcelona in Catalan Although very much older in 1067 there were coined gold mancusos 15 16 Birmingham Mint United Kingdom Boston mint Massachusetts Bay Colony Bundesdruckerei Germany Casa da Moeda do Brasil Casa da Moeda de Portugal Central Mint Taiwan Currency Centre Ireland Dahlonega Mint United States of America Fabrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Spain Franklin Mint United States of America India Government Mint Printer Institute and State Mint Italy the first mint to produce bi metallic coins in recent times Japan Mint Joachimsthal Royal Mint 17 circular reference Czech Republic Jachymovska kralovska mincovna in Czech 18 Kremnica mint 19 Slovak Republic Mincovna Kremnica in Slovak Casa de Moneda de Mexico established in 1535 is the oldest mint in the Americas La Moneda Palace Chile Monnaie de Navarre Kingdom of Navarre established in 1351 Monnaie de Paris France Perth Mint Australia Philadelphia Mint Royal Australian Mint 20 Royal Canadian Mint Royal Dutch Mint Royal Mint United Kingdom Singapore Mint Saint Petersburg Mint Russia South African Mint Soho Mint United Kingdom Swissmint Switzerland Sydney Mint Australia United States Mint Venice Mint Republic of Venice established in 1536See also EditBranch mint Bullion coin German inventors and discoverers List of mints Master of the Mint Mint made errors MunzmeisterReferences Edit Ivanova Irina 6 March 2017 It cost 1 5 cents to make a penny last year CBS News Archived from the original on 2019 06 08 Retrieved 2019 06 08 UKBullion Cydonia The Ancient City of Crete UKBullion Blog 23 March 2016 Archived 13 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Archived copy PDF Archived PDF from the original on 2018 04 11 Retrieved 2017 10 30 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Cochran Patrick R W 1876 Records of the Coinage of Scotland Pub Edmonston and Douglas Edinburgh Sargent T J amp Velde F R 2002 The big problem of small change Princeton University Press Monnaie de Paris Archived from the original on 2008 05 11 Retrieved 2009 03 10 a b c d e Rodgers Kerry May 2009 Boulton father of mechanized press World Coin News pp 1 56 58 Lobel 1999 p 575 Lobel 1999 Symons 2009 p 94 ASPECTS OF THE EXPERIMENTAL STRIKING OF ANGLESEY HALFPENCE IN 1790 Archived from the original on 2014 01 11 KMODDL Engineering Library Archived from the original on 2009 06 30 Retrieved 2009 03 10 Kinematic models for design digital library RCNA the CN Journal Archived from the original on 2009 06 30 Retrieved 2009 03 10 The Royal Canadian Numismatic Association How Coins Are Minted 1920s 25 February 2012 Archived from the original on 2015 10 02 Stephen P Bensch 4 July 2002 Barcelona and Its Rulers 1096 1291 Cambridge University Press pp 102 ISBN 978 0 521 52589 3 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 28 January 2020 Martin Allen 5 December 2016 Early Medieval Monetary History Studies in Memory of Mark Blackburn Taylor amp Francis pp 341 ISBN 978 1 351 94252 2 Archived from the original on 6 August 2020 Retrieved 28 January 2020 de Jachymov RS Archived from the original on 2005 03 06 Retrieved 2004 12 05 historical established in 1516 and thalers tolars in Czech Slovak and Slovene were minted there The dollar received its name after them Joachimsthal Groschen led to Joachimsthal which was further shortened to thaler German which was transliterated to daler Dutch which was rendered in English as dollar History Mincovna Kremnica Archived from the original on 2008 12 02 Joint Standing Committee on Public Works Proposed Refurbishment of the Royal Australian Mint Building Canberra Joint Standing Committee on Public Works Refurbishment of Royal Australian Mint Building Canberra Report Archived from the original on 2006 01 13 Retrieved 2005 10 12 Works cited Edit Lobel Richard 1999 Coincraft s 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins 1066 to Date Standard Catalogue Publishers ISBN 978 0 9526228 8 8 Symons David 2009 Bringing to Perfection the Art of Coining What did they make at the Soho Mint in Mason Shena ed Matthew Boulton Selling What All the World Desires New Haven Ct Yale University Press pp 89 98 ISBN 978 0 300 14358 4External links EditWebsite of The Royal Mint British mint Website of the Monnaie de Paris French mint Coins of Quietus Robert Morris Ancient Minting Process archived 7 October 2007 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mint facility amp oldid 1176728897, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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