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John Hull (merchant)

July 20, 2023

John Hull (December 18, 1624 – October 1, 1683) was a silversmith, merchant, military officer, and politician in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Starting as a silversmith in Boston, he became the moneyer responsible for issuing the colony’s coinage in the mid-1600s. He was a successful trader and engaged in several ventures in the slave trade. He was also an early benefactor of Harvard University and founder of Old South Church.

John Hull
Massachusetts General Court Representative for Wenham
In office
1668
Massachusetts General Court Representative for Westfield
In office
1671–1674
Treasurer of the Massachusetts General Court
In office
1676–1680
Massachusetts General Court Representative for Salisbury
In office
1679
Personal details
Born(1624-12-18)December 18, 1624
Market Harborough, Leicestershire, England
DiedOctober 1, 1683(1683-10-01) (aged 58)
Boston, Massachusetts Bay Colony
Resting placeGranary Burial Ground
SpouseJudith Quincy Hull
ChildrenFive, including Hannah Sewall
RelativesQuincy family
Samuel Sewall (son-in-law)
EducationBoston Latin School

Early life and family

John Hull was born on December 18, 1624, in Market Harborough, Leicestershire, England,[1] the son of blacksmith Robert Hull and Elizabeth Storer.[2][3] At age eleven, he immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with his father, mother, and half-brother Richard Storer,[1] departing Bristol on September 28, 1635, and arriving in Boston on November 7.[4] The colony gave Robert Hull a 25-acre farming plot, though he primarily made his living as a smith.[5]

In England, Hull received an education at a grammar school. After immigrating, he attended Boston Latin School for two years, followed by a seven-year smithing apprenticeship,[5] which could have lasted from 1639 to 1646,[3] though Hermann F. Clarke speculates that Hull would have finished his apprenticeship around 1643 or 1644.[6] In December 1646, his father deeded to him a house and garden, where he began practicing the silversmith trade.[5][7]

On May 11, 1647, he married Judith Quincy, daughter of Judith Pares and Edmund Quincy, in a ceremony officiated by John Winthrop.[2][8] In 1648, they joined John Cotton's First Church in Boston.[2] John and Judith had five children, four of whom died in infancy. They had twin girls on January 23, 1652, both of whom died at age one. On November 3, 1654, they had a son who died after 11 days, and in 1658 they had a second son, Samuel, who lived nineteen days. Their only child to survive to adulthood, Hannah, was born on February 14, 1657,[2] and married Samuel Sewall on February 28, 1676.[9]

Silversmith

Hull employed Robert Sanderson as his assistant in his silversmithing business,[10] and also had apprentices, including Sanderson's three sons, Samuel Paddy, Jeremiah Dummer, and Timothy Dwight.[11] Sanderson's mark is present alongside Hull's on almost all pieces produced by the shop.[12] A set of silver beakers are among the only of Hull's surviving works completed without assistance from Sanderson or an apprentice.[13]

Massachusetts Bay Colony coinage

 
Massachusetts Bay Colony coinage

From the 1620s through the early 1650s, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's economy had been entirely dependent on barter[14] and foreign currency, including English, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and counterfeit coins.[15] In 1652, the Massachusetts General Court asked Hull to weigh, assay, and countermark foreign coins to determine their authenticity and value. Hull rejected the idea, which would not have generated profit for him,[16] and on May 26, 1652, the General Court authorized Hull to create Massachusetts coinage in shilling, sixpence and threepence denominations by reminting foreign silver currency.[17] Hull was made Boston "mintmaster"[17] and the colonial government paid for tools and construction of a minting facility on Hull's land,[18] so that he could convert silver bullion and foreign coinage into Massachusetts Bay Colony coins.[19] Sanderson may have been primarily responsible for producing the coins.[10]

From June to October, 1652, produced silver coins with a simple design: the stamped letters "NE" for New England on the obverse, and the denomination in Roman numerals on the reverse. In October 1652, the General Court ordered a more complicated design with a double ring of beads to discourage clipping. Although all the coins use the date 1652, they can be broken into three chronological periods based on the design of the tree on the obverse: the willow tree, 1652-1660; the oak tree, 1660-1667; and the pine tree, 1667-1682. The last design led to the series being known as pine tree shillings.[20] In 1662, Hull and Sanderson also produced a series of oak tree twopence coins with the date 1662.[21] In total, the Boston mint may have produced as many as 300,000 to 500,000 coins.[22]

Hull made a seigniorage of one shilling, seven pence for every 20 shillings produced,[23][24] and in some years, Hull made of profit over £1000.[22] The Massachusetts General Court tried to renegotiate the arrangement to decrease Hull's profits on at least seven occasions. Massachusetts also charged rent on the minting facility until Hull purchased the operation in 1675.[21][25]

Hull had begun minting coins during English Commonwealth period, and in 1661 after the restoration of the monarchy, the English government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous.[23] In 1665, Privy Council ordered the mint to cease operations, but the colony ignored the demands.[21] In 1676, Edward Randolph petitioned the English government to close the mint.[26] However, the mint may have continued operations until 1682,[27] when Hull's contract as mintmaster expired, and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster.[28] The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684.[29]

Merchant and landowner

Hull first mentioned exporting goods to England in a November 1653 diary entry.[10] Between 1653 and 1660, he exported goods to Europe on at least five different ships,[30] and his mercantile interests increased after 1660.[31] The first record of Hull holding a partial ownership stake in a ship is from 1664.[32] Between 1665 and 1670, Hull had partial ownership of eight vessels,[33] and from 1670 to 1683, he partially owned 14 vessels and exported goods on more than 50 different ships.[34] He had business agents in England, Jamaica, New Providence, Nevis, Madeira and the Canary Islands.[35]

He primarily exported furs, fish and wood from New England forests.[36] He also shipped New England farm products, including flour, salt beef and pork, biscuits and butter to the Caribbean colonies,[37] as well as other miscellaneous goods.[38] He imported hides for leather,[39] salt, clothing, and alcohol to Massachusetts.[40] He also dealt in mortgages and was a money lender.[41][42]

Hull required his ship captains to abstain from selling damaged goods, mistreating sailors, swearing, and trading on Sundays.[43] Mark Valeri claims that Hull forbid his associates from the slave trade,[43] but Clarke has identified two occasions when Hull engaged in the slave trade: the first during King Philip's War in 1675, when Hull transported more than one hundred Native American captives to be sold into slavery in Cadiz and Malaga,[44] and the second on September 16, 1682, when he instructed one of his captains to transport and sell a Black man named Jeofrey and a Black woman named Mary in Madeira.[45][46] Samuel Eliot Morison notes that Hull instructed his captain to use the proceeds from the sale of Jeofrey and Mary to buy Madeira wine to be imported to Massachusetts.[47]

In 1657, Hull and four other men negotiated the Pettaquamscutt Purchase with the Narragansett people in Rhode Island, buying a tract of land on the western shore of Narragansett Bay for £151.[48] Hull acquired land on Block Island and Point Judith, which is named for Hull's wife. He initially tried to operate a lead mine at Point Judith. When the mine proved unprofitable, Hull began raising herds of cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses on the land to be sold in the West Indies.[49][50] He was also the co-owner of a tract of forest and a sawmill at Salmon Falls in New Hampshire.[51]

Valeri characterizes Hull as having belonged to the upper ranks of Boston's merchants, though some traders built larger fortunes and others held larger tracts of land.[52]

Civic life

 
#96 on the "Plan of Boston showing existing ways and owners on December 25, 1635," corresponds to Hull's allotment.

From 1648, Hull was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts.[8] He appears in records as an ensign in 1663, a lieutenant in 1664, and a captain in 1671 and 1678.[53] He first held political office as a selectman for Boston, beginning in March 1657. He became Boston's treasurer in 1658, and held near-uninterrupted office for the next decade.[54] He sat in the Massachusetts General Court as representative for Wenham in 1668, Westfield from 1671 to 1674, and Salisbury in 1679.[53] He was treasurer of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1676 to 1680.[55]

In 1669, Hull left the First Church and became a founding member of the Third Church in Boston.[2] That year, he was part of a group that traveled to England to hire the church's minister.[54]

During King Philip's War in 1675 and 1676, Hull loaned the colony approximately £2000 to buy muskets, shot, and saltpeter, and to clothe and pay the soldiers.[41][56] He was also one of the primary merchants responsible for procuring weapons, ammunitions and supplies from Europe.[57] Among his responsibilities as treasurer during the war, Hull arranged the sale of Native American captives into slavery.[58] Hull recorded the sale of 185 people into slavery in public auctions on August 24, 1676, and September 23, 1676.[44] Some buyers, such as Thomas Smith, purchased as many as 70 captives to resell in European slave markets.[44] Hull used his personal resources to extend credit to the colony and may have suffered financial losses from his loans to Massachusetts,[54] which were not settled in his lifetime,[59] but Mark Peterson speculates that the colony may have used some of the £333, 3s proceeds from the slave trade to partially repay its debt to Hull.[60] Hull's widow and son-in-law, Samuel Sewall, settled the remaining debt with the colony in 1683 after Hull's death.[41]

In 1681, Hull helped organize a settlement with the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges to acquire the Province of Maine for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He raised £700 from Boston merchants and acquired an additional £550 from London against his personal credit.[59]

He originally owned Longwood Historic District (Massachusetts), Muddy River (Massachusetts), a 350 acre farm passed down to his daughter Hannah Hull (Sewell) Brookline MA.[citation needed] Hull was one of Harvard College's earliest benefactors, donating his landholdings at Point Judith, Rhode Island, to finance scholarships for poor boys[51] as well as a sum of £100.[46]

Death and legacy

Hull died on October 1, 1683. Samuel Willard preached his funeral sermon, and he was buried in the Granary Burying Ground.[61] At the time of his death, his estate was worth approximately £6000.[52]

Hull Street in Boston is named for him, because the road was laid through his pasture.[62] In the 1840 story collection Grandfather's Chair, Nathaniel Hawthorne recounts a legend in which John Hull gave his daughter Hannah her weight in pine-tree shillings (approximately 10,000 coins) as a dowery at her wedding to Samuel Sewall.[63] Hawthorne and other authors exaggerated the dowery, which was actually £500 paid in two installments.[64]

References

Citations

  1. ^ a b Clarke 1937, p. 668
  2. ^ a b c d e R. R. R. 1893, p. 50
  3. ^ a b Ward 1999, p. 453
  4. ^ R. R. R. 1893, p. 49
  5. ^ a b c Valeri 2008, p. 59
  6. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 198
  7. ^ Jordan 2002, p. 3-4
  8. ^ a b Valeri 2008, p. 60
  9. ^ R. R. R. 1893, p. 53
  10. ^ a b c Clarke 1936, p. 200
  11. ^ Morison 1930, p. 155
  12. ^ Morison 1930, p. 154
  13. ^ Morison 1930, p. 145
  14. ^ Clarke 1937, p. 669
  15. ^ Clarke 1937, p. 673
  16. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 104
  17. ^ a b Barth 2014, p. 499
  18. ^ Clarke 1937, p. 676
  19. ^ Morison 1930, p. 151
  20. ^ Barth 2014, p. 495
  21. ^ a b c R. R. R. 1893, p. 51
  22. ^ a b Peterson 2019, p. 92
  23. ^ a b Barth 2014, p. 500
  24. ^ Morison 1930, p. 153
  25. ^ Clarke 1937, p. 683
  26. ^ R. R. R. 1893, p. 52
  27. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 112
  28. ^ Barth 2014, p. 514
  29. ^ Barth 2014, p. 520
  30. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 201
  31. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 203
  32. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 203-204
  33. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 204
  34. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 205
  35. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 212-213
  36. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 207
  37. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 208
  38. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 209
  39. ^ Morison 1930, p. 164
  40. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 209-212
  41. ^ a b c Clarke 1936, p. 216
  42. ^ Morison 1930, p. 159-160
  43. ^ a b Valeri 2008, p. 88
  44. ^ a b c Peterson 2019, p. 131-132
  45. ^ Clarke 1936, p. 214
  46. ^ a b Harvard & the Legacy of Slavery (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. September 14, 2022. p. 69.
  47. ^ Morison 1930, p. 173
  48. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 114
  49. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 115-116
  50. ^ Morison 1930, p. 178-180
  51. ^ a b Peterson 2019, p. 116
  52. ^ a b Valeri 2008, p. 63
  53. ^ a b Whitman 1842, p. 171-173
  54. ^ a b c Ward 1999, p. 454
  55. ^ Valeri 2008, p. 62
  56. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 127
  57. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 122-124
  58. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 129
  59. ^ a b Morison 1930, p. 181
  60. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 132
  61. ^ R. R. R. 1893, p. 54
  62. ^ McDonald 1879, p. 10
  63. ^ R. R. R. 1893, p. 52
  64. ^ Peterson 2019, p. 93

Sources

  • Barth, Jonathan Edward (2014). "'A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne': The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691". The New England Quarterly. 87 (3): 490–525. JSTOR 43285101.
  • Clarke, Hermann F. (1940). John Hull: A Builder of the Bay Colony. Portland, Maine: The Anthoensen Press.
  • Clarke, Hermann F. (1936). "John Hull: Colonial Merchant, 1624-1683" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 46 (2): 197–218.
  • Clarke, Hermann F. (1937). "John Hull: Mintmaster". The New England Quarterly. 10 (4): 668–684. JSTOR 359931.
  • Jordan, Louis (2002). John Hull: The Mint and the Economics of Massachusetts Coinage. Hanover, New Hampshire: Colonial Coin Collectors Club.
  • Kane, Patricia E., ed. (1998). Colonial Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers. New Haven: Yale University Art Gallery. ISBN 0894670778.
  • McDonald, E. (1879). Old Copp's Hill and Burial Ground; with Historical Sketches (PDF). Boston: W.F. Brown & Company.
  • Morison, Samuel Eliot (1930). Builders of the Bay Colony. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Noe, Sydney P. (1974). The Silver Coinage of Massachusetts.
  • Peterson, Mark A. (2019). The City-State of Boston: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power, 1630-1865. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • R. R. R. (1893). "John Hull, the Coiner of the Pine Tree Shillings" (PDF). American Journal of Numismatics, and Bulletin of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society. 27 (3): 49–54. JSTOR 43585298.
  • Valeri, Mark (2008). "Providence in the Life of John Hull: Puritanism and Commerce in Massachusetts Bay, 1650-1680" (PDF). Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 118 (1): 55–116.
  • Ward, Gerald W. R. (1999). Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C. (eds.). American National Biography. Vol. 11. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195127966.
  • Whitman, Zachariah G. (1842). The History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. Boston: John H. Eastburn.

Further reading

  • "Barth, Jonathan Edward (2014). "A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne": The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty, 1652-1691. NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY-A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND LETTERS, 87(3), 490-525" (PDF).

July 20, 2023
john, hull, merchant, john, hull, december, 1624, october, 1683, silversmith, merchant, military, officer, politician, massachusetts, colony, starting, silversmith, boston, became, moneyer, responsible, issuing, colony, coinage, 1600s, successful, trader, enga. John Hull December 18 1624 October 1 1683 was a silversmith merchant military officer and politician in the Massachusetts Bay Colony Starting as a silversmith in Boston he became the moneyer responsible for issuing the colony s coinage in the mid 1600s He was a successful trader and engaged in several ventures in the slave trade He was also an early benefactor of Harvard University and founder of Old South Church John HullMassachusetts General Court Representative for WenhamIn office 1668Massachusetts General Court Representative for WestfieldIn office 1671 1674Treasurer of the Massachusetts General CourtIn office 1676 1680Massachusetts General Court Representative for SalisburyIn office 1679Personal detailsBorn 1624 12 18 December 18 1624Market Harborough Leicestershire EnglandDiedOctober 1 1683 1683 10 01 aged 58 Boston Massachusetts Bay ColonyResting placeGranary Burial GroundSpouseJudith Quincy HullChildrenFive including Hannah SewallRelativesQuincy familySamuel Sewall son in law EducationBoston Latin School Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Silversmith 2 1 Massachusetts Bay Colony coinage 3 Merchant and landowner 4 Civic life 5 Death and legacy 6 References 6 1 Citations 6 2 Sources 7 Further readingEarly life and familyJohn Hull was born on December 18 1624 in Market Harborough Leicestershire England 1 the son of blacksmith Robert Hull and Elizabeth Storer 2 3 At age eleven he immigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with his father mother and half brother Richard Storer 1 departing Bristol on September 28 1635 and arriving in Boston on November 7 4 The colony gave Robert Hull a 25 acre farming plot though he primarily made his living as a smith 5 In England Hull received an education at a grammar school After immigrating he attended Boston Latin School for two years followed by a seven year smithing apprenticeship 5 which could have lasted from 1639 to 1646 3 though Hermann F Clarke speculates that Hull would have finished his apprenticeship around 1643 or 1644 6 In December 1646 his father deeded to him a house and garden where he began practicing the silversmith trade 5 7 On May 11 1647 he married Judith Quincy daughter of Judith Pares and Edmund Quincy in a ceremony officiated by John Winthrop 2 8 In 1648 they joined John Cotton s First Church in Boston 2 John and Judith had five children four of whom died in infancy They had twin girls on January 23 1652 both of whom died at age one On November 3 1654 they had a son who died after 11 days and in 1658 they had a second son Samuel who lived nineteen days Their only child to survive to adulthood Hannah was born on February 14 1657 2 and married Samuel Sewall on February 28 1676 9 SilversmithHull employed Robert Sanderson as his assistant in his silversmithing business 10 and also had apprentices including Sanderson s three sons Samuel Paddy Jeremiah Dummer and Timothy Dwight 11 Sanderson s mark is present alongside Hull s on almost all pieces produced by the shop 12 A set of silver beakers are among the only of Hull s surviving works completed without assistance from Sanderson or an apprentice 13 Massachusetts Bay Colony coinage Massachusetts Bay Colony coinageFrom the 1620s through the early 1650s the Massachusetts Bay Colony s economy had been entirely dependent on barter 14 and foreign currency including English Spanish Dutch Portuguese and counterfeit coins 15 In 1652 the Massachusetts General Court asked Hull to weigh assay and countermark foreign coins to determine their authenticity and value Hull rejected the idea which would not have generated profit for him 16 and on May 26 1652 the General Court authorized Hull to create Massachusetts coinage in shilling sixpence and threepence denominations by reminting foreign silver currency 17 Hull was made Boston mintmaster 17 and the colonial government paid for tools and construction of a minting facility on Hull s land 18 so that he could convert silver bullion and foreign coinage into Massachusetts Bay Colony coins 19 Sanderson may have been primarily responsible for producing the coins 10 From June to October 1652 produced silver coins with a simple design the stamped letters NE for New England on the obverse and the denomination in Roman numerals on the reverse In October 1652 the General Court ordered a more complicated design with a double ring of beads to discourage clipping Although all the coins use the date 1652 they can be broken into three chronological periods based on the design of the tree on the obverse the willow tree 1652 1660 the oak tree 1660 1667 and the pine tree 1667 1682 The last design led to the series being known as pine tree shillings 20 In 1662 Hull and Sanderson also produced a series of oak tree twopence coins with the date 1662 21 In total the Boston mint may have produced as many as 300 000 to 500 000 coins 22 Hull made a seigniorage of one shilling seven pence for every 20 shillings produced 23 24 and in some years Hull made of profit over 1000 22 The Massachusetts General Court tried to renegotiate the arrangement to decrease Hull s profits on at least seven occasions Massachusetts also charged rent on the minting facility until Hull purchased the operation in 1675 21 25 Hull had begun minting coins during English Commonwealth period and in 1661 after the restoration of the monarchy the English government considered the Boston mint to be treasonous 23 In 1665 Privy Council ordered the mint to cease operations but the colony ignored the demands 21 In 1676 Edward Randolph petitioned the English government to close the mint 26 However the mint may have continued operations until 1682 27 when Hull s contract as mintmaster expired and the colony did not move to renew his contract or appoint a new mintmaster 28 The coinage was a contributing factor to the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter in 1684 29 Merchant and landownerHull first mentioned exporting goods to England in a November 1653 diary entry 10 Between 1653 and 1660 he exported goods to Europe on at least five different ships 30 and his mercantile interests increased after 1660 31 The first record of Hull holding a partial ownership stake in a ship is from 1664 32 Between 1665 and 1670 Hull had partial ownership of eight vessels 33 and from 1670 to 1683 he partially owned 14 vessels and exported goods on more than 50 different ships 34 He had business agents in England Jamaica New Providence Nevis Madeira and the Canary Islands 35 He primarily exported furs fish and wood from New England forests 36 He also shipped New England farm products including flour salt beef and pork biscuits and butter to the Caribbean colonies 37 as well as other miscellaneous goods 38 He imported hides for leather 39 salt clothing and alcohol to Massachusetts 40 He also dealt in mortgages and was a money lender 41 42 Hull required his ship captains to abstain from selling damaged goods mistreating sailors swearing and trading on Sundays 43 Mark Valeri claims that Hull forbid his associates from the slave trade 43 but Clarke has identified two occasions when Hull engaged in the slave trade the first during King Philip s War in 1675 when Hull transported more than one hundred Native American captives to be sold into slavery in Cadiz and Malaga 44 and the second on September 16 1682 when he instructed one of his captains to transport and sell a Black man named Jeofrey and a Black woman named Mary in Madeira 45 46 Samuel Eliot Morison notes that Hull instructed his captain to use the proceeds from the sale of Jeofrey and Mary to buy Madeira wine to be imported to Massachusetts 47 In 1657 Hull and four other men negotiated the Pettaquamscutt Purchase with the Narragansett people in Rhode Island buying a tract of land on the western shore of Narragansett Bay for 151 48 Hull acquired land on Block Island and Point Judith which is named for Hull s wife He initially tried to operate a lead mine at Point Judith When the mine proved unprofitable Hull began raising herds of cattle sheep pigs and horses on the land to be sold in the West Indies 49 50 He was also the co owner of a tract of forest and a sawmill at Salmon Falls in New Hampshire 51 Valeri characterizes Hull as having belonged to the upper ranks of Boston s merchants though some traders built larger fortunes and others held larger tracts of land 52 Civic life 96 on the Plan of Boston showing existing ways and owners on December 25 1635 corresponds to Hull s allotment From 1648 Hull was a member of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts 8 He appears in records as an ensign in 1663 a lieutenant in 1664 and a captain in 1671 and 1678 53 He first held political office as a selectman for Boston beginning in March 1657 He became Boston s treasurer in 1658 and held near uninterrupted office for the next decade 54 He sat in the Massachusetts General Court as representative for Wenham in 1668 Westfield from 1671 to 1674 and Salisbury in 1679 53 He was treasurer of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1676 to 1680 55 In 1669 Hull left the First Church and became a founding member of the Third Church in Boston 2 That year he was part of a group that traveled to England to hire the church s minister 54 During King Philip s War in 1675 and 1676 Hull loaned the colony approximately 2000 to buy muskets shot and saltpeter and to clothe and pay the soldiers 41 56 He was also one of the primary merchants responsible for procuring weapons ammunitions and supplies from Europe 57 Among his responsibilities as treasurer during the war Hull arranged the sale of Native American captives into slavery 58 Hull recorded the sale of 185 people into slavery in public auctions on August 24 1676 and September 23 1676 44 Some buyers such as Thomas Smith purchased as many as 70 captives to resell in European slave markets 44 Hull used his personal resources to extend credit to the colony and may have suffered financial losses from his loans to Massachusetts 54 which were not settled in his lifetime 59 but Mark Peterson speculates that the colony may have used some of the 333 3s proceeds from the slave trade to partially repay its debt to Hull 60 Hull s widow and son in law Samuel Sewall settled the remaining debt with the colony in 1683 after Hull s death 41 In 1681 Hull helped organize a settlement with the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges to acquire the Province of Maine for the Massachusetts Bay Colony He raised 700 from Boston merchants and acquired an additional 550 from London against his personal credit 59 He originally owned Longwood Historic District Massachusetts Muddy River Massachusetts a 350 acre farm passed down to his daughter Hannah Hull Sewell Brookline MA citation needed Hull was one of Harvard College s earliest benefactors donating his landholdings at Point Judith Rhode Island to finance scholarships for poor boys 51 as well as a sum of 100 46 Death and legacyHull died on October 1 1683 Samuel Willard preached his funeral sermon and he was buried in the Granary Burying Ground 61 At the time of his death his estate was worth approximately 6000 52 Hull Street in Boston is named for him because the road was laid through his pasture 62 In the 1840 story collection Grandfather s Chair Nathaniel Hawthorne recounts a legend in which John Hull gave his daughter Hannah her weight in pine tree shillings approximately 10 000 coins as a dowery at her wedding to Samuel Sewall 63 Hawthorne and other authors exaggerated the dowery which was actually 500 paid in two installments 64 ReferencesCitations a b Clarke 1937 p 668 a b c d e R R R 1893 p 50 a b Ward 1999 p 453 R R R 1893 p 49 a b c Valeri 2008 p 59 Clarke 1936 p 198 Jordan 2002 p 3 4 a b Valeri 2008 p 60 R R R 1893 p 53 a b c Clarke 1936 p 200 Morison 1930 p 155 Morison 1930 p 154 Morison 1930 p 145 Clarke 1937 p 669 Clarke 1937 p 673 Peterson 2019 p 104 a b Barth 2014 p 499 Clarke 1937 p 676 Morison 1930 p 151 Barth 2014 p 495 a b c R R R 1893 p 51 a b Peterson 2019 p 92 a b Barth 2014 p 500 Morison 1930 p 153 Clarke 1937 p 683 R R R 1893 p 52 Peterson 2019 p 112 Barth 2014 p 514 Barth 2014 p 520 Clarke 1936 p 201 Clarke 1936 p 203 Clarke 1936 p 203 204 Clarke 1936 p 204 Clarke 1936 p 205 Clarke 1936 p 212 213 Clarke 1936 p 207 Clarke 1936 p 208 Clarke 1936 p 209 Morison 1930 p 164 Clarke 1936 p 209 212 a b c Clarke 1936 p 216 Morison 1930 p 159 160 a b Valeri 2008 p 88 a b c Peterson 2019 p 131 132 Clarke 1936 p 214 a b Harvard amp the Legacy of Slavery PDF Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University September 14 2022 p 69 Morison 1930 p 173 Peterson 2019 p 114 Peterson 2019 p 115 116 Morison 1930 p 178 180 a b Peterson 2019 p 116 a b Valeri 2008 p 63 a b Whitman 1842 p 171 173 a b c Ward 1999 p 454 Valeri 2008 p 62 Peterson 2019 p 127 Peterson 2019 p 122 124 Peterson 2019 p 129 a b Morison 1930 p 181 Peterson 2019 p 132 R R R 1893 p 54 McDonald 1879 p 10 R R R 1893 p 52 Peterson 2019 p 93 Sources Barth Jonathan Edward 2014 A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty 1652 1691 The New England Quarterly 87 3 490 525 JSTOR 43285101 Clarke Hermann F 1940 John Hull A Builder of the Bay Colony Portland Maine The Anthoensen Press Clarke Hermann F 1936 John Hull Colonial Merchant 1624 1683 PDF Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 46 2 197 218 Clarke Hermann F 1937 John Hull Mintmaster The New England Quarterly 10 4 668 684 JSTOR 359931 Jordan Louis 2002 John Hull The Mint and the Economics of Massachusetts Coinage Hanover New Hampshire Colonial Coin Collectors Club Kane Patricia E ed 1998 Colonial Massachusetts Silversmiths and Jewelers New Haven Yale University Art Gallery ISBN 0894670778 McDonald E 1879 Old Copp s Hill and Burial Ground with Historical Sketches PDF Boston W F Brown amp Company Morison Samuel Eliot 1930 Builders of the Bay Colony Boston Houghton Mifflin Noe Sydney P 1974 The Silver Coinage of Massachusetts Peterson Mark A 2019 The City State of Boston The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Power 1630 1865 Princeton New Jersey Princeton University Press R R R 1893 John Hull the Coiner of the Pine Tree Shillings PDF American Journal of Numismatics and Bulletin of the American Numismatic and Archaeological Society 27 3 49 54 JSTOR 43585298 Valeri Mark 2008 Providence in the Life of John Hull Puritanism and Commerce in Massachusetts Bay 1650 1680 PDF Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society 118 1 55 116 Ward Gerald W R 1999 Garraty John A Carnes Mark C eds American National Biography Vol 11 New York Oxford University Press ISBN 9780195127966 Whitman Zachariah G 1842 The History of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company Boston John H Eastburn Further reading Barth Jonathan Edward 2014 A Peculiar Stampe of Our Owne The Massachusetts Mint and the Battle over Sovereignty 1652 1691 NEW ENGLAND QUARTERLY A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND LETTERS 87 3 490 525 PDF Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title John Hull merchant amp oldid 1155188602, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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