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Chimango caracara

August 25, 2023

The chimango caracara (Milvago chimango) is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae, the falcons and caracaras.[4] It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, and as a vagrant on the Falkland Islands.[5]

Chimango caracara
Nominate in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Falconiformes
Family: Falconidae
Genus: Milvago
Species:
M. chimango
Binomial name
Milvago chimango
(Vieillot, 1816)
Synonyms
  • Phalcoboenus chimango[2]
  • Daptrius chimango[3]
  • Polyborus chimango Vieillot, 1816

Taxonomy and systematics Edit

The taxonomy of the caracaras has not been settled. The American Ornithological Society and the International Ornithological Committee place the chimango and yellow-headed caracaras in genus Milvago.[6][4] BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World places the chimango caracara and four others in genus Phalcoboenus and the yellow-headed caracara alone in Milvago.[2] The Clements taxonomy places the chimango, yellow-headed, and four other caracaras in genus Daptrius.[7][3] The other systems place only the black caracara in Daptrius.[6][4][2]

The worldwide systems agree that the chimango caracara has two subspecies, the nominate M. c. chimango (Vieillot, 1816) and M. c. temucoensis (Sclater, 1918).[4][2][3] The population in Tierra del Fuego has sometimes been proposed as a third subspecies, M. c. fuegiensis.[8]

Description Edit

The chimango caracara is 32 to 43 cm (13 to 17 in) long and weighs 170 to 260 g (6.0 to 9.2 oz). Its wingspan is 80 to 99 cm (31 to 39 in). The sexes' plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies are mostly brownish throughout. They have dark streaks on the side of the head and on their hindneck. Their undersides are mottled or barred with rufous brown. Their uppertail coverts are white and their tail is mottled grayish and white with a wide black band near the end. Their iris is brown. Males have bare yellow skin around the eye and yellow legs and feet. Females have reddish pink skin around the eye and bluish gray legs and feet. Juvenile birds have a strong rufous tinge overall and bare parts colored like the adult female's. Subspecies M. c. temucoensis is a darker smoky brown than the nominate, and their underparts are more heavily marked.[9][8]

Distribution and habitat Edit

The nominate subspecies of the chimango caracara is found in northern and central Chile and from central Argentina east through Paraguay, southern Brazil, and Uruguay to the Atlantic Ocean. It is also a non-breeding visitor north into Bolivia. Subspecies M. c. temucoensis is found from southern Chile at about Concepción Province and southern Argentina at about the Chubut River south through Tierra del Fuego to Cape Horn. Individuals have roamed to the Falkland Islands. In addition, the species was introduced to Easter Island in the early 20th century.[8][5][10]

The chimango caracara inhabits a wide variety of open landscapes including grassy Andean foothills, heathland, shrub–steppe, and marshes. It also occurs in open woods, plantations, villages, suburban and urban areas, and coastal flats. In Argentina it is often found along roads and areas with a mix of pristine and disturbed plots.[8] One author says it is most common in the ranching and wheat belt of the Argentinian Pampas, around Chilean fishing villages, around extensive marshlands, and at "rubbish dumps anywhere".[9] It is the most common raptor in Argentinean Patagonia.[11] In elevation it is most common below 2,000 m (6,600 ft) but is regularly found up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) and occasionally as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[9]

Behavior Edit

Movement Edit

The chimango caracara is a year-round resident in most of its range. Populations in the far south are partially migratory, with individuals moving north mostly in the austral winter. Members of the northern populations move into Boliva in the non-breeding season and also in small numbers as far north in Brazil as Minas Gerais and Goiás. There are a few records from the Falkland Islands.[9][8][5]

Feeding Edit

The chimango caracara is omnivorous, "a small-scale predator and general scavenger".[9] Its live prey includes insects and other invertebrates, lizards, amphibians, the eggs and young of other birds, and rodents. It scavenges small roadkill and also the carcasses of larger animals after other predators have left. It eats smaller amounts of vegetable matter like rotten apples, fungi, and what it can glean from horse and cattle dung. It typically forages on the wing, flying somewhat randomly up to 10 m (30 ft) above the ground and dropping onto prey or other food sources. It often follows farmers as they plow (assemblies of more than 100 birds have been observed), congregates at grass fires, and frequents fishing villages and shellfish processing plants for their waste. It pirates food from other raptors and large waterbirds.[9][8] Individuals have been observed catching live fish from the surface of water.[12]

Breeding Edit

The chimango caracara's breeding season spans September to January, with eggs laid from mid-October to mid-November in much of its range. It usually nests in trees, building a stick platform up to about 30 m (100 ft) above the ground, but much lower in Patagonia and oriented to avoid prevailing winds. In areas with few trees it will nest on the ground or on tussocks in a marsh. Tree nests of adjoining pairs are usually fairly far apart. Ground nesting can be colonial, for example an observation of more than 70 nests in a 1.5 ha (3.7 acres) site. The clutch size is usually two or three eggs but up to five is not uncommon. The incubation period is 26 to 32 days and fledging occurs 32 to 41 days after hatch. Both sexes build the nest, incubate the clutch, and provision the young.[9][8]

Cognitive behavior Edit

The chimango caracara is an intelligent bird and has high problem solving abilities compared to other birds. "The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological success."[13]

 

Songs and calls
Listen to chimango caracara on xeno-canto

Vocalization Edit

The chimango caracara is usually most vocal during the breeding season "particularly if human or other intruders [are] near nest", but also calls during disputes over food. Its most common call is a "loud petulant sqealing keeeeee-eh" that is usually made singly and often in flight. It also makes a "more chattering...keag-keah-keah..." or "ke-ew, ke-ew, ke-ew" and a "variety of squeals, growls, and hissing whistles."[9]

Status Edit

The IUCN has assessed the chimango caracara as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be increasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] "Currently thriving, perhaps benfitting in part from deforestation, and is commonest raptor through much of Chile and Argentina."[8]

Gallery Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Chimango Caracara Phalcoboenus chimango". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22696264A132066597. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22696264A132066597.en. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  3. ^ a b c Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  4. ^ a b c d Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Seriemas, falcons". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 11, 2023.
  5. ^ a b c Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
  6. ^ a b Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 30 January 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved January 30, 2023
  7. ^ Fuchs, Jérôme; Johnson, Jeff A.; Mindell, David P. (2012-03-05). "Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies (Falconidae: Polyborinae) inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Ibis. Wiley. 154 (3): 520–532. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.2012.01222.x. ISSN 0019-1019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Bierregaard, R. O., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2022). Chimango Caracara (Daptrius chimango), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (N. D. Sly, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.chicar1.01.1 retrieved February 14, 2023
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Ferguson-Lees, James; Christie, David A. (2001). Raptors of the World. New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 808–810. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
  10. ^ Marín, M.; Cáceres, P. (2010). "Sobre las aves de Isla de Pascua". Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (Chile). 59: 75–95.
  11. ^ Donázar, José A; Ceballos, Olga; Travaini, Alejandro; Hiraldo, Fernando (1993). "Roadside raptor surveys in the Argentinean Patagonia". Journal of Raptor Research. 27 (2): 106–110.
  12. ^ Sazima, Ivan; Olmos, Fabio (September 2009). "The Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango), an additional fisher among Caracarini falcons". Biota Neotropica. 9 (3): 403–405. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032009000300036.
  13. ^ Biondi, Laura Marina; Bó, María Susana; Vassallo, Aldo Iván (1 September 2010). "Inter-individual and age differences in exploration, neophobia and problem-solving ability in a Neotropical raptor (Milvago chimango)". Animal Cognition. 13 (5): 701–710. doi:10.1007/s10071-010-0319-8. PMID 20300791. S2CID 23755597.

External links Edit

  • Image of Chimango Caracara
  • Image and description of C. Caracara

Further reading Edit

August 25, 2023
chimango, caracara, chimango, caracara, milvago, chimango, species, bird, prey, family, falconidae, falcons, caracaras, found, argentina, bolivia, brazil, chile, paraguay, uruguay, vagrant, falkland, islands, nominate, grande, brazil, source, source, conservat. The chimango caracara Milvago chimango is a species of bird of prey in the family Falconidae the falcons and caracaras 4 It is found in Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Paraguay and Uruguay and as a vagrant on the Falkland Islands 5 Chimango caracaraNominate in Rio Grande do Sul Brazil source source Conservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass AvesOrder FalconiformesFamily FalconidaeGenus MilvagoSpecies M chimangoBinomial nameMilvago chimango Vieillot 1816 SynonymsPhalcoboenus chimango 2 Daptrius chimango 3 Polyborus chimango Vieillot 1816 Contents 1 Taxonomy and systematics 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Movement 4 2 Feeding 4 3 Breeding 4 4 Cognitive behavior 4 5 Vocalization 5 Status 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External links 9 Further readingTaxonomy and systematics EditThe taxonomy of the caracaras has not been settled The American Ornithological Society and the International Ornithological Committee place the chimango and yellow headed caracaras in genus Milvago 6 4 BirdLife International s Handbook of the Birds of the World places the chimango caracara and four others in genus Phalcoboenus and the yellow headed caracara alone in Milvago 2 The Clements taxonomy places the chimango yellow headed and four other caracaras in genus Daptrius 7 3 The other systems place only the black caracara in Daptrius 6 4 2 The worldwide systems agree that the chimango caracara has two subspecies the nominate M c chimango Vieillot 1816 and M c temucoensis Sclater 1918 4 2 3 The population in Tierra del Fuego has sometimes been proposed as a third subspecies M c fuegiensis 8 Description EditThe chimango caracara is 32 to 43 cm 13 to 17 in long and weighs 170 to 260 g 6 0 to 9 2 oz Its wingspan is 80 to 99 cm 31 to 39 in The sexes plumages are alike Adults of the nominate subspecies are mostly brownish throughout They have dark streaks on the side of the head and on their hindneck Their undersides are mottled or barred with rufous brown Their uppertail coverts are white and their tail is mottled grayish and white with a wide black band near the end Their iris is brown Males have bare yellow skin around the eye and yellow legs and feet Females have reddish pink skin around the eye and bluish gray legs and feet Juvenile birds have a strong rufous tinge overall and bare parts colored like the adult female s Subspecies M c temucoensis is a darker smoky brown than the nominate and their underparts are more heavily marked 9 8 Distribution and habitat EditThe nominate subspecies of the chimango caracara is found in northern and central Chile and from central Argentina east through Paraguay southern Brazil and Uruguay to the Atlantic Ocean It is also a non breeding visitor north into Bolivia Subspecies M c temucoensis is found from southern Chile at about Concepcion Province and southern Argentina at about the Chubut River south through Tierra del Fuego to Cape Horn Individuals have roamed to the Falkland Islands In addition the species was introduced to Easter Island in the early 20th century 8 5 10 The chimango caracara inhabits a wide variety of open landscapes including grassy Andean foothills heathland shrub steppe and marshes It also occurs in open woods plantations villages suburban and urban areas and coastal flats In Argentina it is often found along roads and areas with a mix of pristine and disturbed plots 8 One author says it is most common in the ranching and wheat belt of the Argentinian Pampas around Chilean fishing villages around extensive marshlands and at rubbish dumps anywhere 9 It is the most common raptor in Argentinean Patagonia 11 In elevation it is most common below 2 000 m 6 600 ft but is regularly found up to 3 000 m 9 800 ft and occasionally as high as 4 000 m 13 000 ft 9 Behavior EditMovement Edit The chimango caracara is a year round resident in most of its range Populations in the far south are partially migratory with individuals moving north mostly in the austral winter Members of the northern populations move into Boliva in the non breeding season and also in small numbers as far north in Brazil as Minas Gerais and Goias There are a few records from the Falkland Islands 9 8 5 Feeding Edit The chimango caracara is omnivorous a small scale predator and general scavenger 9 Its live prey includes insects and other invertebrates lizards amphibians the eggs and young of other birds and rodents It scavenges small roadkill and also the carcasses of larger animals after other predators have left It eats smaller amounts of vegetable matter like rotten apples fungi and what it can glean from horse and cattle dung It typically forages on the wing flying somewhat randomly up to 10 m 30 ft above the ground and dropping onto prey or other food sources It often follows farmers as they plow assemblies of more than 100 birds have been observed congregates at grass fires and frequents fishing villages and shellfish processing plants for their waste It pirates food from other raptors and large waterbirds 9 8 Individuals have been observed catching live fish from the surface of water 12 Breeding Edit The chimango caracara s breeding season spans September to January with eggs laid from mid October to mid November in much of its range It usually nests in trees building a stick platform up to about 30 m 100 ft above the ground but much lower in Patagonia and oriented to avoid prevailing winds In areas with few trees it will nest on the ground or on tussocks in a marsh Tree nests of adjoining pairs are usually fairly far apart Ground nesting can be colonial for example an observation of more than 70 nests in a 1 5 ha 3 7 acres site The clutch size is usually two or three eggs but up to five is not uncommon The incubation period is 26 to 32 days and fledging occurs 32 to 41 days after hatch Both sexes build the nest incubate the clutch and provision the young 9 8 Cognitive behavior Edit The chimango caracara is an intelligent bird and has high problem solving abilities compared to other birds The explorative tendency low neophobia and ability to innovate showed by M chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological success 13 Songs and callsListen to chimango caracara on xeno canto Vocalization Edit The chimango caracara is usually most vocal during the breeding season particularly if human or other intruders are near nest but also calls during disputes over food Its most common call is a loud petulant sqealing keeeeee eh that is usually made singly and often in flight It also makes a more chattering keag keah keah or ke ew ke ew ke ew and a variety of squeals growls and hissing whistles 9 Status EditThe IUCN has assessed the chimango caracara as being of Least Concern It has a very large range and though its population size is not known it is believed to be increasing No immediate threats have been identified 1 Currently thriving perhaps benfitting in part from deforestation and is commonest raptor through much of Chile and Argentina 8 Gallery Edit Chimango caracara In Tierra del Fuego In Torres del Paine National Park Chile Probably southern subspecies M c temucoensis Dichato near Concepcion ChileReferences Edit a b BirdLife International 2018 Chimango Caracara Phalcoboenus chimango IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22696264A132066597 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22696264A132066597 en Retrieved 14 February 2023 a b c d HBW and BirdLife International 2022 Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world Version 7 Available at http datazone birdlife org userfiles file Species Taxonomy HBW BirdLife Checklist v7 Dec22 zip retrieved December 13 2022 a b c Clements J F T S Schulenberg M J Iliff T A Fredericks J A Gerbracht D Lepage S M Billerman B L Sullivan and C L Wood 2022 The eBird Clements checklist of birds of the world v2022 Downloaded from https www birds cornell edu clementschecklist download retrieved November 10 2022 a b c d Gill F Donsker D Rasmussen P eds January 2023 Seriemas falcons IOC World Bird List v 13 1 Retrieved February 11 2023 a b c Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer 30 January 2023 Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCCountryLists htm retrieved January 30 2023 a b Remsen J V Jr J I Areta E Bonaccorso S Claramunt A Jaramillo D F Lane J F Pacheco M B Robbins F G Stiles and K J Zimmer Version 30 January 2023 A classification of the bird species of South America American Ornithological Society https www museum lsu edu Remsen SACCBaseline htm retrieved January 30 2023 Fuchs Jerome Johnson Jeff A Mindell David P 2012 03 05 Molecular systematics of the caracaras and allies Falconidae Polyborinae inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data Ibis Wiley 154 3 520 532 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919x 2012 01222 x ISSN 0019 1019 a b c d e f g h Bierregaard R O G M Kirwan and P F D Boesman 2022 Chimango Caracara Daptrius chimango version 1 1 In Birds of the World N D Sly Editor Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca NY USA https doi org 10 2173 bow chicar1 01 1 retrieved February 14 2023 a b c d e f g h Ferguson Lees James Christie David A 2001 Raptors of the World New York Houghton Mifflin pp 808 810 ISBN 0 618 12762 3 Marin M Caceres P 2010 Sobre las aves de Isla de Pascua Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile 59 75 95 Donazar Jose A Ceballos Olga Travaini Alejandro Hiraldo Fernando 1993 Roadside raptor surveys in the Argentinean Patagonia Journal of Raptor Research 27 2 106 110 Sazima Ivan Olmos Fabio September 2009 The Chimango Caracara Milvago chimango an additional fisher among Caracarini falcons Biota Neotropica 9 3 403 405 doi 10 1590 S1676 06032009000300036 Biondi Laura Marina Bo Maria Susana Vassallo Aldo Ivan 1 September 2010 Inter individual and age differences in exploration neophobia and problem solving ability in a Neotropical raptor Milvago chimango Animal Cognition 13 5 701 710 doi 10 1007 s10071 010 0319 8 PMID 20300791 S2CID 23755597 External links EditImage of Chimango Caracara Image and description of C CaracaraFurther reading EditMeiburg Jonathan 2021 A Most Remarkable Creature New York Alfred A Knopf ISBN 9781101875704 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chimango caracara amp oldid 1139351243, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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