Guyana Defence Force
The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military of Guyana, established in 1965. It has military bases across the nation.[6] The Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force is always the incumbent President of Guyana.[7]
| Guyana Defence Force | |
|---|---|
GDF emblem | |
Guyana Defence Force flag | |
| Motto | "SERVICE"[2] |
| Founded | 1 November 1965 (de facto) 22 May 1966 (de jure)[1] |
| Service branches |
|
| Leadership | |
| Commander-in-Chief | Mohamed Irfaan Ali |
| Chief of Staff | Omar Khan[3] |
| Personnel | |
| Military age | 18 years of age |
| Conscription | No |
| Active personnel | 3,400 (2023)[4] |
| Reserve personnel | 670 (2023)[4] |
| Expenditures | |
| Percent of GDP | 1.69% (2018)[5] |
| Industry | |
| Foreign suppliers | |
| Related articles | |
| History | Rupununi Uprising 2023 Guayana Esequiba crisis |
| Ranks | Military ranks of Guyana |
History edit
Twentieth century edit
The GDF was formed on 1 November 1965. Members of the new Defence Force were drawn from the British Guiana Volunteer Force (BGVF), Special Service Unit (SSU), British Guiana Police Force (BGPF) and civilians. Training assistance was provided by British instructors.
A survey party sent by the Surinamese government, which at the time was still under Dutch colonial rule, was sent to the Tigri Area in late 1967 as part of Suriname's "Operation Grasshopper", prompting the GDF to confiscate their weapons and expel them from the territory on December 12.[8]
On January 2, 1969, the Rupununi uprising by native Pemon and Wapishana led by Valerie Hart, with reported support from Venezuela,[4] began with an attack against Lethem, the capital of the Upper Takutu–Upper Essequibo region, resulting in the deaths of five police officers and two civilians and the destruction of Guyanese government buildings.[9] The rebels locked townsfolk in their homes, blocked airstrips in the area, and took Guyanese government officials into their custody.[10][9] Guyanese forces mobilized from the nearest unblocked airstrip and in two days the insurrection was quelled, with many rebels fleeing into Venezuela and Brazil, with Hart fleeing to the former.[10][11] Accusations of massacres by Guyanese forces of native Amerindians have been put forth, which the Guyanese government denied and the Guyanese government accused the rebels of being backed by Venezuela and attempting to cede themselves to Venezuela.[12][9]
In mid–August 1969, patrolling GDF forces discovered a Surinamese camp and partially completed airstrip in the Tigri Area. This discovery prompted the GDF to launch an operation on August 19 against the camp and airstrip, resulting in the expulsion of Surinamese forces from the area.[8]
A platoon of GDF soldiers, part of a contingent of Caribbean Community troops, were involved in the 1994 US-led intervention Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti.[13]
Twenty-first century edit
On 28 November 2023, the U.S. Embassy in Guyana announced that the United States military (1st SFAB) and the Guyana Defence Force would strengthen their military partnership.[14] This occurred during the 2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis when its neighboring country, Venezuela, announced the annexation of the majority of Guyana's western territories via the 2023 Venezuelan referendum.[15] The GDF is multiple factors smaller than the National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela and would have great difficulty defending itself from Venezuela without foreign support.[4]
Roles and functions edit
Three main roles exist for the GDF:
- Defend the territorial integrity of Guyana.
- Assist the civil power in the maintenance of law and order when required to do so.
- Contribute to the economic development of Guyana.
The GDF is an integral part of the Guyanese nation. Resources and equipment of the GDF are used to help other Guyanese; examples include medical mercy flights and the construction of roads and airstrips by the Engineering Corps.
Enlistment into the force is voluntary for officers and soldiers. Basic training is done within GDF training schools, which has also trained officers and soldiers from Commonwealth Caribbean territories. However, officers are trained at one of two British officer training schools: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (Infantry Training) and Britannia Royal Naval College (Coast Guard Training).
The training and skills gained by the members of the GDF have been used when they move either into civilian life or into the sister military organizations, the Guyana National Reserve (now the Second Infantry Battalion Group Reserve) and formerly the Guyana National Service (disbanded in 2000) and the Guyana People's Militia.
Organization edit
- 1st Infantry Battalion Group
- 3rd Infantry Battalion
- 2nd Infantry Battalion Group Reserve (formerly the Guyana People's Militia)
- 31 Special Forces Squadron
- 21st Artillery Company
- Engineer Battalion
- Signals Corps
- Defence Headquarters
- Training Corps
- Intelligence Corps
- Coast Guard
- Band Corps
- Medical Corps
- Air Corps
1st Infantry Battalion Group edit
In the 1980s, the Guyana Defence Force manned the Amawai, Roraima, Ireng, and Takutu sectors, while the Kutari Sector was manned by the then Guyana National Service. In 1988, these GDF battalions were merged to create the 1st Infantry Battalion, later known as the 1st Infantry Battalion Group. At that time, the Force had more resources, including human, financial, and materiel, compared to its current state. However, today, the amalgamated battalion faces significant challenges as it is now required to carry out the tasks previously handled by multiple units. This poses a considerable challenge, especially given the changing dynamics in the global environment, which are impacting the nation's security.[16]
31 Special Forces Squadron edit
The 31 Special Forces Squadron is a special forces group that is specialized in airborne, jungle and river warfare operations.[4]
GDF Band Corps edit
The Guyana Defence Force Band Corps is the official musical unit of the GDF whose role is to provide musical accompaniment for ceremonial functions of the GDF.[17] The members were drawn from the Rifle Companies and the defunct Volunteer Force and were brought out during regimental military parades. The Guyana Defence Force Steel Band would soon follow the main band's lead after its own establishment in 1970, three years after the original band was founded.[18]
Medical Corps edit
The Medical Corps provides medical and dental care to all the members of the GDF and their immediate families. It often liaises with the Health ministry for medical procedures and protocol to be carried out effectively. The corps is situated in Base Camp Ayanganna which includes facilities such as a medical laboratory and a dental lab.[19]
Chief of Staff edit
Equipment edit
Much of the equipment belonging to Guyana are Cold War era weapons, with some World War II armaments still supplied.[4] Guyana is a member of the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative. It maintains strong military relations with Brazil, with which it collaborates on border security through yearly regional military exchange gatherings. Moreover, the nation has bilateral pacts with China, France, and the USA. The GDF engages in regular training and participates in bilateral activities. Equipment is mostly composed of ex-Soviet and British weapons and vehicles. The air force has enhanced its limited air-transport capabilities with second-hand aircraft primarily from Brazilian and North American origins. With the exception of maintenance facilities, a defence-industrial sector does not exist.[20]
Armoured fighting vehicles edit
| Model | Image | Origin | Quantity | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconnaissance | ||||
| EE-9 Cascavel | Brazil | ~6 | only reported.[20] | |
| EE-11 Urutu | Brazil | 24[4] | MkIII variant, unknown if functional[4] | |
Armoured transport vehicles edit
| Model | Image | Origin | Quantity | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shorland S52 | United Kingdom | 5[21] | [4] |
Artillery edit
| Model | Image | Origin | Calibre | Quantity | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Towed | |||||
| M-46 | Soviet Union | 130mm | ~6 | [20] | |
| Multiple rocket systems | |||||
| Type 63 | China | 107mm | 6 | [4] | |
| Mortars | |||||
| L16A1 | United Kingdom | 81mm | ~12 | [20] | |
| M-43 | Soviet Union | 82mm | ~18 | [20] | |
| 120mm | ~18 | [20] | |||
Patrol and coastal combatants edit
| Model | Image | Origin | Variant | Quantity | Acquired | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCO | ||||||
| GDFS Essequibo | United Kingdom | River-class minesweeper[20] | ~1 | 2001[22] | Ship in poor condition[4][23][24] | |
| Patrol boats | ||||||
| Barracuda | United States | 44-foot motor lifeboat | ~4 | 2001[25] | ex-US Type-44.[20] | |
| GDFS Berbice | United States | 115 Defiant-class patrol vessels | 1 | 2023 | Incorporated in November 2023.[26] | |
Small arms edit
Aircraft inventory edit
The Defence force air wing was formed in 1968 and was then renamed the Guyana Defence force air command in 1973. Seven Britten-Norman BN-2A Islander were delivered over a five-year period in the 1970s and then were supplemented by Short Skyvans series 3Ms in 1979. In 1986 3 Mil Mi-8 were delivered. The GDF currently operates 24 fixed-wing aircraft and 24 helicopters. Recently, the GDF had ordered two Dornier Do-228 aircraft from Indian Manufacturer Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd, which were delivered on 1 April 2024.[29][30]
Current inventory edit
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Variant | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Transport | |||||
| BN-2 Islander | United Kingdom | utility | 1[31] | ||
| Cessna 206 | United States | utility | 1[4] | ||
| HAL 228 | India | utility | HAL 228 | 2[32][33] | Delivery aboard IAF C-17 aircraft. |
| Short Skyvan | United States | utility | 2[31] | ||
| Super King Air | United States | VIP transport | 350 | 1[34] | |
| Harbin Y-12 | China | utility | 1[4] | ||
| Helicopters | |||||
| Bell 206 | United States | utility | 1[31] | ||
| Bell 412 | United States | utility | 2 | 1 unit crashed on 6 December 2023 in the Esequibo region | |
Retired aircraft edit
Previous notable aircraft operated by the Air Wing were the Cessna 182, Cessna 206, Embraer EMB 110, Helio Courier, Aérospatiale Alouette III, Bell 212, and the Mil Mi-8.[35]
Coast Guard edit
- Metal Shark Boats patrol boats — (5) 28-foot Relentless, and (2) 38-foot Defiant.[36] The first three of the aluminum-hulled 28-foot boats were donated by the United States in March 2014.[37][38] In March 2017, two of the 38-foot boats were acquired.[36][39]
- Metal Shark Boats offshore patrol vessel — one on order, scheduled for delivery in 2022.[40][23]
References edit
- ^ DeRouen, Karl R. (2005). Defense and Security: A Compendium of National Armed Forces and Security Policies. ABC-CLIO. p. 116. ISBN 9781851097814.
- ^ GDF. "Where it all began". www.gdf.mil.gy.
- ^ "GDF".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Roblin, Sébastien (15 December 2023). "Can the Guyana Defense Force Resist a Venezuelan Invasion?". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
- ^ "South America: Guyana". The World Factbook. CIA. 15 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
- ^ "3 soldiers killed in explosion at Guyana military base – CityNews Toronto". toronto.citynews.ca. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
- ^ "Guyana Defence Force". Global Security.
- ^ a b Granger, David (2009-02-15). "The defence of the New River, 1967–1969". Stabroek News. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ a b c Ishmael, Odeen (2013). The Trail of Diplomacy: The Guyana-Venezuela Border Issue. Odeen Ishmael. ISBN 9781493126552.
- ^ a b Braveboy-Wagner, Jacqueline Anne (2019). "SECOND PERIOD 1966-1970". The Venezuela-Guyana Border Dispute: Britain's Colonial Legacy In Latin America. Routledge. ISBN 9781000306897.
- ^ GONZÁLEZ, Pedro. La Reclamación de la Guayana Esequiba. Caracas: Miguel A. García e hijo S.R.L. 1991.
- ^ "Guyana: De Rupununi a La Haya". En El Tapete (in Spanish). 4 July 2020. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
- ^ Kretchik, Walter E.; Baumann, Robert F.; Fishel, John T. (1998). Invasion, Intervention, "Intervasion": A Concise History of the U.S. Army in Operation Uphold Democracy (PDF). United States Army Command and General Staff College.
- ^ "U.S. Army, Guyana Defence Forces Strengthen Military Partnership". U.S. Embassy Guyana. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Hernández, Osmary; Almánzar, Fernando; Alberti, Mia (December 2023). "Venezuela's president orders creation of new state and map including land from Guyana". Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ "1st Infantry Battalion". GDF.
- ^ . GDF. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ . GDF. Archived from the original on 11 November 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ . GDF. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h International Institute for Strategic Studies (15 February 2023). The Military Balance 2023 (1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 402–403. ISBN 978-1032508955.
- ^ "Trade Registers". Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 2015-01-01.
- ^ "Four US boats for Coast Guard to arrive by Monday", Stabroek News, 2001-06-02, from the original on 2022-01-05, retrieved 2022-05-01 – via 44ft Motor Lifeboats
- ^ a b Belgrave, Shervin (2021-06-15), "Govt. paying US company US$11.5M for boat to protect Guyana from invasion, piracy", Kaieteur News, from the original on 2022-05-01, retrieved 2022-05-01
- ^ "Guyana buys US$11.5M boat to protect Exxon's operations". Kaieteur News. 2023-11-08. Retrieved 2023-12-16.
- ^ Lawford, Clive, "U.S. Coast Guard 44350 – 44409", 44ft Motor Lifeboats, from the original on 2022-01-05, retrieved 2022-05-01
- ^ Bravo, Douglas (2023-11-12). "Guardia Costera de Guyana recibe un OPV 115 Defiant de Metal Shark - Noticias Defensa Centro América". Defensa.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-12-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Jones, Richard D., ed. (2009). Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010 (35th ed.). Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0-7106-2869-5.
- ^ a b "Gallery – GDF". Retrieved 2023-12-02.
- ^ "India delivers two Dorniers to Guyana; New partnership begins". Financialexpress. 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
- ^ Herk, Hans van (29 January 2023). "Indian Do228s for Guyana". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 2023-02-14.
- ^ a b c "World Air Forces 2024". Flightglobal Insight. 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
- ^ "HAL delivers two Dornier 228 planes to Guyana Defence Force: President Ali". The Times of India. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
- ^ "Dornier 228 planes: HAL delivers two Dornier 228 planes to Guyana Defence Force: Prez Ali". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
- ^ "New aircraft for the Guyana Defence Force". Scramble – Dutch Aviation Society. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
- ^ "All-Time Aircraft Used List Guyana Defence Force". Aeroflight. 27 February 2017.
- ^ a b Henry, Zena (2017-03-30), "GDF gets new patrol boats", Guyana Chronicle, from the original on 2017-03-30, retrieved 2022-05-01
- ^ "GDF gets three patrol boats from U.S valued $340M", Guyana Chronicle, 2014-03-21, from the original on 2019-10-08, retrieved 2021-10-15
- ^ "US 'Shark' boats to aid drug fight", Stabroek News, 2014-03-22, retrieved 2022-05-01
- ^ Khatoon, Bibi (2017-03-29), "GDF boosted with approximately $300M boat purchases", News Room Guyana, from the original on 2017-04-01, retrieved 2022-05-01
- ^ Chabrol, Denis (2021-06-14), "Guyana purchases US$11.5 million "purpose-built" Coast Guard vessel", Demerara Waves, from the original on 2021-06-14, retrieved 2022-05-01
External links edit
- Official website