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Middleman minority

February 16, 2024

A middleman minority is a minority population whose main occupations link producers and consumers: traders, money-lenders, etc. A middleman minority, while possibly suffering discrimination and bullying, does not hold an "extreme subordinate" status in society.[1] The "middleman minority" concept was developed by sociologists Hubert Blalock and Edna Bonacich starting in the 1960s but is also used by political scientists and economists. This idea was further developed by American economist Thomas Sowell.[2]

Overview edit

There are numerous examples of such groups gaining eventual prosperity in their adopted country despite discrimination. Often, they will take on roles between producer and consumer, such as trading and moneylending. Famous examples such as Jews throughout Europe even at times when discrimination against them was high, Chinese throughout Southeast Asia and North America, Muslims and Parsis in India, Igbos in Nigeria, Indians in East Africa, Lebanese in West Africa, and many others.[3]

Middleman minorities usually provide an economic benefit to communities and nations and often start new industries. However, their economic aptitude, financial success and clannishness, combined with social prejudices by other groups against businesses and moneylending, can cause resentment among the native population of a country. Middleman minorities can be victims of racist violence, terrorists, bullying, genocide, racialist policy, or other forms of repression. Other ethnic groups often accuse them of plotting conspiracies against their nation or of stealing wealth from the native population.[3]

Examples edit

In Africa
In South Asia
In North America
In South America
  • Japanese in South America[4]
  • Lebanese in South America[8]
  • The majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries Middle Eastern immigrants to Brazil (Lebanese, Syrians, etc., collectively called "arabes" or "turcos", the latter term because they came from the Ottoman Empire) were peddlers, merchants and other types of non-"producers".[9]
In West Asia
Armenian
Azerbaijani
Jewish
Elsewhere

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ O'Brien, David J.; Stephen S. Fugita (April 1982). "Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture". The Pacific Sociological Review. University of California Press. 25 (2): 185–204. doi:10.2307/1388723. JSTOR 1388723. S2CID 158296209.
  2. ^ Douglas, Karen Manges; Saenz, Rogelio. "Middleman Minorities" (PDF). International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (2nd ed.). (PDF) from the original on 2010-06-22.
  3. ^ a b Sowell, Thomas (2005). "Is Anti-Semitism Generic?". Hoover Digest. Hoover Press. 2005 (3).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bonacich, Edna (October 1973). "A Theory of Middleman Minorities". American Sociological Review. American Sociological Association. 38 (5): 583–594. doi:10.2307/2094409. JSTOR 2094409.
  5. ^ "The Chinese in America: A Narrative History"
  6. ^ "Japanese Americans: The Development of a Middleman Minority"
  7. ^ "The Middleman Minority Characteristics Of Korean Immigrants In The United States"
  8. ^ Essays on Twentieth-Century History p.44
  9. ^ Jeffrey Lesser, "(Re) Creating Ethnicity: Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil", The Americas Vol. 53, No. 1 (Jul., 1996), pp. 45-65 JSTOR 1007473
  10. ^ Pacini, Andrea (1998). Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East: The Challenge of the Future. Clarendon Press. pp. 38, 55. ISBN 978-0-19-829388-0. from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
  11. ^ Boxberger, Linda (2002). On the edge of empire: Hadhramawt, emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s-1930s. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791452172. ISSN 2472-954X. OCLC 53226033.
  12. ^ Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183. doi:10.2307/1596090. JSTOR 1596090.
  13. ^ Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781845459789. OCLC 732958389.
  14. ^ a b Thomas Sowell, Black Rednecks & White Liberals; about the book: Black Rednecks and White Liberals
  15. ^ Bloxham, Donald (2005). The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians. Oxford University Press. p. 8-9. ISBN 978-0-19-927356-0.
  16. ^ Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Eastern Armenians Under Tsarist Rule" in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, ed. Richard G. Hovannisian, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 125.
  17. ^ Blow; p. 213.
  18. ^ a b c d Swietochowski, Tadeusz (1985). Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521522458. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02.
  19. ^ Braux, Adeline (3 December 2013). "Azerbaijani Migrants in Russia" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest. 57 (5): 5–7.
  20. ^ Pál, N. (October 2007). Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era. doi:10.4324/9780203933961. ISBN 9781134063819.

Further reading edit

  • Silverman, Robert Mark. 2000. Doing Business in Minority Markets: Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago’s Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry. New York: Garland Publishing.
  • Cobas, José A. (Apr 1987). "Ethnic enclaves and middleman minorities: alternative strategies of immigrant adaptation?". Sociol Perspect. 30 (2): 143–61. doi:10.2307/1388996. JSTOR 1388996. PMID 12315137. S2CID 28038205.
  • Pál Nyíri, Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia: A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era, 2007, ISBN 0415446864

February 16, 2024
middleman, minority, middleman, minority, minority, population, whose, main, occupations, link, producers, consumers, traders, money, lenders, middleman, minority, while, possibly, suffering, discrimination, bullying, does, hold, extreme, subordinate, status, . A middleman minority is a minority population whose main occupations link producers and consumers traders money lenders etc A middleman minority while possibly suffering discrimination and bullying does not hold an extreme subordinate status in society 1 The middleman minority concept was developed by sociologists Hubert Blalock and Edna Bonacich starting in the 1960s but is also used by political scientists and economists This idea was further developed by American economist Thomas Sowell 2 Contents 1 Overview 2 Examples 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingOverview editThere are numerous examples of such groups gaining eventual prosperity in their adopted country despite discrimination Often they will take on roles between producer and consumer such as trading and moneylending Famous examples such as Jews throughout Europe even at times when discrimination against them was high Chinese throughout Southeast Asia and North America Muslims and Parsis in India Igbos in Nigeria Indians in East Africa Lebanese in West Africa and many others 3 Middleman minorities usually provide an economic benefit to communities and nations and often start new industries However their economic aptitude financial success and clannishness combined with social prejudices by other groups against businesses and moneylending can cause resentment among the native population of a country Middleman minorities can be victims of racist violence terrorists bullying genocide racialist policy or other forms of repression Other ethnic groups often accuse them of plotting conspiracies against their nation or of stealing wealth from the native population 3 Examples editIn AfricaIndians in East Africa 4 Igbos in Nigeria Syrians and Lebanese in West Africa 4 In South AsiaKashmiri Pandits in India 4 Parsis in India 4 In North AmericaChinese Americans 5 Japanese Americans 6 Korean Americans 7 Greek Americans 4 Lebanese Americans 4 In South AmericaJapanese in South America 4 Lebanese in South America 8 The majority of the 19th and early 20th centuries Middle Eastern immigrants to Brazil Lebanese Syrians etc collectively called arabes or turcos the latter term because they came from the Ottoman Empire were peddlers merchants and other types of non producers 9 In West AsiaOttoman Greeks 4 Arab Christians in the Arab world 10 Hadhramis 11 12 13 ArmenianArmenians in the Ottoman Empire 14 15 Armenians in Baku during the Russian Empire 16 Persian Armenians in Safavid dynasty 17 full citation needed 14 Armenian Americans 4 AzerbaijaniAzerbaijanis during the Imperial era of Iran 16th 20th centuries 18 Azerbaijanis in the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire 18 Azerbaijanis in contemporary Iran 18 Azerbaijanis in contemporary Russia 19 18 JewishAmerican Jews 4 European Jews 4 Ottoman Jews 4 Radhanite Jews citation needed ElsewhereChinese in Southeast Asia 4 Chinese and Vietnamese in Russia and Eastern Europe since the fall of Communism and collapse of the Soviet Union 20 See also editColonialism particularly exploitation colonialism and plantation colonies Dominant minority Market dominant minority Minoritarianism Model minority Neocolonialism World on Fire book Yuri Slezkine s book The Jewish Century 2004 discussed the concept of Mercurian people specializ ing exclusively in providing services to the surrounding food producing societies which are characterized as Apollonians References edit O Brien David J Stephen S Fugita April 1982 Middleman Minority Concept Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture The Pacific Sociological Review University of California Press 25 2 185 204 doi 10 2307 1388723 JSTOR 1388723 S2CID 158296209 Douglas Karen Manges Saenz Rogelio Middleman Minorities PDF International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 2nd ed Archived PDF from the original on 2010 06 22 a b Sowell Thomas 2005 Is Anti Semitism Generic Hoover Digest Hoover Press 2005 3 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bonacich Edna October 1973 A Theory of Middleman Minorities American Sociological Review American Sociological Association 38 5 583 594 doi 10 2307 2094409 JSTOR 2094409 The Chinese in America A Narrative History Japanese Americans The Development of a Middleman Minority The Middleman Minority Characteristics Of Korean Immigrants In The United States Essays on Twentieth Century History p 44 Jeffrey Lesser Re Creating Ethnicity Middle Eastern Immigration to Brazil The Americas Vol 53 No 1 Jul 1996 pp 45 65 JSTOR 1007473 Pacini Andrea 1998 Christian Communities in the Arab Middle East The Challenge of the Future Clarendon Press pp 38 55 ISBN 978 0 19 829388 0 Archived from the original on 10 March 2021 Retrieved 21 October 2016 Boxberger Linda 2002 On the edge of empire Hadhramawt emigration and the Indian Ocean 1880s 1930s SUNY Press ISBN 9780791452172 ISSN 2472 954X OCLC 53226033 Freitag Ulrike 1999 Hadhramaut A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries Studia Islamica 89 165 183 doi 10 2307 1596090 JSTOR 1596090 Manger Leif 2010 The Hadrami diaspora Community building on the Indian Ocean rim Berghahn Books ISBN 9781845459789 OCLC 732958389 a b Thomas Sowell Black Rednecks amp White Liberals about the book Black Rednecks and White Liberals Bloxham Donald 2005 The Great Game of Genocide Imperialism Nationalism and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians Oxford University Press p 8 9 ISBN 978 0 19 927356 0 Suny Ronald Grigor Eastern Armenians Under Tsarist Rule in The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume II Foreign Dominion to Statehood The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century ed Richard G Hovannisian New York St Martin s Press 1997 p 125 Blow p 213 a b c d Swietochowski Tadeusz 1985 Russian Azerbaijan 1905 1920 The Shaping of a National Identity in a Muslim Community Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521522458 Archived from the original on 2021 12 02 Braux Adeline 3 December 2013 Azerbaijani Migrants in Russia PDF Caucasus Analytical Digest 57 5 5 7 Pal N October 2007 Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era doi 10 4324 9780203933961 ISBN 9781134063819 Further reading editSilverman Robert Mark 2000 Doing Business in Minority Markets Black and Korean Entrepreneurs in Chicago s Ethnic Beauty Aids Industry New York Garland Publishing Cobas Jose A Apr 1987 Ethnic enclaves and middleman minorities alternative strategies of immigrant adaptation Sociol Perspect 30 2 143 61 doi 10 2307 1388996 JSTOR 1388996 PMID 12315137 S2CID 28038205 Pal Nyiri Chinese in Eastern Europe and Russia A Middleman Minority in a Transnational Era 2007 ISBN 0415446864 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Middleman minority amp oldid 1206168275, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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