Micah 4
Micah 4 is the fourth chapter of the Book of Micah in the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible.[1][2] This book contains the prophecies attributed to the prophet Micah, and is a part of the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets.[3][4]
| Micah 4 | |
|---|---|
Israeli postage stamp 0.50 Israeli lira, dedicated to the World refugee year, features a quotation from Micah 4:4. | |
| Book | Book of Micah |
| Category | Nevi'im |
| Christian Bible part | Old Testament |
| Order in the Christian part | 33 |
Text edit
The original text was written in the Hebrew language. This chapter is divided into 13 verses in English Bibles, but 14 verses in Hebrew Bible (Masoretic Text) using a different verse numbering (see below).
Verse numbering edit
There are some differences in verse numbering of this chapter in English Bibles and Hebrew texts:[5]
| English | Hebrew |
|---|---|
| 4:1–13 | 4:1–13 |
| 5:1 | 4:14 |
This article generally follows the common numbering in Christian English Bible versions, with notes to the numbering in Hebrew Bible versions.
Textual versions edit
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in Hebrew are of the Masoretic Text tradition, which includes the Codex Cairensis (895), the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets (916), Codex Leningradensis (1008).[6][a] Fragments cumulatively containing all verses of this chapter in Hebrew were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including 4Q82 (4QXIIg; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1–2;[8][9][10] and Wadi Murabba'at Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75-100 CE) with extant verses 1–13.[9][11]
There is also a translation into Koine Greek known as the Septuagint, made in the last few centuries BCE. Extant ancient manuscripts of the Septuagint version include Codex Vaticanus (B; B; 4th century), Codex Alexandrinus (A; A; 5th century) and Codex Marchalianus (Q; Q; 6th century).[12][b] Some fragments containing parts of this chapter (a revision of the Septuagint) were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, that is, Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXIIgr; late 1st century BCE) with extant verses 3–10.[9][14]
Peace at the last (4:1–5) edit
This section begins with a vision of universal peace, with several verbal associations to the last part of chapter 3. The peace (verses 3b–4) is linked to the willingness of the nations to submit to God's order, as urged in verse 5. Verses 1–3 have a close parallel in Isaiah 2:2–4, and each passage has a concluding verse (Isaiah 2:5; Micah 4:5).[15]
Verse 3 edit
- And he shall judge among many people, and rebuke strong nations afar off; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.[16]
- Cross reference: Isaiah 2:4
- "Plowshare": a part of a large plow, that is, 'the metal tip which actually breaks the earth and cuts the furrow'.[17]
Verse 4 edit
- But everyone shall sit under his vine and under his fig tree,
- And no one shall make them afraid;
- For the mouth of the Lord of hosts has spoken.[18]
This verse does not have parallel in the corresponding passage in the Book of Isaiah, so it is considered an original part of the oracle to Micah, although it still has 'Isaianic characteristics', pointing to the existence of 'a common original which was developed in Isaianic circles'.[15]
A positive role for the remnant (4:6–7) edit
The realization of the vision (cf. 'in that day') will begin by God's rule in Zion over the restored remnant. As 4:1–5 reverses 3:9–12, so here the judgement of 2:12–13 is overturned (see too Zephaniah 3:11–20). This absolute use of the word 'remnant' is post-exilic, and helps to locate the setting of the redaction of this section as a whole.[15]
Verse 7 edit
- And I will make her that halted a remnant, and her that was cast far off a strong nation: and the Lord shall reign over them in mount Zion from henceforth, even for ever.[19]
The instrument of God's rule (4:8–5:6) edit
This section has a balanced structure, with verses 4:8 and 5:2 (introducing 5:2–6) exactly parallel, and three short paragraphs in between, each of which is introduced by the word 'now' (4:9, 11; 5:1).[20]
Verse 8 edit
- And thou, O tower of the flock,
- the strong hold of the daughter of Zion,
- unto thee shall it come, even the first dominion;
- the kingdom shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem.[21]
- "And thou, O tower of the flock": "Tower of Ader, Migdal Eder"[22] which is interpreted 'tower of the flock,' about 1000 paces (a mile) from Bethlehem," according to Jerome[23] who lived there, "and foresignifying (in its very name) by a sort of prophecy the shepherds at the Birth of the Lord." Jacob fed his sheep near there Genesis 35:21, and later (due to its proximity to Bethlehem) the shepherds who watched over their flocks by night, saw and heard the angels proclaiming "Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men." Jewish literature inferred that the Messiah should be revealed in this place,[24] that is, the place where Messiah as "the lamb of God" should be born.[25]
- "The stronghold (ophel, "the hill") of the daughter of Zion": The name "Ophel" is given to the southern spur of Mount Moriah, opposite to the Mount Zion, separated by the Tyropoeon Valley. It was fortified by Jotham (2 Chronicles 27:3) and Manasseh (2 Chronicles 33:14).[26] The king's house (the old palace of David) and "the tower that lieth out," or the upper tower (see Nehemiah 3:26, 27) were built on this land.[26] It could be the same as "flock tower" (compare Isaiah 32:14, where Ophel and the watch tower are named together) because it was originally a place of refuge for flocks, or of observation for shepherds. Other than representing the power and dominion of Jerusalem, the term also recalls David's work was a shepherd before he was king, and that 'the Israelites are the sheep of the Lord's pasture'. A slight reading variation renders 'ophel' in the LXX as αἰχμώδης, "dark;" so Jerome translated as "nebulosa;" Aquila as σκοτώδης and Symmachus as ἀπόκρυφος, referring to the 'ruinous condition of the tower'.[26] The Septuagint adds ἐκ Βαβυλῶνος, alluding to the siege of Jerusalem by the Chaldeans.[26]
- "Even the first dominion; the kingdom shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem": or rather, "and the first dominion shall come, the kingdom to the daughter of Jerusalem": meaning, not the first notice of the Messiah's kingdom, given by John the Baptist, Christ, and his apostles, to the Jews, in the first times of the Gospel; or the preaching of the Gospel of the kingdom first to them; but rather he who has the first or principal dominion, and to whom the kingdom belongs, he shall come to the daughter of Zion, as in Zechariah 9:9; though it rather respects here his coming to them at the time of their conversion, when they shall come to him, Romans 11:26; and when the first, chief, and principal kingdom in the world, and which is preferable to all others, will come unto, and be placed among them, as in Micah 4:7; and when it shall be, as some interpret it, as at the beginning, in the days of David and Solomon, and much more abundantly.[27]
- "Kingdom shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem": rather, "the kingdom of the daughter of Jerusalem shall come (again)"; such as it was under David, before its being weakened by the secession of the ten tribes.[28]
See also edit
Notes edit
- ^ Since 1947 the current text of Aleppo Codex is missing Micah 1:1 to 5:1.[7]
- ^ Book of Micah is missing in the extant Codex Sinaiticus.[13]
References edit
- ^ Collins 2014.
- ^ Hayes 2015.
- ^ Metzger, Bruce M., et al. The Oxford Companion to the Bible. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.
- ^ Keck, Leander E. 1996. The New Interpreter's Bible: Volume: VII. Nashville: Abingdon.
- ^ Notes on Micah 5:1 in NET Bible
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 35–37.
- ^ P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)", New Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
- ^ Ulrich 2010, p. 615.
- ^ a b c Dead sea scrolls - Micah
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 140–141.
- ^ Würthwein 1995, pp. 73–74.
- ^ Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-0825444593.
- ^ Fitzmyer 2008, p. 127.
- ^ a b c Williamson 2007, p. 597.
- ^ Micah 4:3 KJV
- ^ Note [d] on Micah 4:3 in NET Bible
- ^ Micah 4:4 NKJV
- ^ Micah 4:7 KJV
- ^ Williamson 2007, pp. 597–598.
- ^ Micah 4:8 KJV
- ^ T. Hieros. Kiddushin, fol. 63. 1. T. Ban. Kiddushin, fol. 55. 1. Misn. Shekalim, c. 7. sect. 4.
- ^ Jerome. De locis Hebr. fol. 89. E.
- ^ Barnes, Albert. Notes on the Bible - Micah 4. London, Blackie & Son, 1884. Reprint, Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1998. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Migdal Eder and the Lord's first coming in the Book of Micah. This teaching by Rabbi Mike L Short.
- ^ a b c d Exell, Joseph S.; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (Editors). The Pulpit Commentary. 23 volumes. First publication: 1890.
- ^ John Gill. John Gill's Exposition of the Entire Bible. Exposition of the Old and New Testament. Published in 1746–1763. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Robert Jamieson, Andrew Robert Fausset; David Brown. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown's Commentary On the Whole Bible. 1871. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Sources edit
- Collins, John J. (2014). Introduction to the Hebrew Scriptures. Fortress Press. ISBN 9781451469233.
- Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
- Hayes, Christine (2015). Introduction to the Bible. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300188271.
- Shepherd, Michael (2018). A Commentary on the Book of the Twelve: The Minor Prophets. Kregel Exegetical Library. Kregel Academic. ISBN 978-0825444593.
- Ulrich, Eugene, ed. (2010). The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants. Brill.
- Williamson, H. G. M. (2007). "32. Micah". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). The Oxford Bible Commentary (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 595–599. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
- Würthwein, Ernst (1995). The Text of the Old Testament. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 0-8028-0788-7. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
External links edit
Jewish edit
- Micah 4 Hebrew with Parallel English
- Micah 4 Hebrew with Rashi's Commentary
Christian edit
- Micah 4 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate