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Essaouira

Essaouira (/ˌɛsəˈwɪərə/ ESS-ə-WEER; Arabic: الصويرة, romanizedaṣ-Ṣawīra; Tachelhit: ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ, romanized: Taṣṣort, formerly ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ Amegdul), known until the 1960s as Mogador, is a port city in the western Moroccan region of Marakesh-Safi, on the Atlantic coast. It has 77,966 inhabitants as of 2014.

Essaouira
الصويرة
ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ
Clockwise from top:
Essaouira skyline, city wall bastion, Magana clocktower, Essaouira citadel by Scala harbour, Mosque Ben Youssef
Essaouira
Location in Morocco
Essaouira
Essaouira (Africa)
Coordinates: 31°30′47″N 9°46′11″W / 31.51306°N 9.76972°W / 31.51306; -9.76972
CountryMorocco
RegionMarrakesh-Safi
ProvinceEssaouira
Founded1769
Founded byMohammed III
Government
 • MayorTarik Ottmani
Highest elevation
50 m (160 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2014)[1]
 • Total77,966
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Official nameMedina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)
CriteriaCultural: ii, iv
Reference753
Inscription2001 (25th Session)
Area30 ha
Buffer zone15 ha

The foundation of the city of Essaouira was the work of the Moroccan 'Alawid sultan Mohammed bin Abdallah, who made an original experiment by entrusting it to several renowned architects in 1760, in particular Théodore Cornut and Ahmed al-Inglizi, who designed the city using French captives from the failed French expedition to Larache in 1765, and with the mission of building a city adapted to the needs of foreign merchants. Once built, it continued to grow and experienced a golden age and exceptional development, becoming the country's most important commercial port but also its diplomatic capital between the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.

Medina of Essaouira was designated by the UNESCO a World Heritage Site in 2001.

Name and etymology edit

The name of the city is usually spelled Essaouira in Latin script, and الصويرة in Arabic script. Both spellings represent its name in Moroccan Arabic, ṣ-Ṣwiṛa. This is the diminutive[2] (with definite article) of the noun ṣuṛ which means "wall (as round a yard, city), rampart".[3] The pronunciation with pharyngealized /ṣ/ and /ṛ/ is a typically Moroccan development. In Classical Arabic, the noun is sūr (سور, with plain /s/ and /r/), diminutive suwayrah (سويرة); this is the only form cited in all dictionaries of Classical Arabic. Hence, the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is السويرة al-Suwayrah (with sīn not ṣād).

In the Berber language, which is spoken by a sizeable proportion of the city's inhabitants, it is called Taṣṣort, meaning "the small fortress".

In Moroccan Arabic, a single male inhabitant is called ṣwiṛi, plural ṣwiṛiyin, a single female inhabitant is ṣwiṛiya, plural ṣwiṛiyat. In the Berber language, a single male inhabitant is u Taṣṣort, plural: ayt Taṣṣoṛt, a single female inhabitant is ult Taṣṣort, plural ist Taṣṣort.

Until the 1960s, Essaouira was generally known by its Portuguese name, Mogador. This name is probably a corruption of the older Berber name Amegdul (spelled أمقدول in Arabic), which is mentioned by the 11th-century geographer al-Bakrī.[4]

History edit

Archaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times. The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador, making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds.

Antiquity edit

Essaouira has long been considered one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast. The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited in the 5th century BCE and established the trading post of Arambys.

Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE, the Berber king Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory, processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires. This dye colored the purple stripe in the togas worn by the Senators of Imperial Rome.

A Roman villa was excavated on Mogador island.[5] A Roman vase was found as well as coinage from the 3rd century CE. Most of the artifacts are now visible in the Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum and the Rabat Archaeological Museum.

Early modern period edit

 
Resting place of Sidi Mogdoul in Essaouira.

During the Middle Ages, a Muslim saint named Sidi Mogdoul was buried in Essaouira, probably giving its origin to the name "Mogador".

Portuguese establishment (1506–1510) edit

In 1506, the king of Portugal, D. Manuel I, ordered a fortress to be built there, named Castelo Real de Mogador. Altogether, the Portuguese are documented to have seized six Moroccan towns and built six stand-alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast, between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south. Four of them only had a short duration: Graciosa (1489), São João da Mamora (1515), Castelo Real of Mogador (1506–10) and Aguz (1520–25). Two became permanent urban settlements: Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (modern Agadir, founded in 1505–06), and Mazagan, founded in 1514–17. Following the 1541 Fall of Agadir, the Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.[6]

The fortress of Castelo Real of Mogador fell to the local resistance of the Regraga fraternity four years after its establishment, in 1510.

 
The Portuguese-built Castelo Real of Mogador was defended under Abd el-Malek II by a garrison of 100 Moroccans. It was drawn by Adriaen Matham in 1641.

During the 16th century, powers including Spain, England, the Netherlands and France tried in vain to conquer the locality. Essaouira remained a haven for the export of sugar and molasses and as an anchorage for pirates.[7]

De Razilly expedition (1629) edit

France was involved in an early attempt to colonize Mogador in 1629. As Richelieu and Père Joseph were attempting to establish a colonial policy, Admiral Isaac de Razilly suggested they occupy Mogador in 1626, which he had reconnoitered in 1619. The objective was to create a base against the Sultan of Morocco and asphyxiate the harbour of Safi.[citation needed]

He departed for Salé on 20 July 1629 with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne, Saint-Louis, Griffon, Catherine, Hambourg, Sainte-Anne, Saint-Jean. He bombarded the city of Salé, destroyed three corsair ships, and then sent the Griffon under Captain Treillebois to Mogador. The men of Razilly saw the fortress of Castelo Real in Mogador and landed 100 men with wood and supplies on Mogador island, with the agreement of Richelieu. After a few days, however, the Griffon reembarked the colonists and departed to rejoin the fleet in Salé.[8]

After these expeditions, France signed a treaty with Abd el-Malek II in 1631, giving France preferential treatment, known as "capitulations": preferential tariffs, the establishment of a Consulate, and freedom of religion for French subjects.[9]

Foundation of modern Essaouira (1760–1770) edit

 
Map of Essaouira by Théodore Cornut. When he left in 1767, areas in pink were already built (streets are still recognizable); areas in yellow (harbour front and medina) were only projected.
 
Harbour fortifications were built by an English renegade named Ahmed El Alj in 1770, as described in the sculptured inscription in Arabic (right).

The present city of Essaouira was built during the mid-eighteenth century by the Moroccan King.[10] Mohammed III tried to reorient his kingdom toward the Atlantic for increased exchanges with European powers, choosing Mogador as his key location. One of his objectives was to establish a harbour at the closest possible point to Marrakesh.[11] The other was to cut off trade from Agadir in the south, which had been favouring a political rival of Mohammed III, and the inhabitants of Agadir were forced to relocate to Essaouira.[11]

For 12 years, Mohammed III directed a French engineer, Théodore Cornut, and several other Moroccan and European architects and technicians to build the fortress and city along modern lines.[11][12] Originally called "Souira" ("the small fortress"), the name became "Es-Saouira" ("the beautifully designed").

Thédore Cornut designed and built the city itself, particularly the Kasbah area, corresponding to the royal quarters and the buildings for Christian merchants and diplomats. Other parts were built by other architects, including Moroccan architects especially from Fez, Marrakesh, and Rabat. The harbour entrance, with the "Porte de la Marine", was built by an English renegade by the name of Ahmed el Inglizi ("Ahmed the English") or Ahmed El Alj ("Ahmed the Renegade").[12] Mohammed III took numerous steps to encourage the development of Essaouira including closing off the harbour of Agadir to the south in 1767 so that southern trade could be redirected through Essaouira. European communities in the northern harbour of Rabat-Salé were ordered to move to Essaouira through an ordinance of 21 January 1765.[citation needed]

From the time of its rebuilding by Muhammad III until the end of the nineteenth century, Essaouira served as Morocco's principal port, offering the goods of the caravan trade to the world. The route brought goods from sub-Saharan Africa to Timbuktu, then through the desert and over the Atlas mountains to Marrakesh. The road from Marrakesh to Essaouira is a straight line, explaining the king's choice of this port among the many others along the Moroccan coast.

Jewish presence edit

 
A Jewish house in Mogador, by Darondeau (1807–1841).

Mohammed III encouraged Moroccan Jews to settle in the town and handle the trade with Europe. Jews once comprised the majority of the population,[13] and the Jewish quarter (or mellah) contains many old synagogues. The town also has a large Jewish cemetery. The city flourished until the caravan trade died, superseded by direct European shipping trade with sub-Saharan Africa.[14] Changes in trade, the founding of Israel, the resulting wars with Arab states, and the independence of Morocco all resulted in Sephardic Jews leaving the country. As of 2017, Essaouira had only three Jewish inhabitants.[15] On 15 January 2020, King Mohammed VI visited Bayt Dakira, a Jewish heritage house, in Essaouira.[16]

European trade and diplomacy edit

 
Essaouira in 1809.

In the 19th century, Essaouira became the first seaport of Morocco, with trade volumes about double those of Rabat.[17] The city functioned as the harbour for Marrakesh, as it was only a few days from the inland city.[18] Diplomatic and trade representations were established by European powers in Essouira.[19] In the 1820s, European diplomats were concentrated in either Tangier or Essaouira.[20]

French interventions and Protectorate edit

 
The attack of Mogador by the French fleet in August 1844, Serkis Diranian.

Following Morocco's alliance with Algeria's Abd-El-Kader against France, Essaouira was bombarded and briefly occupied by the French Navy under the Prince de Joinville on 16 August 1844, in the Bombardment of Mogador, an important battle of the First Franco-Moroccan War.

From 1912 to 1956, Essaouira was part of the French protectorate of Morocco. Mogador was used as a base for a military expedition against Dar Anflous, when 8,000 French troops were located outside the city under the orders of Generals Franchet d'Esperey and Brulard. The Kasbah of Dar Anflous was taken on 25 January 1913. In 1930, brothers, Michel and Jean Vieuchange used Essaouira as a base before Michel set off into the Western Sahara to try to find Smara.

France had an important administrative, military and economic presence. Essaouira had a Franco-Moroccan school, still visible in Derb Dharb street. Linguistically, many Moroccans of Essaouira speak French fluently today.

Recent years edit

In the early 1950s film director and actor Orson Welles stayed at the Hotel des Iles just south of the town walls during the filming of his 1952 classic version of "Othello" which contains several memorable scenes shot in the labyrinthine streets and alleyways of the medina. Legend has it that during Welles' sojourn in the town he met Winston Churchill, another guest at the Hotel des Iles. A bas-relief of Orson Welles is located in a small square just outside the medina walls close to the sea. Several other film directors have utilized Essaouira as a location due to the photogenic and atmospheric qualities.

The town was used in the filming of "The Game of Thrones" as the home of the Army of the Unsullied. The scene of the rows of crucified slaves were props to cover the Portuguese cannons.

Beginning in the late 1960s, Essaouira became something of a hippie hangout.[21][22]

Geography edit

 
Iles Purpuraires, with Mogador island in the background seen from the ramparts of Essaouira.

Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by the Iles Purpuraires. A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira, at which point the Oued Ksob discharges to the ocean; south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin, the Bordj El Berod.[23] The Canary Current is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local fishery.[24] The village of Diabat lies about five kilometres (3.1 miles) south of Essaouira, immediately south of the Oued Ksob.

Essaouira connects to Safi to the north and to Agadir to the south via the N1 road and to Marrakech to the east via the R 207 road. There is a small airport some 7 to 8 km (4 to 5 mi) away from the town, which schedules several flights a week to Paris-Orly, London-Luton and Brussels-South (Charleroi) and daily to Casablanca.

Climate edit

Essaouira's climate is semi-arid (BSk/BSh) with mild temperatures year round. The gap between highs and lows is small and summers are warm while winters are mild. Annual rainfall is usually 300 to 500 millimetres (12 to 20 in). The highest temperature ever recorded in Essaouira was 48.3 °C (118.9 °F) on 8 July 2022.[25] The lowest temperature ever recorded was 1.1 °C (34.0 °F) on 20 January 1988. The lowest maximum temperature ever recorded was 11.8 °C (53.2 °F) on 15 February 2018. The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) on 13 October 2017. The maximum amount of precipitation recorded in one day was 99.1 millimetres (3.90 in) on 8 March 2013.[26]

Climate data for Essaouira, Morocco (1991-2020, extremes 1966–present, humidity and sun 1961-1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 28.9
(84.0)
28.0
(82.4)
33.8
(92.8)
35.7
(96.3)
32.0
(89.6)
28.0
(82.4)
48.3
(118.9)
38.0
(100.4)
32.0
(89.6)
38.0
(100.4)
33.2
(91.8)
30.0
(86.0)
48.3
(118.9)
Average high °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3)
18.8
(65.8)
19.5
(67.1)
19.4
(66.9)
20.3
(68.5)
21.4
(70.5)
21.7
(71.1)
22.2
(72.0)
22.4
(72.3)
22.2
(72.0)
20.7
(69.3)
19.7
(67.5)
20.6
(69.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8)
15.5
(59.9)
16.6
(61.9)
16.9
(62.4)
18.0
(64.4)
19.3
(66.7)
19.7
(67.5)
20.1
(68.2)
20.2
(68.4)
19.6
(67.3)
17.6
(63.7)
16.0
(60.8)
17.9
(64.2)
Average low °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)
12.2
(54.0)
13.6
(56.5)
14.3
(57.7)
15.6
(60.1)
17.1
(62.8)
17.7
(63.9)
18.1
(64.6)
18.0
(64.4)
17.0
(62.6)
14.5
(58.1)
12.4
(54.3)
15.1
(59.3)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0)
5.0
(41.0)
1.8
(35.2)
9.0
(48.2)
6.0
(42.8)
13.0
(55.4)
14.2
(57.6)
13.0
(55.4)
10.4
(50.7)
10.0
(50.0)
3.0
(37.4)
5.0
(41.0)
1.1
(34.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 66.4
(2.61)
45.4
(1.79)
54.3
(2.14)
19.0
(0.75)
14.1
(0.56)
1.1
(0.04)
2.0
(0.08)
1.4
(0.06)
3.2
(0.13)
26.8
(1.06)
68.9
(2.71)
61.6
(2.43)
364.2
(14.36)
Average precipitation days 5.9 5.2 5.5 3.4 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.9 3.4 6.0 6.1 39.5
Average relative humidity (%) 80 81 81 82 82 84 86 86 84 83 80 81 83
Mean monthly sunshine hours 208.5 204.9 247.2 264.0 289.5 290.9 301.6 291.4 251.8 234.1 197.0 197.6 2,978.5
Source 1: NOAA[27]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes and humidity)[28][29][26][30][25]

Essaouira today edit

 
Essaouira harbour docks
 
Faience in Essaouira.

The Medina of Essaouira (formerly "Mogador") is a UNESCO World Heritage listed city, an example of a late 18th-century fortified town, as transferred to North Africa by European colonists.

Accommodation edit

There are only a handful of modern purpose-built hotels within the walls of the old city. Newer international hotels have been built along the sea front, with local planning regulations restricting buildings to 4 storeys in height.[citation needed] There are also many privately owned riads, also known as dars, that may be rented on a daily or weekly basis.

Activities edit

The medina is home to many small arts and crafts businesses, notably cabinet making and 'thuya' wood-carving (using roots of the Tetraclinis tree), both of which have been practised in Essaouira for centuries.

The fishing harbour, suffering from the competition of Agadir and Safi, remains rather small, although the catches (sardines, conger eels) are surprisingly abundant due to the coastal upwelling generated by the powerful trade winds and the Canaries Current. Essaouira remains one of the major fishing harbours of Morocco.

Essaouira is also renowned for its kitesurfing and windsurfing, with the powerful trade wind blowing almost constantly onto the protected, almost waveless, bay. Several world-class clubs rent top-notch material on a weekly basis. The township of Sidi Kaouki is located 25 km south of Essaouira and is becoming one of the best locations in Morocco for surfing, windsurfing and kitesurfing.[31] There are several businesses in Sidi Kaouki which offer gear rental.

Essaouira is also a center of argan oil production. It has become a tourist attraction due to the tree-climbing goats who are unique to the region, as argan trees are the only type the goats climb.[32]

Education edit

 
Former Franco-Moroccan school in Derb Dharb street, Essaouira.

There is a French international school in Essaouira, Groupe scolaire Eric-Tabarly.[33]

Culture edit

 
Gnaoua (Gnawa) musicians performing during the 2010 Gnaoua World Music Festival in the city of Essaouira, Morocco

Essaouira presents itself as a city full of culture: several small art galleries are found all over the town. Since 1998, the Gnaoua Festival of World Music is held in Essaouira, normally in the last week of June. It brings together artists from all over the world. Although focused on gnaoua music, it includes rock, jazz and reggae. Dubbed as the "Moroccan Woodstock" it lasts four days and attracts annually around 450,000 spectators.[34]

Sights edit

Jewish quarter "Mellah" of Essaouira's old medina

  • Bayt Dakira - "House of Memory" (Jewish museum)
  • Chaim Pinto Synagogue
  • Jewish cemeteries of Essaouira (old and new)
    • Gravesite of the Great Rabbi Haim Pinto (and many more rabbis)
  • Medina
  • Fortifications:
    • Sqala du Port
    • Sqala de la Kasbah
  • The most picturesque gates:
    • Port de la Marine
    • Bab Manjana with clocktower
  • Tagart beach (with sand dunes)
  • Notre-Dame-de-l’Assomption church (catholic, operational)
  • Sidi Mogdoul mosque
  • Sidi Mogdoul lighthouse
  • Ben Youssef mosque[35]

International relations edit

Essaouira is twinned with:[36][37]

Notable people edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ "POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014" (in Arabic and French). High Commission for Planning, Morocco. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  2. ^ On the formation of diminutive nouns in Moroccan Arabic, see R.S. Harrell, A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic (Washington, D.C., 1962), p. 81.
  3. ^ See T. Fox and M. Abu-Talib, A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic (Washington, D.C., 1966), p. 148.
  4. ^ Mac Guckin de Slane (ed. and transl.), Description de l'Afrique septentrionale par el-Bekri (Alger 1913), Arabic text p. 86 مرسى امقدول marsá Ameqdūl "the port of Ameqdūl", translation p. 175 Amegdoul (Amegdul), with footnote: "Le tombeau ou chapelle de Sîdi Megdoul est situé tout auprès de Mogador; ce dernier est une altération de Megdoul".
  5. ^ Marokko Ingeborg Lehmann, Rita Henss p.243
  6. ^ City walls: the urban enceinte in global perspective, James D. Tracy, p.352
  7. ^ Notes to The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein by Leo Africanus p.338
  8. ^ E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 9 by Martijn Theodoor Houtsma, p.549
  9. ^ France in the age of Louis XIII and Richelieu by Victor Lucien Tapié p.259
  10. ^ Goldberg, Harvey E. (1996). Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries: History and Culture in the Modern Era. Indiana University Press. p. 103. ISBN 0253210410. Essaouira.
  11. ^ a b c The Anglo American, Volume 3 by Alexander D. Paterson p.521
  12. ^ a b Of Essaouira: "He employed European architects to design it, one a Frenchman said to be his prisoner, and the other an Englishman, converted to Islam and known as Ahmed el-Inglizi— otherwise Ahmed the Englishman." in Morocco, Dorothy Hales Gary, Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross, Viking Press, 1971, p.35
  13. ^ "Moroccan schools to teach Jewish history and culture". 13 December 2020.
  14. ^ The Sultan's Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi World by Daniel J. Schroeter, pp. 17 ff
  15. ^ "Morocco's little idyll of Jewish-Muslim coexistence". The Economist. 2 November 2017.
  16. ^ "Moroccan king visits restored Bayt Dakira in Essaouira". Middle East Online. 16 January 2020.
  17. ^ The Anglo American, Volume 3 by Alexander D. Paterson p.520 ff
  18. ^ The sultan's Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J. Schroete,r p.125
  19. ^ The sultan's Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J. Schroeter p.17
  20. ^ The sultan's Jew: Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J. Schroeter, p.121
  21. ^ Day, Meagan (20 October 2016). "The 1970s Hippie Trail: drugs, danger, and a magical pudding shop in Asia". Timeline. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  22. ^ "Jimi Hendrix's Morocco". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  23. ^ C.Michael Hogan, Mogador: promontory fort, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham, 2 November 2007 [1]
  24. ^ William Adams Hance, The Geography of Modern Africa, Columbia University Press, 1975 ISBN 0-231-03869-0
  25. ^ a b "60222: Essaouira - Mogador Intl. Airport (Morocco)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 8 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
  26. ^ a b "Météo climat stats | Station Essaouira / Données Météorologiques Gratuites".
  27. ^ "Essaouira Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  28. ^ "Klimatafel von Essaouira (Mogador) / Marokko" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  29. ^ "Climate Essaouira - Climate data (602200)".
  30. ^ "Météo climat stats | Moyennes 1991/2020 / Données Météorologiques Gratuites".
  31. ^ Planet, Lonely. "Sidi Kaouki, Morocco – Lonely Planet". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
  32. ^ "Essaouira". Nomad's Travel.
  33. ^ "Groupe scolaire Eric-Tabarly – OSUI." AEFE. Retrieved on 12 May 2016. "25 rue Princesse Lalla Hasna, Quartier des Dunes, 44000 Essaouira"
  34. ^ Gnaoua Festival Press Kit 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  35. ^ "Essaouira guide book". Morocco.FalkTime. 5 October 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  36. ^ "La diversité de la culture et des traditions de Chine sous les feux des projecteurs à Essaouira". maroc-diplomatique.net (in French). Maroc Diplomatique. 18 December 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  37. ^ "Jumelage et partenariat". larochelle.fr (in French). La Rochelle. Retrieved 19 October 2020.
  38. ^ . Le Mag. 14 November 2011. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  39. ^ "Le judaïsme marocain est "bien vivant"". Atlas. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2015.

Further reading edit

  • David Bensoussan & Asher Knafo, "Mariage juif à Mogador" Éditions Du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2004 (ISBN 2-922505-15-4)
  • David Bensoussan, Le fils de Mogador, www.editionsdulys.ca,Éditions Du Lys, Montréal, 2002 (ISBN 978-2-922505-21-4)
  • David Bensoussan, Il était une fois le Maroc : témoignages du passé judéo-marocain, éd. du Lys, www.editionsdulys.ca, Montréal, 2010 (ISBN 2-922505-14-6); Deuxième édition : www.iuniverse.com, ISBN 978-1-4759-2608-8, 620p. ebook ISBN 978-1-4759-2609-5, Prix Haïm Zafrani de l'Institut universitaire Élie Wiesel, Paris 2012.
  • David Bensoussan, La rosace du roi Salomon, Les Éditions Du Lys,www.editionsdulys.ca, 2011, ISBN 978-2-922505-23-8.
  • Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Une cité sous les alizés, MOGADOR, Des origines à 1939, Éditions La Porte, Rabat, 1997 ISBN 9981889180
  • Jean-Marie Thiébaud, Consuls et vice-consuls de France à Mogador (Maroc), L'Harmattan, 2010 Harmattan.fr
  • Jean-Marie Thiébaud, Les Inscriptions du cimetière [chrétien] de Mogador (Essaouira, Maroc) – étude épigraphique et généalogique, L'Harmattan, 2010 Harmattan.fr
  • Doris Byer: Essaouira, endlich, Wien 2004, ISBN 978-3-8542-0651-4
  • Brigitte Tast, Hans-Juergen Tast: Still the wind cries Jimi. Hendrix in Marokko, Schellerten 2012, ISBN 978-3-88842-040-5
  • Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast: Orson Welles – Othello – Mogador. Aufenthalte in Essaouira, Kulleraugen Vis.Komm. Nr. 42, Schellerten 2013, ISBN 978-3-88842-042-9

External links edit

  • UNESCO World Heritage site: Medina of Essaouira (formerly Mogador)
  • Website of the Urban Agency of Essaouira

31°30′47″N 9°46′11″W / 31.51306°N 9.76972°W / 31.51306; -9.76972

essaouira, mogador, mogadore, redirect, here, hamlet, surrey, mogador, surrey, village, ohio, mogadore, ohio, class, french, destroyer, mogador, class, destroyer, ɪər, weer, arabic, الصويرة, romanized, aṣ, Ṣawīra, tachelhit, ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ, romanized, taṣṣort, former. Mogador and Mogadore redirect here For the hamlet in Surrey see Mogador Surrey For the village in Ohio see Mogadore Ohio For the class of French destroyer see Mogador class destroyer Essaouira ˌ ɛ s e ˈ w ɪer e ESS e WEER e Arabic الصويرة romanized aṣ Ṣawira Tachelhit ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜ romanized Taṣṣort formerly ⴰⵎⴳⴷⵓⵍ Amegdul known until the 1960s as Mogador is a port city in the western Moroccan region of Marakesh Safi on the Atlantic coast It has 77 966 inhabitants as of 2014 Essaouira الصويرة ⵜⴰⵚⵚⵓⵔⵜCityClockwise from top Essaouira skyline city wall bastion Magana clocktower Essaouira citadel by Scala harbour Mosque Ben YoussefEssaouiraLocation in MoroccoShow map of MoroccoEssaouiraEssaouira Africa Show map of AfricaCoordinates 31 30 47 N 9 46 11 W 31 51306 N 9 76972 W 31 51306 9 76972CountryMoroccoRegionMarrakesh SafiProvinceEssaouiraFounded1769Founded byMohammed IIIGovernment MayorTarik OttmaniHighest elevation50 m 160 ft Lowest elevation0 m 0 ft Population 2014 1 Total77 966Time zoneUTC 1 CET UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameMedina of Essaouira formerly Mogador CriteriaCultural ii ivReference753Inscription2001 25th Session Area30 haBuffer zone15 haThe foundation of the city of Essaouira was the work of the Moroccan Alawid sultan Mohammed bin Abdallah who made an original experiment by entrusting it to several renowned architects in 1760 in particular Theodore Cornut and Ahmed al Inglizi who designed the city using French captives from the failed French expedition to Larache in 1765 and with the mission of building a city adapted to the needs of foreign merchants Once built it continued to grow and experienced a golden age and exceptional development becoming the country s most important commercial port but also its diplomatic capital between the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century Medina of Essaouira was designated by the UNESCO a World Heritage Site in 2001 Contents 1 Name and etymology 2 History 2 1 Antiquity 2 2 Early modern period 2 2 1 Portuguese establishment 1506 1510 2 2 2 De Razilly expedition 1629 2 3 Foundation of modern Essaouira 1760 1770 2 4 Jewish presence 2 5 European trade and diplomacy 2 6 French interventions and Protectorate 2 7 Recent years 3 Geography 3 1 Climate 4 Essaouira today 4 1 Accommodation 4 2 Activities 5 Education 6 Culture 7 Sights 8 International relations 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Further reading 13 External linksName and etymology editThe name of the city is usually spelled Essaouira in Latin script and الصويرة in Arabic script Both spellings represent its name in Moroccan Arabic ṣ Ṣwiṛa This is the diminutive 2 with definite article of the noun ṣuṛ which means wall as round a yard city rampart 3 The pronunciation with pharyngealized ṣ and ṛ is a typically Moroccan development In Classical Arabic the noun is sur سور with plain s and r diminutive suwayrah سويرة this is the only form cited in all dictionaries of Classical Arabic Hence the spelling of the name in Arabic script according to the classical pronunciation is السويرة al Suwayrah with sin not ṣad In the Berber language which is spoken by a sizeable proportion of the city s inhabitants it is called Taṣṣort meaning the small fortress In Moroccan Arabic a single male inhabitant is called ṣwiṛi plural ṣwiṛiyin a single female inhabitant is ṣwiṛiya plural ṣwiṛiyat In the Berber language a single male inhabitant is u Taṣṣort plural ayt Taṣṣoṛt a single female inhabitant is ult Taṣṣort plural ist Taṣṣort Until the 1960s Essaouira was generally known by its Portuguese name Mogador This name is probably a corruption of the older Berber name Amegdul spelled أمقدول in Arabic which is mentioned by the 11th century geographer al Bakri 4 History editArchaeological research shows that Essaouira has been occupied since prehistoric times The bay at Essaouira is partially sheltered by the island of Mogador making it a peaceful harbor protected against strong marine winds Antiquity edit Essaouira has long been considered one of the best anchorages of the Moroccan coast The Carthaginian navigator Hanno visited in the 5th century BCE and established the trading post of Arambys Around the end of the 1st century BCE or early 1st century CE the Berber king Juba II established a Tyrian purple factory processing the murex and purpura shells found in the intertidal rocks at Essaouira and the Iles Purpuraires This dye colored the purple stripe in the togas worn by the Senators of Imperial Rome A Roman villa was excavated on Mogador island 5 A Roman vase was found as well as coinage from the 3rd century CE Most of the artifacts are now visible in the Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum and the Rabat Archaeological Museum nbsp Phoenician plate with red slip 7th century BCE excavated in Mogador island Essaouira Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah Museum nbsp Betica amphora found in Essaouira 1 2nd century CE nbsp Aegean amphora found in Essaouira 3 4th century CE nbsp Roman coins excavated in Essaouira 3rd century Early modern period edit nbsp Resting place of Sidi Mogdoul in Essaouira During the Middle Ages a Muslim saint named Sidi Mogdoul was buried in Essaouira probably giving its origin to the name Mogador Portuguese establishment 1506 1510 edit Main article Morocco Portugal relations In 1506 the king of Portugal D Manuel I ordered a fortress to be built there named Castelo Real de Mogador Altogether the Portuguese are documented to have seized six Moroccan towns and built six stand alone fortresses on the Moroccan Atlantic coast between the river Loukos in the north and the river of Sous in the south Four of them only had a short duration Graciosa 1489 Sao Joao da Mamora 1515 Castelo Real of Mogador 1506 10 and Aguz 1520 25 Two became permanent urban settlements Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gue modern Agadir founded in 1505 06 and Mazagan founded in 1514 17 Following the 1541 Fall of Agadir the Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements between 1541 and 1550 although they were able to keep Ceuta Tangier and Mazagan 6 The fortress of Castelo Real of Mogador fell to the local resistance of the Regraga fraternity four years after its establishment in 1510 nbsp The Portuguese built Castelo Real of Mogador was defended under Abd el Malek II by a garrison of 100 Moroccans It was drawn by Adriaen Matham in 1641 During the 16th century powers including Spain England the Netherlands and France tried in vain to conquer the locality Essaouira remained a haven for the export of sugar and molasses and as an anchorage for pirates 7 De Razilly expedition 1629 edit Further information France Morocco relations France was involved in an early attempt to colonize Mogador in 1629 As Richelieu and Pere Joseph were attempting to establish a colonial policy Admiral Isaac de Razilly suggested they occupy Mogador in 1626 which he had reconnoitered in 1619 The objective was to create a base against the Sultan of Morocco and asphyxiate the harbour of Safi citation needed He departed for Sale on 20 July 1629 with a fleet composed of the ships Licorne Saint Louis Griffon Catherine Hambourg Sainte Anne Saint Jean He bombarded the city of Sale destroyed three corsair ships and then sent the Griffon under Captain Treillebois to Mogador The men of Razilly saw the fortress of Castelo Real in Mogador and landed 100 men with wood and supplies on Mogador island with the agreement of Richelieu After a few days however the Griffon reembarked the colonists and departed to rejoin the fleet in Sale 8 After these expeditions France signed a treaty with Abd el Malek II in 1631 giving France preferential treatment known as capitulations preferential tariffs the establishment of a Consulate and freedom of religion for French subjects 9 Foundation of modern Essaouira 1760 1770 edit nbsp Map of Essaouira by Theodore Cornut When he left in 1767 areas in pink were already built streets are still recognizable areas in yellow harbour front and medina were only projected nbsp Harbour fortifications were built by an English renegade named Ahmed El Alj in 1770 as described in the sculptured inscription in Arabic right The present city of Essaouira was built during the mid eighteenth century by the Moroccan King 10 Mohammed III tried to reorient his kingdom toward the Atlantic for increased exchanges with European powers choosing Mogador as his key location One of his objectives was to establish a harbour at the closest possible point to Marrakesh 11 The other was to cut off trade from Agadir in the south which had been favouring a political rival of Mohammed III and the inhabitants of Agadir were forced to relocate to Essaouira 11 For 12 years Mohammed III directed a French engineer Theodore Cornut and several other Moroccan and European architects and technicians to build the fortress and city along modern lines 11 12 Originally called Souira the small fortress the name became Es Saouira the beautifully designed Thedore Cornut designed and built the city itself particularly the Kasbah area corresponding to the royal quarters and the buildings for Christian merchants and diplomats Other parts were built by other architects including Moroccan architects especially from Fez Marrakesh and Rabat The harbour entrance with the Porte de la Marine was built by an English renegade by the name of Ahmed el Inglizi Ahmed the English or Ahmed El Alj Ahmed the Renegade 12 Mohammed III took numerous steps to encourage the development of Essaouira including closing off the harbour of Agadir to the south in 1767 so that southern trade could be redirected through Essaouira European communities in the northern harbour of Rabat Sale were ordered to move to Essaouira through an ordinance of 21 January 1765 citation needed From the time of its rebuilding by Muhammad III until the end of the nineteenth century Essaouira served as Morocco s principal port offering the goods of the caravan trade to the world The route brought goods from sub Saharan Africa to Timbuktu then through the desert and over the Atlas mountains to Marrakesh The road from Marrakesh to Essaouira is a straight line explaining the king s choice of this port among the many others along the Moroccan coast nbsp City walls nbsp The ramparts from the Medina nbsp The Genoese built citadel by the harbour nbsp Harbour scala nbsp tower and walls nbsp Dutch cannon made by Adrianus Crans in The Hague in 1744 installed in Essaouira Jewish presence edit Further information Jews in Morocco nbsp A Jewish house in Mogador by Darondeau 1807 1841 Mohammed III encouraged Moroccan Jews to settle in the town and handle the trade with Europe Jews once comprised the majority of the population 13 and the Jewish quarter or mellah contains many old synagogues The town also has a large Jewish cemetery The city flourished until the caravan trade died superseded by direct European shipping trade with sub Saharan Africa 14 Changes in trade the founding of Israel the resulting wars with Arab states and the independence of Morocco all resulted in Sephardic Jews leaving the country As of 2017 Essaouira had only three Jewish inhabitants 15 On 15 January 2020 King Mohammed VI visited Bayt Dakira a Jewish heritage house in Essaouira 16 nbsp Old Jewish quarter in Essaouira nbsp Jewish cemetery in Essaouira European trade and diplomacy edit nbsp Essaouira in 1809 Further information Morocco Netherlands relations and Morocco United Kingdom relations In the 19th century Essaouira became the first seaport of Morocco with trade volumes about double those of Rabat 17 The city functioned as the harbour for Marrakesh as it was only a few days from the inland city 18 Diplomatic and trade representations were established by European powers in Essouira 19 In the 1820s European diplomats were concentrated in either Tangier or Essaouira 20 nbsp Remains of the 19th century Dutch Consulate in Essaouira nbsp Remains of the 19th century Portuguese Consulate in Essaouira nbsp Former Essaouira English Consulate nbsp Former French Consulate in Essaouira French interventions and Protectorate edit nbsp The attack of Mogador by the French fleet in August 1844 Serkis Diranian Main articles Bombardment of Mogador and French protectorate of Morocco This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed June 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Following Morocco s alliance with Algeria s Abd El Kader against France Essaouira was bombarded and briefly occupied by the French Navy under the Prince de Joinville on 16 August 1844 in the Bombardment of Mogador an important battle of the First Franco Moroccan War From 1912 to 1956 Essaouira was part of the French protectorate of Morocco Mogador was used as a base for a military expedition against Dar Anflous when 8 000 French troops were located outside the city under the orders of Generals Franchet d Esperey and Brulard The Kasbah of Dar Anflous was taken on 25 January 1913 In 1930 brothers Michel and Jean Vieuchange used Essaouira as a base before Michel set off into the Western Sahara to try to find Smara France had an important administrative military and economic presence Essaouira had a Franco Moroccan school still visible in Derb Dharb street Linguistically many Moroccans of Essaouira speak French fluently today Recent years edit This section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the early 1950s film director and actor Orson Welles stayed at the Hotel des Iles just south of the town walls during the filming of his 1952 classic version of Othello which contains several memorable scenes shot in the labyrinthine streets and alleyways of the medina Legend has it that during Welles sojourn in the town he met Winston Churchill another guest at the Hotel des Iles A bas relief of Orson Welles is located in a small square just outside the medina walls close to the sea Several other film directors have utilized Essaouira as a location due to the photogenic and atmospheric qualities The town was used in the filming of The Game of Thrones as the home of the Army of the Unsullied The scene of the rows of crucified slaves were props to cover the Portuguese cannons Beginning in the late 1960s Essaouira became something of a hippie hangout 21 22 Geography edit nbsp Iles Purpuraires with Mogador island in the background seen from the ramparts of Essaouira Essaouira is protected by a natural bay partially shielded from wave action by the Iles Purpuraires A broad sandy beach extends from the harbour south of Essaourira at which point the Oued Ksob discharges to the ocean south of the discharge lies the archaeological ruin the Bordj El Berod 23 The Canary Current is responsible for the generally southward movement of ocean circulation and has led to enhancement of the local fishery 24 The village of Diabat lies about five kilometres 3 1 miles south of Essaouira immediately south of the Oued Ksob Essaouira connects to Safi to the north and to Agadir to the south via the N1 road and to Marrakech to the east via the R 207 road There is a small airport some 7 to 8 km 4 to 5 mi away from the town which schedules several flights a week to Paris Orly London Luton and Brussels South Charleroi and daily to Casablanca nbsp Essaouira viewed from space nbsp The desert road between Marrakesh and Essaouira nbsp Argan tree near Essaouira nbsp Essaouira beach Climate edit Essaouira s climate is semi arid BSk BSh with mild temperatures year round The gap between highs and lows is small and summers are warm while winters are mild Annual rainfall is usually 300 to 500 millimetres 12 to 20 in The highest temperature ever recorded in Essaouira was 48 3 C 118 9 F on 8 July 2022 25 The lowest temperature ever recorded was 1 1 C 34 0 F on 20 January 1988 The lowest maximum temperature ever recorded was 11 8 C 53 2 F on 15 February 2018 The highest minimum temperature ever recorded was 26 7 C 80 1 F on 13 October 2017 The maximum amount of precipitation recorded in one day was 99 1 millimetres 3 90 in on 8 March 2013 26 Climate data for Essaouira Morocco 1991 2020 extremes 1966 present humidity and sun 1961 1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecord high C F 28 9 84 0 28 0 82 4 33 8 92 8 35 7 96 3 32 0 89 6 28 0 82 4 48 3 118 9 38 0 100 4 32 0 89 6 38 0 100 4 33 2 91 8 30 0 86 0 48 3 118 9 Average high C F 18 5 65 3 18 8 65 8 19 5 67 1 19 4 66 9 20 3 68 5 21 4 70 5 21 7 71 1 22 2 72 0 22 4 72 3 22 2 72 0 20 7 69 3 19 7 67 5 20 6 69 0 Daily mean C F 14 9 58 8 15 5 59 9 16 6 61 9 16 9 62 4 18 0 64 4 19 3 66 7 19 7 67 5 20 1 68 2 20 2 68 4 19 6 67 3 17 6 63 7 16 0 60 8 17 9 64 2 Average low C F 11 2 52 2 12 2 54 0 13 6 56 5 14 3 57 7 15 6 60 1 17 1 62 8 17 7 63 9 18 1 64 6 18 0 64 4 17 0 62 6 14 5 58 1 12 4 54 3 15 1 59 3 Record low C F 1 1 34 0 5 0 41 0 1 8 35 2 9 0 48 2 6 0 42 8 13 0 55 4 14 2 57 6 13 0 55 4 10 4 50 7 10 0 50 0 3 0 37 4 5 0 41 0 1 1 34 0 Average precipitation mm inches 66 4 2 61 45 4 1 79 54 3 2 14 19 0 0 75 14 1 0 56 1 1 0 04 2 0 0 08 1 4 0 06 3 2 0 13 26 8 1 06 68 9 2 71 61 6 2 43 364 2 14 36 Average precipitation days 5 9 5 2 5 5 3 4 2 0 0 3 0 5 0 3 0 9 3 4 6 0 6 1 39 5Average relative humidity 80 81 81 82 82 84 86 86 84 83 80 81 83Mean monthly sunshine hours 208 5 204 9 247 2 264 0 289 5 290 9 301 6 291 4 251 8 234 1 197 0 197 6 2 978 5Source 1 NOAA 27 Source 2 Deutscher Wetterdienst extremes and humidity 28 29 26 30 25 Essaouira today edit nbsp Essaouira harbour docks nbsp Faience in Essaouira The Medina of Essaouira formerly Mogador is a UNESCO World Heritage listed city an example of a late 18th century fortified town as transferred to North Africa by European colonists nbsp Xiphias gladius Essaouira nbsp Fishmarket in Essaouira nbsp Funfair in Essaouira nbsp Fishermen in Essaouira after a good fishing day nbsp Clock tower in Essaouira nbsp Essaouira book market nbsp Saidi Souiri type Essaouira carpet Accommodation edit There are only a handful of modern purpose built hotels within the walls of the old city Newer international hotels have been built along the sea front with local planning regulations restricting buildings to 4 storeys in height citation needed There are also many privately owned riads also known as dars that may be rented on a daily or weekly basis Activities edit The medina is home to many small arts and crafts businesses notably cabinet making and thuya wood carving using roots of the Tetraclinis tree both of which have been practised in Essaouira for centuries The fishing harbour suffering from the competition of Agadir and Safi remains rather small although the catches sardines conger eels are surprisingly abundant due to the coastal upwelling generated by the powerful trade winds and the Canaries Current Essaouira remains one of the major fishing harbours of Morocco Further information Fishing industry in Morocco Essaouira is also renowned for its kitesurfing and windsurfing with the powerful trade wind blowing almost constantly onto the protected almost waveless bay Several world class clubs rent top notch material on a weekly basis The township of Sidi Kaouki is located 25 km south of Essaouira and is becoming one of the best locations in Morocco for surfing windsurfing and kitesurfing 31 There are several businesses in Sidi Kaouki which offer gear rental Essaouira is also a center of argan oil production It has become a tourist attraction due to the tree climbing goats who are unique to the region as argan trees are the only type the goats climb 32 Education edit nbsp Former Franco Moroccan school in Derb Dharb street Essaouira This section needs expansion You can help by adding to it May 2016 There is a French international school in Essaouira Groupe scolaire Eric Tabarly 33 Culture edit nbsp Gnaoua Gnawa musicians performing during the 2010 Gnaoua World Music Festival in the city of Essaouira MoroccoEssaouira presents itself as a city full of culture several small art galleries are found all over the town Since 1998 the Gnaoua Festival of World Music is held in Essaouira normally in the last week of June It brings together artists from all over the world Although focused on gnaoua music it includes rock jazz and reggae Dubbed as the Moroccan Woodstock it lasts four days and attracts annually around 450 000 spectators 34 Sights editJewish quarter Mellah of Essaouira s old medina Bayt Dakira House of Memory Jewish museum Chaim Pinto Synagogue Jewish cemeteries of Essaouira old and new Gravesite of the Great Rabbi Haim Pinto and many more rabbis Medina Fortifications Sqala du Port Sqala de la Kasbah The most picturesque gates Port de la Marine Bab Manjana with clocktower Tagart beach with sand dunes Notre Dame de l Assomption church catholic operational Sidi Mogdoul mosque Sidi Mogdoul lighthouse Ben Youssef mosque 35 International relations editSee also List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco Essaouira is twinned with 36 37 nbsp Changshu China nbsp La Rochelle FranceNotable people editAlbert Almoznino hand shadow artist Jacques Amir politician Rabbi David Hanania Pinto founder of Chevrat Pinto and Orot Haim VeMoshe Institutions and grandson of the Tzadik Rabbi Haim Pinto Andre Azoulay adviser to the King David Bensoussan author of memoir Le fils de Mogador 38 39 Meir Cohen politician Victor Elmaleh businessman and national champion handball and squash player Edmond Amran El Maleh writerSee also editHaha Regraga Tensift River Souira Guedima Gnaoua World Music Festival Gnaoua Andre Jodin William WillshireNotes edit POPULATION LEGALE DES REGIONS PROVINCES PREFECTURES MUNICIPALITES ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D APRES LES RESULTATS DU RGPH 2014 in Arabic and French High Commission for Planning Morocco 8 April 2015 Retrieved 29 September 2017 On the formation of diminutive nouns in Moroccan Arabic see R S Harrell A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic Washington D C 1962 p 81 See T Fox and M Abu Talib A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic Washington D C 1966 p 148 Mac Guckin de Slane ed and transl Description de l Afrique septentrionale par el Bekri Alger 1913 Arabic text p 86 مرسى امقدول marsa Ameqdul the port of Ameqdul translation p 175 Amegdoul Amegdul with footnote Le tombeau ou chapelle de Sidi Megdoul est situe tout aupres de Mogador ce dernier est une alteration de Megdoul Marokko Ingeborg Lehmann Rita Henss p 243 City walls the urban enceinte in global perspective James D Tracy p 352 Notes to The History and Description of Africa and of the Notable Things Therein by Leo Africanus p 338 E J Brill s first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 Volume 9 by Martijn Theodoor Houtsma p 549 France in the age of Louis XIII and Richelieu by Victor Lucien Tapie p 259 Goldberg Harvey E 1996 Sephardi and Middle Eastern Jewries History and Culture in the Modern Era Indiana University Press p 103 ISBN 0253210410 Essaouira a b c The Anglo American Volume 3 by Alexander D Paterson p 521 a b Of Essaouira He employed European architects to design it one a Frenchman said to be his prisoner and the other an Englishman converted to Islam and known as Ahmed el Inglizi otherwise Ahmed the Englishman in Morocco Dorothy Hales Gary Baron Patrick Balfour Kinross Viking Press 1971 p 35 Moroccan schools to teach Jewish history and culture 13 December 2020 The Sultan s Jew Morocco and the Sephardi World by Daniel J Schroeter pp 17 ff Morocco s little idyll of Jewish Muslim coexistence The Economist 2 November 2017 Moroccan king visits restored Bayt Dakira in Essaouira Middle East Online 16 January 2020 The Anglo American Volume 3 by Alexander D Paterson p 520 ff The sultan s Jew Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J Schroete r p 125 The sultan s Jew Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J Schroeter p 17 The sultan s Jew Morocco and the Sephardi world by Daniel J Schroeter p 121 Day Meagan 20 October 2016 The 1970s Hippie Trail drugs danger and a magical pudding shop in Asia Timeline Retrieved 14 May 2022 Jimi Hendrix s Morocco Washington Post ISSN 0190 8286 Retrieved 14 May 2022 C Michael Hogan Mogador promontory fort The Megalithic Portal ed Andy Burnham 2 November 2007 1 William Adams Hance The Geography of Modern Africa Columbia University Press 1975 ISBN 0 231 03869 0 a b 60222 Essaouira Mogador Intl Airport Morocco ogimet com OGIMET 8 July 2022 Retrieved 10 July 2022 a b Meteo climat stats Station Essaouira Donnees Meteorologiques Gratuites Essaouira Climate Normals 1961 1990 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved 26 January 2016 Klimatafel von Essaouira Mogador Marokko PDF Baseline climate means 1961 1990 from stations all over the world in German Deutscher Wetterdienst Retrieved 26 January 2016 Climate Essaouira Climate data 602200 Meteo climat stats Moyennes 1991 2020 Donnees Meteorologiques Gratuites Planet Lonely Sidi Kaouki Morocco Lonely Planet Lonely Planet Retrieved 13 October 2016 Essaouira Nomad s Travel Groupe scolaire Eric Tabarly OSUI AEFE Retrieved on 12 May 2016 25 rue Princesse Lalla Hasna Quartier des Dunes 44000 Essaouira Gnaoua Festival Press Kit Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine Essaouira guide book Morocco FalkTime 5 October 2018 Retrieved 9 May 2019 La diversite de la culture et des traditions de Chine sous les feux des projecteurs a Essaouira maroc diplomatique net in French Maroc Diplomatique 18 December 2017 Retrieved 19 October 2020 Jumelage et partenariat larochelle fr in French La Rochelle Retrieved 19 October 2020 La Rosace du Roi Salomon nouveau roman de David Bensoussan Le Mag 14 November 2011 Archived from the original on 3 July 2015 Retrieved 6 May 2015 Le judaisme marocain est bien vivant Atlas 8 November 2011 Retrieved 6 May 2015 Further reading editDavid Bensoussan amp Asher Knafo Mariage juif a Mogador Editions Du Lys www editionsdulys ca Montreal 2004 ISBN 2 922505 15 4 David Bensoussan Le fils de Mogador www editionsdulys ca Editions Du Lys Montreal 2002 ISBN 978 2 922505 21 4 David Bensoussan Il etait une fois le Maroc temoignages du passe judeo marocain ed du Lys www editionsdulys ca Montreal 2010 ISBN 2 922505 14 6 Deuxieme edition www iuniverse com ISBN 978 1 4759 2608 8 620p ebook ISBN 978 1 4759 2609 5 Prix Haim Zafrani de l Institut universitaire Elie Wiesel Paris 2012 David Bensoussan La rosace du roi Salomon Les Editions Du Lys www editionsdulys ca 2011 ISBN 978 2 922505 23 8 Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani Une cite sous les alizes MOGADOR Des origines a 1939 Editions La Porte Rabat 1997 ISBN 9981889180 Jean Marie Thiebaud Consuls et vice consuls de France a Mogador Maroc L Harmattan 2010 Harmattan fr Jean Marie Thiebaud Les Inscriptions du cimetiere chretien de Mogador Essaouira Maroc etude epigraphique et genealogique L Harmattan 2010 Harmattan fr Doris Byer Essaouira endlich Wien 2004 ISBN 978 3 8542 0651 4 Brigitte Tast Hans Juergen Tast Still the wind cries Jimi Hendrix in Marokko Schellerten 2012 ISBN 978 3 88842 040 5 Brigitte Tast Hans Jurgen Tast Orson Welles Othello Mogador Aufenthalte in Essaouira Kulleraugen Vis Komm Nr 42 Schellerten 2013 ISBN 978 3 88842 042 9External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Essaouira nbsp Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Essaouira UNESCO World Heritage site Medina of Essaouira formerly Mogador Website of the Urban Agency of Essaouira 31 30 47 N 9 46 11 W 31 51306 N 9 76972 W 31 51306 9 76972 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Essaouira amp oldid 1181235884, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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