In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses, including 'Lord', 'guardian', and 'trustee'.[1]
After Muhammad's death, this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab-Muslim society and the word mawali gained currency as an appellation for converted non-Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates.
The word mawla, which was used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about Ali in the Ghadir Khumm speech,[3] is derived from the rootو ل يw-l-y, meaning "to be close to" or "to have power over". Mawla can have reciprocal meanings, depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice: "master" Originally, mawāli were clients of an Arab people, but with the advent of Islam, the term came to refer to non-Arab Muslims and other allies.
Under the Abbasid rulers of the 9th century, the non-Arab converts comprised an important part of the army. The institution of wala' as a requirement to enter Muslim society ceased to exist after the fall of the Umayyads, as the Abbasids favoured a universal interpretation of Islam that was not the exclusive religion of the Arab elite. However, throughout the centuries, the rise of political power of regional Arab dynasties and non-Arab ethnic groups eventually restricted the power of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad, as Persian, Turkic and Berber Muslims began to form independent and autonomous sultanates.
Abu Hanifa was the founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and lived through the Abbasid Revolution. He famously stated in one of his sayings: "The belief of a newly converted Turk is the same as that of an Arab from Hejaz."
This institution continued in the Abbasid period on a much smaller scale when the 8th Abbasid Caliph, al-Mu'tasim, formed private corps entirely composed of non-Arabs in the service of the Caliph. These men were the mawali of the Caliph and were thus considered to be more loyal to the Caliph. This practice persisted throughout Islamic history through to the Ottoman period.
Ghadir Khummedit
The word "Mawla" is regarded as a considerable word in the Ghadir Khumm event (regarding the sentence which was declared by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam about Ali, when he said: "For whoever I am his mawla, 'Ali is his mawla."). There have been mentioned meanings for this use of the word "mawla", including leader,[4] administrator,[5] friend,[6] Lord, owner, master, follower, one who has more right in something, wali, an ally, etc.[7]Shias argue that in the context of the sermon (Ghadir Khumm), intended that the word "mawla" to be taken as "leader". They therefore see this to be the official designation of Ali as the prophet's successor.[3]
^"wali"and "Mawla" al-islam.org Retrieved 8 Dec 2018
Referencesedit
Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab People. Chapter 1.
Mas'udi. The Meadows of Gold. Trans. and eds. Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone.
Pipes, Daniel (1981). Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System(hardcover). Yale University Press. p. 120. ISBN9780300024470. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
Further readingedit
Conversion and Poll-Tax in Early Islam, D.C. Dennett, Cambridge 1950.
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition.
Slaves on Horses, P. Crone, Cambridge 1980.
Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate, P. Crone, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam, M. Bernards, J. Nawas, Brill, 2005.
Mawlas: Freed slaves and converts in early Islam, Daniel Pipes, in: Slavery & Abolition, 1980, 1:2, 132–177
April 16, 2024
mawla, novel, surender, mohan, pathak, mawali, novel, confused, with, cornwall, maula, mawlā, arabic, plural, mawālī, ال, polysemous, arabic, word, whose, meaning, varied, different, periods, contexts, before, islamic, prophet, muhammad, term, originally, appl. For the novel by Surender Mohan Pathak see Mawali novel Not to be confused with Mawla Cornwall or Maula Mawla Arabic م و ل ى plural mawali م و ال ي is a polysemous Arabic word whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts 1 Before the Islamic prophet Muhammad the term originally applied to any form of tribal association 2 In the Quran and hadiths it is used in a number of senses including Lord guardian and trustee 1 After Muhammad s death this institution was adapted by the Umayyad dynasty to incorporate new converts to Islam into Arab Muslim society and the word mawali gained currency as an appellation for converted non Arab Muslims in the early Islamic caliphates Contents 1 Etymology 2 Ghadir Khumm 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingEtymology editThe word mawla which was used by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about Ali in the Ghadir Khumm speech 3 is derived from the root و ل ي w l y meaning to be close to or to have power over Mawla can have reciprocal meanings depending on whether it is used in the active or passive voice master Originally mawali were clients of an Arab people but with the advent of Islam the term came to refer to non Arab Muslims and other allies Under the Abbasid rulers of the 9th century the non Arab converts comprised an important part of the army The institution of wala as a requirement to enter Muslim society ceased to exist after the fall of the Umayyads as the Abbasids favoured a universal interpretation of Islam that was not the exclusive religion of the Arab elite However throughout the centuries the rise of political power of regional Arab dynasties and non Arab ethnic groups eventually restricted the power of the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad as Persian Turkic and Berber Muslims began to form independent and autonomous sultanates Abu Hanifa was the founder of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam and lived through the Abbasid Revolution He famously stated in one of his sayings The belief of a newly converted Turk is the same as that of an Arab from Hejaz This institution continued in the Abbasid period on a much smaller scale when the 8th Abbasid Caliph al Mu tasim formed private corps entirely composed of non Arabs in the service of the Caliph These men were the mawali of the Caliph and were thus considered to be more loyal to the Caliph This practice persisted throughout Islamic history through to the Ottoman period Ghadir Khumm editThe word Mawla is regarded as a considerable word in the Ghadir Khumm event regarding the sentence which was declared by the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Islam about Ali when he said For whoever I am his mawla Ali is his mawla There have been mentioned meanings for this use of the word mawla including leader 4 administrator 5 friend 6 Lord owner master follower one who has more right in something wali an ally etc 7 Shias argue that in the context of the sermon Ghadir Khumm intended that the word mawla to be taken as leader They therefore see this to be the official designation of Ali as the prophet s successor 3 See also editAjam Jizyah Mawlana Mullah Shu ubiyyah Umm walad Walayah Wilayah nbsp Islam portalNotes edit a b A J Wensinck Encyclopedia of Islam 2nd ed Brill Mawla vol 6 p 874 Goldziher Ignac 1889 Muhammedanische Studien Halle p 105 a b Vaglieri Laura Veccia 2012 G h adir K h umm Encyclopaedia of Islam Second Edition Brill Online Retrieved 11 October 2019 The meaning of Mawla pasokhgoo ir Retrieved 1 Dec 2018 Mawla meaning makarem ir Retrieved 8 Dec 2018 Meaning and Implication al islam org wali and Mawla al islam org Retrieved 8 Dec 2018References editHourani Albert A History of the Arab People Chapter 1 Mas udi The Meadows of Gold Trans and eds Paul Lunde and Caroline Stone Pipes Daniel 1981 Slave Soldiers and Islam The Genesis of a Military System hardcover Yale University Press p 120 ISBN 9780300024470 Retrieved 28 December 2021 Further reading editConversion and Poll Tax in Early Islam D C Dennett Cambridge 1950 The Encyclopaedia of Islam second edition Slaves on Horses P Crone Cambridge 1980 Roman Provincial and Islamic Law The Origins of the Islamic Patronate P Crone Cambridge University Press 2002 Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam M Bernards J Nawas Brill 2005 Mawlas Freed slaves and converts in early Islam Daniel Pipes in Slavery amp Abolition 1980 1 2 132 177 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mawla amp oldid 1219202454, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
