Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum (Chinese: 中山陵; pinyin: Zhōngshān Líng) is situated at the foot of the second peak of Purple Mountain in Nanjing, China. Construction of the tomb started in January 1926, and was finished in spring of 1929. The architect was Lü Yanzhi, who died shortly after it was finished. His representative and project partner was his close friend Huang Tanpu.
Sun was born in Guangdong province of China on 12 November 1866, and died in 1925 in Beijing, China. On 23 April 1929, the Chinese government appointed He Yingqin to be in charge of laying Sun to rest. On 26 May, the coffin departed from Beijing, and on 28 May, it arrived in Nanjing. On 1 June 1929, Sun was buried there. Sun, considered to be the "Father of Modern China" both in mainland China and in Taiwan, fought against the imperial Qing government and after the 1911 revolution ended the monarchy, and founded the Republic of China.
Selection of the designEdit
Area map, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 2013.
A committee decided to host a design competition in order to collect designs for the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. The committee put advertisements in the newspapers on 5 May 1925, inviting architects and designers at home and abroad to send their designs. In exchange for a 10 yuan charge, the committee would provide the designer with 12 pictures of the site. The design would have to adhere to guidelines. It had to be done in a traditional Chinese style that also evoked a modern design with special and memorial substance. Not only should it evoke the Chinese architectural spirit, but also add creativity. Designers were required to insure that the proposed construction costs within 300,000 yuan (the final cost exceeded 3,000,000 Yuan). Over 40 proposals were received. On 20 September 1925, the committee convened in Shanghai, and unanimously selected Lu Yanzhi's proposal.[citation needed]
The mausoleum was designed by Lu Yanzhi and completed by Poy Gum Lee between 1926 and 1929.[1]
Reclining on a mountain slope, the majestic mausoleum blends the styles of traditional imperial tombs and modern architecture. Lying on the mountainside, the vault is more than 700 meters (2,300 ft) away from the paifang on the square below, which is the entrance of the mausoleum. There is a three-tier stone stand on which a huge bronze ding, an ancient Chinese vessel symbolizing power, perches. To the north of the square, the paifang towers high. Beyond is the 480-meter (1,570 ft) and 50-meter (160 ft)-wide stairway which has 392 stairs leading to the vault. On both sides, pine, cypress, and ginkgo trees guard the way. At the end of the stairway is a gate which is 16 meters (52 ft) high and 27 meters (89 ft) wide. The tri-arched marble gate is inscribed with the personal motto of Sun, with four Chinese characters written by him, "Tian Xia Wei Gong" ("天下爲公") which means "What is under heaven is for all". Inside the gate, there is a pavilion in which a 9-meter (30 ft) stele is set, which is a memorial monument set by the Kuomintang (KMT). A few stairs up is the sacrificial hall and the vault.
Ceiling of the sacrificial hall, displaying the flag of the Kuomintang.
In front of the sacrificial hall there stands a pair of huabiao, ancient Chinese ornamental columns, which are 12.6 meters high. The sacrificial hall is actually a palace of 30 meters (98 ft) in length, 25 meters (82 ft) in width, and 29 meters (95 ft) in height. In the center of the hall a 4.6-meter (15 ft)-high statue of Sun sits. The statue was sculptured out of Italian white marble. The hall's ceiling features the flag of the Kuomintang. Biographical information on Sun is available to visitors in the hall. North of the hall lies the bell-shaped vault, wherein lies the marble false sarcophagus of Sun. Sun's body is interred in a burial chamber 5m below the marble false sarcophagus in a bronze coffin.
Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang at Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum in 1930s
In a historical documentary,[2]Chiang Kai-shek, former President of the Republic of China, officiated the opening and paid his visit to Mausoleum reporting his victory of the Northern Expedition to unify China in 1929. Chiang also made a second visit in summer of 1946 after the conclusion of the Second World War to report the victory for his cause that mainland China was once again in Chinese sovereignty.[2]
On 27 April 2005, Kuomintang (KMT) Chairman Lien Chan, his wife, and other KMT members visited the Mausoleum. It was the first visit of KMT members to the site since 1949.
On 15 November 2006, a visit was made to the mausoleum by Sun's granddaughter, Sun Huiying, who was by then over eighty years old.
In May 2008, Wu Po-hsiung became the first ruling KMT Chairman to visit the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum since 1949. There were concerns that the 392 steps leading to the tomb would be too taxing given Wu's leg injuries.
On 12 February 2014, Wang Yu-chi became the first ROC government official in office to visit the site after the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949.[3]
Former ROC president Ma Ying-Jeou visited the mausoleum on 28 March 2023.[4]
ModificationsEdit
In 1981, Lily Sun, a granddaughter of Sun Yat-sen, visited the mausoleum. The flag of the KMT had been removed from the ceiling at the time of her visit, but was later restored. In May 2011 on another visit, she was surprised to find the four characters "General Rules of Meetings" (會議通則), a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert's Rules of Order had been removed from a stone carving.[5]
GalleryEdit
Marble sarcophagus
Sun Yat-sen Sacrificial Hall information
Statue in the Mausoleum, Kuomintang flag on the ceiling
^Chinese Style: Rediscovering the Architecture of Poy Gum Lee 1923–1968, September 24 2015 - January 31, 2016(PDF). New York: Museum of Chinese in America (MOCA). 2015.
^ abTheodore H. White Mel Stuart, China: The Roots of Madness; a Documentary (New York,: Norton, 1968).
^Archived at Ghostarchive and the : "Taiwan Official Visits Sun Yat-Sen's Tomb in China" – via YouTube.
^"Former Taiwan leader begins mainland tour at historic tomb". Associated Press. 28 March 2023.
^"Granddaughter of Sun Yat-Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy". Shanghaiist. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.
mausoleum, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, january, 2014, l. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Sun Yat sen Mausoleum news newspapers books scholar JSTOR January 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Sun Yat sen s Mausoleum Chinese 中山陵 pinyin Zhōngshan Ling is situated at the foot of the second peak of Purple Mountain in Nanjing China Construction of the tomb started in January 1926 and was finished in spring of 1929 The architect was Lu Yanzhi who died shortly after it was finished His representative and project partner was his close friend Huang Tanpu Sun Yat sen MausoleumThe main hall of the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum Chinese中山陵TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhōngshan LingWade GilesChungshan LingIPA ʈʂʊ ŋʂa n li ŋ Southern MinHokkien POJTiōng soaⁿ leng Contents 1 History 1 1 Selection of the design 2 Architecture 3 High profile visits 4 Modifications 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditSun was born in Guangdong province of China on 12 November 1866 and died in 1925 in Beijing China On 23 April 1929 the Chinese government appointed He Yingqin to be in charge of laying Sun to rest On 26 May the coffin departed from Beijing and on 28 May it arrived in Nanjing On 1 June 1929 Sun was buried there Sun considered to be the Father of Modern China both in mainland China and in Taiwan fought against the imperial Qing government and after the 1911 revolution ended the monarchy and founded the Republic of China Selection of the design Edit nbsp Area map Sun Yat sen Mausoleum Nanjing Jiangsu China 2013 A committee decided to host a design competition in order to collect designs for the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum The committee put advertisements in the newspapers on 5 May 1925 inviting architects and designers at home and abroad to send their designs In exchange for a 10 yuan charge the committee would provide the designer with 12 pictures of the site The design would have to adhere to guidelines It had to be done in a traditional Chinese style that also evoked a modern design with special and memorial substance Not only should it evoke the Chinese architectural spirit but also add creativity Designers were required to insure that the proposed construction costs within 300 000 yuan the final cost exceeded 3 000 000 Yuan Over 40 proposals were received On 20 September 1925 the committee convened in Shanghai and unanimously selected Lu Yanzhi s proposal citation needed The mausoleum was designed by Lu Yanzhi and completed by Poy Gum Lee between 1926 and 1929 1 Architecture Edit nbsp Mausoleum of Sun Yat sen Reclining on a mountain slope the majestic mausoleum blends the styles of traditional imperial tombs and modern architecture Lying on the mountainside the vault is more than 700 meters 2 300 ft away from the paifang on the square below which is the entrance of the mausoleum There is a three tier stone stand on which a huge bronze ding an ancient Chinese vessel symbolizing power perches To the north of the square the paifang towers high Beyond is the 480 meter 1 570 ft and 50 meter 160 ft wide stairway which has 392 stairs leading to the vault On both sides pine cypress and ginkgo trees guard the way At the end of the stairway is a gate which is 16 meters 52 ft high and 27 meters 89 ft wide The tri arched marble gate is inscribed with the personal motto of Sun with four Chinese characters written by him Tian Xia Wei Gong 天下爲公 which means What is under heaven is for all Inside the gate there is a pavilion in which a 9 meter 30 ft stele is set which is a memorial monument set by the Kuomintang KMT A few stairs up is the sacrificial hall and the vault nbsp Ceiling of the sacrificial hall displaying the flag of the Kuomintang In front of the sacrificial hall there stands a pair of huabiao ancient Chinese ornamental columns which are 12 6 meters high The sacrificial hall is actually a palace of 30 meters 98 ft in length 25 meters 82 ft in width and 29 meters 95 ft in height In the center of the hall a 4 6 meter 15 ft high statue of Sun sits The statue was sculptured out of Italian white marble The hall s ceiling features the flag of the Kuomintang Biographical information on Sun is available to visitors in the hall North of the hall lies the bell shaped vault wherein lies the marble false sarcophagus of Sun Sun s body is interred in a burial chamber 5m below the marble false sarcophagus in a bronze coffin Architectural influence of the Mausoleum s design is evident in Taiwan s Chiang Kai shek Memorial Hall High profile visits Edit nbsp Chiang Kai shek and Zhang Xueliang at Sun Yat sen s Mausoleum in 1930sIn a historical documentary 2 Chiang Kai shek former President of the Republic of China officiated the opening and paid his visit to Mausoleum reporting his victory of the Northern Expedition to unify China in 1929 Chiang also made a second visit in summer of 1946 after the conclusion of the Second World War to report the victory for his cause that mainland China was once again in Chinese sovereignty 2 On 27 April 2005 Kuomintang KMT Chairman Lien Chan his wife and other KMT members visited the Mausoleum It was the first visit of KMT members to the site since 1949 On 15 November 2006 a visit was made to the mausoleum by Sun s granddaughter Sun Huiying who was by then over eighty years old In May 2008 Wu Po hsiung became the first ruling KMT Chairman to visit the Sun Yat sen Mausoleum since 1949 There were concerns that the 392 steps leading to the tomb would be too taxing given Wu s leg injuries On 12 February 2014 Wang Yu chi became the first ROC government official in office to visit the site after the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949 3 On 31 October 2016 KMT chairwoman Hung Hsiu chu visited the mausoleum during her mainland trip for the Cross strait Peace Development Forum citation needed Former ROC president Ma Ying Jeou visited the mausoleum on 28 March 2023 4 Modifications EditIn 1981 Lily Sun a granddaughter of Sun Yat sen visited the mausoleum The flag of the KMT had been removed from the ceiling at the time of her visit but was later restored In May 2011 on another visit she was surprised to find the four characters General Rules of Meetings 會議通則 a document that Sun wrote in reference to Robert s Rules of Order had been removed from a stone carving 5 Gallery Edit nbsp Marble sarcophagus nbsp Sun Yat sen Sacrificial Hall information nbsp Statue in the Mausoleum Kuomintang flag on the ceiling nbsp Sun Yat sen Mausoleum in Nanjing nbsp 1 May 2011 Labour Day nbsp 1 May 2011 nbsp The Entrance Gate nbsp GateSee also EditNational Chiang Kai shek Memorial Hall Cihu Mausoleum Ching kuo Memorial Hall Touliao Mausoleum Linggu Temple and Tomb of Tan Yankai Plum Blossom Mountain in Nanjing Former Tomb of Wang Jingwei demolished in 1946 Tomb of Hu Hanmin at Longyandong Guangzhou Wu Zhihui Memorial park in Kinmen Yangmingshan Cemetery Beitou District Taipei Sun Yat Sen Nanyang Memorial Hall Sun Yat sen Memorial Hall Sun Yat Sen Memorial House Sun Yat sen Museum Penang Sun Yat Sen Memorial Park Sun Yat sen Mausoleum Music Stage Music stage located near the mausoleum References Edit Chinese Style Rediscovering the Architecture of Poy Gum Lee 1923 1968 September 24 2015 January 31 2016 PDF New York Museum of Chinese in America MOCA 2015 a b Theodore H White Mel Stuart China The Roots of Madness a Documentary New York Norton 1968 Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine Taiwan Official Visits Sun Yat Sen s Tomb in China via YouTube Former Taiwan leader begins mainland tour at historic tomb Associated Press 28 March 2023 Granddaughter of Sun Yat Sen accuses China of distorting his legacy Shanghaiist 3 October 2011 Retrieved 5 May 2020 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sun Yat sen Mausoleum Dr Sun Yat sen Mausoleum national park 32 3 51 90 N 118 50 53 77 E 32 0644167 N 118 8482694 E 32 0644167 118 8482694 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Sun Yat sen Mausoleum amp oldid 1176284965, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
