Álvarez was born in Noveleta, Cavite. He received formal schooling at the San José College in Manila, and obtained a teacher's diploma.[1][2] He returned to Cavite and worked as a schoolteacher in Naic and Maragondon.
In 1871, he was incarcerated and tortured by the colonial authorities after insulting a Spanish soldier.[1] The following year, he was accused of involvement in the Cavite Mutiny and was hauled to Manila in chains for detention.[1][2] Upon his eventual release, he returned to Noveleta, and in 1881, was elected gobernadorcillo before becoming capitan municipal, the new title under the Maura Law, in 1893 after getting re-elected. He held the position until the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.[1]
Revolutionary general
Statue of Mariano Álvarez in Noveleta
Álvarez and his son Santiago were active members of the Katipunan, the anti-Spanish secret society founded by Andrés Bonifacio in 1892. Mariano was the uncle of Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de Jesús.
In early 1896, Álvarez was elected president of the Magdiwang, one of two Katipunan branches in Cavite along with Magdalo. The two branches evolved into separate factions with their own local governments, through their provincial councils.
Álvarez helped facilitate growing membership of the Katipunan in Cavite.[1][2] When the revolution started in August 1896, Bonifacio at least planned to give him overall command of all the revolutionary forces in Cavite. A draft of the appointment order survives but whether it was dispatched is uncertain.[4]
He led Filipino forces in several battles against the Spanish army in Cavite and held the rank of general. His efforts helped liberate most towns in Cavite from Spanish control within weeks from the start of the revolt.[1] He was recognized as the instigator of the revolution in Cavite.[5]
Rivalry and tension existed between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions over jurisdiction and authority, and Álvarez, as Magdiwang head, invited Bonifacio, as Presidente Supremo ("Supreme President")[5] of the Katipunan, to meditate over them. Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang probably due to his kinship ties with Álvarez.[6]
In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo personages claim that Bonifacio became the head of the Magdiwang, receiving the title Hari ng Bayan (“King of the People”) with Álvarez as his second-in-command.[4][7] However, no documentary sources have been found substantiating these claims.[8] Instead it has been suggested that these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of one of Bonifacio’s titles, Pangulo ng Haring Bayan (“President of the Sovereign Nation”).[8] In his own memoirs, Santiago Álvarez clearly distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan headed by Bonifacio.[5]
The dispute between the Magdiwang and Magdalo soon involved the issue of command of the revolution. The Magdalo called for the abolition of the Katipunan and the establishment of a revolutionary government. Bonifacio and the Magdiwang maintained the Katipunan was already their government. After losing the internal power struggle to Aguinaldo, Bonifacio was executed in 1897. Álvarez was aggrieved by Bonifacio's death, and, like Emilio Jacinto, refused to join the forces of Aguinaldo, who had then retreated to Biak-na-Bato in Bulacan.[1][2]
The United States of America soon gained control over the Philippines following the Spanish–American War and the Philippine–American War. Álvarez affiliated himself with the pro-independence Partido Nacionalista (1901–1907) and was among the signatories of the party's constitution.[1] He won election as municipal president of Noveleta from 1901 to 1902.
Álvarez joined the nationalist-oriented Philippine Independent Church founded by Isabelo de los Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay in 1902. He retired to his farm following his term as municipal president, and died on August 25, 1924, from chronic rheumatism at the age of 106.[1]
Portrayed by Ces Aldabe in the 2012 film, El Presidente.
Portrayed by Jack Love Pacis in the 2013 TV series, Katipunan
References
^ abcdefghij. Kapampangan Homepage. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
^ abcdeReyes, Joel M.; Perez, Rodolfo III. . Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
^Dates of birth and death confirmed by Alvarez's great-granddaughter, Eloisa B. Lucas. See Lucas, Eloisa B. (January 2006). Amazon.com: Mamma and Me:Books:Eloisa B. Lucas. ISBN1420875795.
^ abRonquillo, Carlos (1996). Isagani Medina (ed.). Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896-1897. Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
^ abcÁlvarez, Santiago. The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General. Paula Carolina S. Malay (translator). Ateneo de Manila University Press.
^The Philippine Revolution of 1896: Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 2001.
^ abQuirino, Carlos (1969). The Young Aguinaldo: From Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato. Manila.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariano Álvarez.
. Archived from the original on January 16, 2008. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Reyes, Joel M.; Perez, Rodolfo III. . Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
May 17, 2023
mariano, Álvarez, municipality, general, mariano, alvarez, this, spanish, name, first, paternal, surname, Álvarez, mariano, Álvarez, spanish, ˈmaˈɾjano, ˈalβaɾes, march, 1818, august, 1924, filipino, revolutionary, statesman, flag, katipunan, magdiwang, factio. For the municipality see General Mariano Alvarez In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Alvarez Mariano M Alvarez Spanish ˈmaˈɾjano ˈalbaɾes March 15 1818 August 25 1924 1 2 3 was a Filipino revolutionary and statesman Mariano AlvarezFlag of the Katipunan s Magdiwang faction led by Mariano AlvarezBorn 1818 03 15 March 15 1818Noveleta Cavite Captaincy General of the PhilippinesDiedAugust 25 1924 1924 08 25 aged 106 Cavite Philippine IslandsOccupation s Teacher GeneralKnown forGeneral of the Philippine Revolution Contents 1 Pre war life 2 Revolutionary general 3 Personal life 4 Later life 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 External linksPre war life EditAlvarez was born in Noveleta Cavite He received formal schooling at the San Jose College in Manila and obtained a teacher s diploma 1 2 He returned to Cavite and worked as a schoolteacher in Naic and Maragondon In 1871 he was incarcerated and tortured by the colonial authorities after insulting a Spanish soldier 1 The following year he was accused of involvement in the Cavite Mutiny and was hauled to Manila in chains for detention 1 2 Upon his eventual release he returned to Noveleta and in 1881 was elected gobernadorcillo before becoming capitan municipal the new title under the Maura Law in 1893 after getting re elected He held the position until the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 1 Revolutionary general Edit Statue of Mariano Alvarez in Noveleta This section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Mariano Alvarez news newspapers books scholar JSTOR July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Alvarez and his son Santiago were active members of the Katipunan the anti Spanish secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 Mariano was the uncle of Bonifacio s wife Gregoria de Jesus In early 1896 Alvarez was elected president of the Magdiwang one of two Katipunan branches in Cavite along with Magdalo The two branches evolved into separate factions with their own local governments through their provincial councils Alvarez helped facilitate growing membership of the Katipunan in Cavite 1 2 When the revolution started in August 1896 Bonifacio at least planned to give him overall command of all the revolutionary forces in Cavite A draft of the appointment order survives but whether it was dispatched is uncertain 4 He led Filipino forces in several battles against the Spanish army in Cavite and held the rank of general His efforts helped liberate most towns in Cavite from Spanish control within weeks from the start of the revolt 1 He was recognized as the instigator of the revolution in Cavite 5 Rivalry and tension existed between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions over jurisdiction and authority and Alvarez as Magdiwang head invited Bonifacio as Presidente Supremo Supreme President 5 of the Katipunan to meditate over them Bonifacio was seen as partial to the Magdiwang probably due to his kinship ties with Alvarez 6 In their memoirs Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo personages claim that Bonifacio became the head of the Magdiwang receiving the title Hari ng Bayan King of the People with Alvarez as his second in command 4 7 However no documentary sources have been found substantiating these claims 8 Instead it has been suggested that these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of one of Bonifacio s titles Pangulo ng Haring Bayan President of the Sovereign Nation 8 In his own memoirs Santiago Alvarez clearly distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and the Supreme Council of the Katipunan headed by Bonifacio 5 The dispute between the Magdiwang and Magdalo soon involved the issue of command of the revolution The Magdalo called for the abolition of the Katipunan and the establishment of a revolutionary government Bonifacio and the Magdiwang maintained the Katipunan was already their government After losing the internal power struggle to Aguinaldo Bonifacio was executed in 1897 Alvarez was aggrieved by Bonifacio s death and like Emilio Jacinto refused to join the forces of Aguinaldo who had then retreated to Biak na Bato in Bulacan 1 2 Personal life EditThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed July 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message In May 1863 he married Nicolasa Virata y del Rosario their only child Santiago also a revolutionary general was born on July 25 1872 in Imus Later life Edit Mariano Alvarez commemorative plaque The United States of America soon gained control over the Philippines following the Spanish American War and the Philippine American War Alvarez affiliated himself with the pro independence Partido Nacionalista 1901 1907 and was among the signatories of the party s constitution 1 He won election as municipal president of Noveleta from 1901 to 1902 Alvarez joined the nationalist oriented Philippine Independent Church founded by Isabelo de los Reyes and Gregorio Aglipay in 1902 He retired to his farm following his term as municipal president and died on August 25 1924 from chronic rheumatism at the age of 106 1 The municipality of Gen Mariano Alvarez Cavite established in 1981 was named in his honor In popular culture EditPortrayed by Ces Aldabe in the 2012 film El Presidente Portrayed by Jack Love Pacis in the 2013 TV series KatipunanReferences Edit a b c d e f g h i j Mariano M Alvarez Kapampangan Homepage Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2008 a b c d e Reyes Joel M Perez Rodolfo III An Online Guide About the Philippine History Mariano M Alvarez Archived from the original on October 18 2007 Retrieved January 8 2008 Dates of birth and death confirmed by Alvarez s great granddaughter Eloisa B Lucas See Lucas Eloisa B January 2006 Amazon com Mamma and Me Books Eloisa B Lucas ISBN 1420875795 a b Ronquillo Carlos 1996 Isagani Medina ed Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896 1897 Quezon City University of the Philippines Press a b c Alvarez Santiago The Katipunan and the Revolution Memoirs of a General Paula Carolina S Malay translator Ateneo de Manila University Press The Philippine Revolution of 1896 Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times Ateneo de Manila University Press 2001 Aguinaldo Emilio 1964 Mga gunita ng himagsikan Manila a b Quirino Carlos 1969 The Young Aguinaldo From Kawit to Biyak na Bato Manila External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariano Alvarez Mariano M Alvarez Archived from the original on January 16 2008 Retrieved January 8 2008 Reyes Joel M Perez Rodolfo III An Online Guide About the Philippine History Mariano M Alvarez Archived from the original on October 18 2007 Retrieved January 8 2008 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mariano Alvarez amp oldid 1154269197, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
