Yaksha Manibhadra coming from Parkham near Mathura, datable to period 200 BCE – 50 BC[2] The statue is 2.59 meters high. On stylistic grounds and paleographical analysis of the inscription, the statue is datable to the middle of the 2nd century BCE.[3] The inscription says "Made by Gomitaka, a pupil of Kunika. Set up by eight brothers, members of the Manibhadra congregation ("puga")." This inscription thus indicates that the statue represents the Yaksa Manibhadra.[4] According to John Boardman, the hem of the dress is derived from Greek art. Describing a similar statue, John Boardman writes: "It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism". Similar folds can be seen in the Bharhut Yavana.[5]
Parkham Yaksha inscription, paleographically dated to mid-2nd century BCE.[6]
Parkham Yaksha (rear view)
Parkham Yaksha, and detail of the wavy fold pattern of the dress.[7] 150 BCE[8]
Yaksha Manibhadra from Padmavati Pawaya
Manibhadra image at Pawaya
Inscription on the base of the image of Manibhadra at Pawaya.
Yaksha Manibhadra from Padmavati Pawaya. The inscription under the image mentions a group of Manibhadra worshippers.
Both of them are monumental larger than life sculptures, often dated to Maurya or Shunga period. The Parkham Yaksha was used an inspiration by Ram Kinker Baij to carve the Yaksha image that now stands in front of the Reserve Bank of India in Delhi.[9]
Manibhadra was often shown with a bag of money in his hand.[citation needed]
Hinduism
Manibhadra was a son of Kubera and his wife, Bhadra. He had a brother named Nalakuvara. In Ramayana, Manibhadra fought with Ravana to defend Lanka but failed.[10] In the Mahabharata Manibhadra is mentioned along with Kubera as a chief of the yakshas. Arjuna had worshipped him.[11] The Bhagvatam narrates a story about the brothers. Once Manibhadra and Nalakuvara were playing with their respective wife or apsaras in the river Ganges. They were drunk and nude. When god sage, Narada passed by to visit Vishnu, the women covered themselves but the nude brothers were too intoxicated to see the sage and started to boast about themselves. Narada wanted to teach the brothers a lesson and cursed them to be turned into trees and only to be liberated by Vishnu avatar. During Dwapada Yuga, an infant Krishna was tied to a mortar by his mother, Yashoda as a punishment for eating dirt.[12] Krishna crawled with the mortar, however the mortar was stuck between two trees. Krishna using his divine powers uprooted the trees, liberating Nalakuvara and Manigriva from their curse.
Other legends
Another figure with the same name is mentioned to be an avatar of Shiva which he called when he was angry and summoned for warfare. Manibhadra decimated the army of Jalandhara along with Virabhadra, another avatar of Shiva.[13] It is possible that the avatar of Shiva and the chief of the yakshas may be the same Manibhadra but there is no confirmation. Manibhadra is also a god of sea-farers especially merchants venturing out in the sea for business in faraway lands.
Buddhism
In Samyukta Nikaya, Manibhadra is said to reside in the Manimala chaitya in Magadha. Yaksha Manibhadra is invoked in The Exalted Manibhadra’s Dhārani.[14]
Jainism
Manibhadra Temple, Magarwada
Manibhadra Temple, Aglod
In Sūryaprajñapti, a Manibhadra chairya in Mithila is mentioned. Yakshas are referred to in the Harivamsa Purana (783 A.D.) of Jinasena made the beginning of this concept.[15] Among them, Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas and Bahuputrika yakshini have been the most popular. Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas are mentioned a chief of yakshas, Manibhadra of Northern ones and Purnabadra of Southern ones.
Manibhadra still a yaksha worshipped by the Jains, specially those affiliated with the Tapa Gachchha. Three temples are famous for association with Mandibhadra: Ujjain, Aglod (Mehsana) and Magarwada (Banaskantha). Manibhadra Yaksha (or Vira) is a popular demigod among the Jains in Gujarat.[16] His image can take many forms, including unshaped rocks, however in the most common representation, he is shown with a multi-tusked elephant Airavata.[17][18]
^Yaksha cult and iconography, Ram Nath Misra, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1981
^Costumes & Ornaments As Depicted in the Early Sculpture of Gwalior Museum By Sulochana Ayyar, Mittal Publications, Dec 1, 1987, p. 29
^Luders, Heinrich (1961). Mathura Inscriptions. p. 179.
^"A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12 the century" by Upinder Singh p.365
^Bharut Yavana (John Boardman, "The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity", Princeton University Press, 1993, p.112.)
^Luders, Heinrich (1961). Mathura Inscriptions. p. 179.
^Boardman, John (1993). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN0691036802.
^Dated 150 BCE in Fig. 15-17, general comments p.26-27 in Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE - 100 CE. BRILL. ISBN9789004155374.
^Ramayana: King Rama's Way, William Buck, Barend A. Van Nooten, Shirley Triest, University of California Press, Nov 1, 2000, p. 32–33
^Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Roshen Dalal, Penguin Books India, Oct 5, 2011, p. 240
^Prabhupada, His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami; Prabhupada, Disciples of His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami (31 December 1977). Srimad-Bhagavatam, Tenth Canto: The Summum Bonum. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN978-91-7149-643-0.
^"Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic: Part III. The Inferior Deities: Chapter VI. The Asuras".
^THE DHĀRANI OF THE EXALTED MANIBHADRA 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Translated from Tibetan by Erick Tsiknopoulos
^"Symbols, Ceremonies and Practices" by Pramodaben Chitrabhanu
^Yakshraj Shree Manibhadradev, Nandlal B Devluk, Arihant Prakashan, 1997
^Kristi L. Wiley (17 June 2009). The A to Z of Jainism. Scarecrow Press. p. 138. ISBN978-0-8108-6337-8.
^Shah, U. P. (September–December 1982). "Minor Jaina deities". Journal of the Oriental Institute. Baroda: Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. XXXII (1–2): 97–98.
Sources
Mathew, Ammu (2008). ManoramaTell me why No.32. Monorama Press. ISBN978-0-9750-4300-4.
Sutherland, Gail Hinich (1991). The disguises of the demon: the development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism. SUNY Press. ISBN0-7914-0622-9.
February 08, 2023
manibhadra, major, yakshas, popular, deity, ancient, india, propertythe, parkam, yaksha, affiliationmanigriva, kuberaputra, yakshyuvraj, yakshupatiabodealkapurimantraom, yashpati, kubera, putra, namahaweaponspearsymbolpowermountmongoosepersonal, informationpar. Manibhadra is one of the major yakshas He was a popular deity in ancient India ManibhadraGod of PropertyThe Parkam Yaksha Manibhadra AffiliationManigriva Kuberaputra Yakshyuvraj YakshupatiAbodeAlkapuriMantraOm Yashpati Kubera putra Manibhadra NamahaWeaponSpearSymbolpowerMountMongoosePersonal informationParentsKubera father Bhadra mother SiblingsNalakuvaraConsortGandhravkumari Contents 1 Iconography 1 1 Yaksha Manibhadra from Parkham 1 2 Yaksha Manibhadra from Padmavati Pawaya 2 Hinduism 2 1 Other legends 3 Buddhism 4 Jainism 5 See also 6 ReferencesIconography EditSeveral well known images of yaksha Manibhadra have been found 1 The two oldest known image are Yaksha Manibhadra from Parkham Edit Main article Parkham Yaksha Yaksha Manibhadra coming from Parkham near Mathura datable to period 200 BCE 50 BC 2 The statue is 2 59 meters high On stylistic grounds and paleographical analysis of the inscription the statue is datable to the middle of the 2nd century BCE 3 The inscription says Made by Gomitaka a pupil of Kunika Set up by eight brothers members of the Manibhadra congregation puga This inscription thus indicates that the statue represents the Yaksa Manibhadra 4 According to John Boardman the hem of the dress is derived from Greek art Describing a similar statue John Boardman writes It has no local antecedents and looks most like a Greek Late Archaic mannerism Similar folds can be seen in the Bharhut Yavana 5 Parkham Yaksha inscription paleographically dated to mid 2nd century BCE 6 Parkham Yaksha rear view Parkham Yaksha and detail of the wavy fold pattern of the dress 7 150 BCE 8 Yaksha Manibhadra from Padmavati Pawaya Edit Manibhadra image at Pawaya Inscription on the base of the image of Manibhadra at Pawaya Yaksha Manibhadra from Padmavati Pawaya The inscription under the image mentions a group of Manibhadra worshippers Both of them are monumental larger than life sculptures often dated to Maurya or Shunga period The Parkham Yaksha was used an inspiration by Ram Kinker Baij to carve the Yaksha image that now stands in front of the Reserve Bank of India in Delhi 9 Manibhadra was often shown with a bag of money in his hand citation needed Hinduism EditManibhadra was a son of Kubera and his wife Bhadra He had a brother named Nalakuvara In Ramayana Manibhadra fought with Ravana to defend Lanka but failed 10 In the Mahabharata Manibhadra is mentioned along with Kubera as a chief of the yakshas Arjuna had worshipped him 11 The Bhagvatam narrates a story about the brothers Once Manibhadra and Nalakuvara were playing with their respective wife or apsaras in the river Ganges They were drunk and nude When god sage Narada passed by to visit Vishnu the women covered themselves but the nude brothers were too intoxicated to see the sage and started to boast about themselves Narada wanted to teach the brothers a lesson and cursed them to be turned into trees and only to be liberated by Vishnu avatar During Dwapada Yuga an infant Krishna was tied to a mortar by his mother Yashoda as a punishment for eating dirt 12 Krishna crawled with the mortar however the mortar was stuck between two trees Krishna using his divine powers uprooted the trees liberating Nalakuvara and Manigriva from their curse Other legends Edit Another figure with the same name is mentioned to be an avatar of Shiva which he called when he was angry and summoned for warfare Manibhadra decimated the army of Jalandhara along with Virabhadra another avatar of Shiva 13 It is possible that the avatar of Shiva and the chief of the yakshas may be the same Manibhadra but there is no confirmation Manibhadra is also a god of sea farers especially merchants venturing out in the sea for business in faraway lands Buddhism EditIn Samyukta Nikaya Manibhadra is said to reside in the Manimala chaitya in Magadha Yaksha Manibhadra is invoked in The Exalted Manibhadra s Dharani 14 Jainism Edit Manibhadra Temple Magarwada Manibhadra Temple Aglod In Suryaprajnapti a Manibhadra chairya in Mithila is mentioned Yakshas are referred to in the Harivamsa Purana 783 A D of Jinasena made the beginning of this concept 15 Among them Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas and Bahuputrika yakshini have been the most popular Manibhadra and Purnabadra yakshas are mentioned a chief of yakshas Manibhadra of Northern ones and Purnabadra of Southern ones Manibhadra still a yaksha worshipped by the Jains specially those affiliated with the Tapa Gachchha Three temples are famous for association with Mandibhadra Ujjain Aglod Mehsana and Magarwada Banaskantha Manibhadra Yaksha or Vira is a popular demigod among the Jains in Gujarat 16 His image can take many forms including unshaped rocks however in the most common representation he is shown with a multi tusked elephant Airavata 17 18 See also EditYaksha Pancika KuberaReferences Edit Yaksha cult and iconography Ram Nath Misra Munshiram Manoharlal 1981 Costumes amp Ornaments As Depicted in the Early Sculpture of Gwalior Museum By Sulochana Ayyar Mittal Publications Dec 1 1987 p 29 Luders Heinrich 1961 Mathura Inscriptions p 179 A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12 the century by Upinder Singh p 365 Bharut Yavana John Boardman The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity Princeton University Press 1993 p 112 Luders Heinrich 1961 Mathura Inscriptions p 179 Boardman John 1993 The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity Princeton University Press p 112 ISBN 0691036802 Dated 150 BCE in Fig 15 17 general comments p 26 27 in Quintanilla Sonya Rhie 2007 History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura Ca 150 BCE 100 CE BRILL ISBN 9789004155374 Of Art Central Banks and Philistines RBI History Project http www rbi org in History Mis Ane OfArtCentralBankers html Ramayana King Rama s Way William Buck Barend A Van Nooten Shirley Triest University of California Press Nov 1 2000 p 32 33 Hinduism An Alphabetical Guide Roshen Dalal Penguin Books India Oct 5 2011 p 240 Prabhupada His Divine Grace A C Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada Disciples of His Divine Grace A C Bhaktivedanta Swami 31 December 1977 Srimad Bhagavatam Tenth Canto The Summum Bonum The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust ISBN 978 91 7149 643 0 Hindu Mythology Vedic and Puranic Part III The Inferior Deities Chapter VI The Asuras THE DHARANI OF THE EXALTED MANIBHADRA Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Translated from Tibetan by Erick Tsiknopoulos Symbols Ceremonies and Practices by Pramodaben Chitrabhanu Yakshraj Shree Manibhadradev Nandlal B Devluk Arihant Prakashan 1997 Kristi L Wiley 17 June 2009 The A to Z of Jainism Scarecrow Press p 138 ISBN 978 0 8108 6337 8 Shah U P September December 1982 Minor Jaina deities Journal of the Oriental Institute Baroda Oriental Institute Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda XXXII 1 2 97 98 SourcesMathew Ammu 2008 ManoramaTell me why No 32 Monorama Press ISBN 978 0 9750 4300 4 Hopkins Edward Washburn 1915 Epic mythology Strassburg K J Trubner ISBN 0 8426 0560 6 Sutherland Gail Hinich 1991 The disguises of the demon the development of the Yakṣa in Hinduism and Buddhism SUNY Press ISBN 0 7914 0622 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Manibhadra amp oldid 1103297356, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
