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Mangala

April 18, 2023

This article is about Mars in Hindu astrology. For other uses, see Mangala (disambiguation).

Mangala (Sanskrit: मङ्गल, IAST: Maṅgala) is the personification, as well as the name for the planet Mars, in Hindu literature.[2] Also known as Lohita (lit. 'the red one'),[3] he is the celibate deity of anger, aggression, as well as war.[2] According to Vaishnavism, he is the son of Bhumi, the earth goddess, and Vishnu, born when the latter raised her from the depths of the primordial waters in his Varaha avatar.[2][4]

Mangala
God of the planet Mars[1]
Member of Navagraha
Mangala riding on his mount ram
Devanagariमंगल
Sanskrit transliterationMangala
AffiliationGraha, Deva, Vaishnavism
AbodeMangalaloka
PlanetMars
MantraOm Mangala devaya Namah
DayTuesday
ColourRed
MountRam
Personal information
Parents

Nomenclature

Mars (Mangala) is also called:

  • Raktavarna (रक्तवर्ण) - whose color is like blood.[5]
  • Bhauma (भौम) - son of Bhumi.
  • Lohitānga (लोहिताङ्ग) - red bodied (Loha also means Iron, so could also mean Iron Bodied).
  • Kuja (कुज) - he who is born from Earth.
  • Bha (भ) - shining.[6]

Iconography

He is painted red or flame colour, four-armed, carrying a trident (Sanskrit: trishūla), mace (Sanskrit: gadā), lotus (Sanskrit: Padma), and a spear (Sanskrit: shūla). His mount (Sanskrit: vahana) is a ram. He presides over Tuesday.[7]

Legend

See also: Varaha, Bhūmi, and Hiranyaksha

Mangala appears in the narrative of the Varaha avatar of Vishnu. When the king of the asuras, Hiranyaksha, abducts the goddess of the earth, Bhumi, Vishnu assumes his third avatar, and descends upon the earth to rescue her. Observing that the asura had dragged her deep within the primordial waters, he catches the goddess with his tusks, and successfully slays the asura, restoring her to her rightful place in the cosmos. As she rises, Vishnu realises that Bhumi is, in fact, an aspect of his consort, Lakshmi,[8] and proceeds to sport with her, and from this union is born Mangala, meaning the auspicious one.[9]

Literature

The word Mangala is ancient, first appearing in the Rigveda (2nd millennium BCE), and mentioned by grammarian Patanjali (~2nd century BCE), but not as an astrological term, rather to mean "auspicious-successful" (siddha) structure in literary arts. Panini too mentions it in verse I.3.1 in a similar context.[10] In the Vedic texts, states Christopher Minkowski, there is no mention of auspicious rituals, or auspicious start or timing of a ritual, rather the "mangala" as auspicious practices likely emerged in the Indian traditions during the medieval era (after mid 1st millennium CE), thereafter found in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.[11] The ritualistic Mimamsa school of Hinduism did not include any mangala (auspicious) verses, related to plane "Mangala" in any of its text throughout the 1st millennium CE.[11]

The Markandeya Purana contains the astrological Mangala Kavacha Stotram, which includes a prayer to be recited to Mangala for seeking protection.[12]

Astrology and worship

Jyotisha, the tradition of Hindu astrology, includes Mangala in the concept of Nakshatra (see also List of Natchathara temples), Navagraha (see also List of Navagraha temples), and Saptarishi. He is included in the list of Hindu deities, whose dedicated temples are found at various Hindu pilgrimage sites, to which Hindus perform their pilgrimage, called yatra.

Planet

Mangala, as a planet, appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[13] These texts present Mangala as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[13] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[13]

The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Mangala's motion in the skies, but vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.[14][15][16]

The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Mangala, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[17]

Sanskrit and other texts: How many days for Mangala (Mars) to complete its orbit?
Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution[17]
Surya Siddhanta 686 days, 23 hours, 56 minutes, 23.5 seconds
Siddhanta Shiromani 686 days, 23 hours, 57 minutes, 1.5 seconds
Ptolemy 686 days, 23 hours, 31 minutes, 56.1 seconds
20th century calculations 686 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes, 41.4 seconds

Calendar and zodiac

Mangala is the root of the word 'Mangalavara' or Tuesday in the Hindu calendar.[2] The word मंगल also means "auspicious" but the planet मंगल is considered malefic.

Similarly, the names of Tuesday in other Indo-European languages are often derived from the Roman god Mars,[18] (such as the Latin word Martis "Tuesday") or a god ascribed with similar characteristics. The root of the English word Tuesday, for instance, is the old Germanic god of war and victory, Tīw, also known as Týr.[19]

Mangala is part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE.

 
The planet Mars

Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas. The classical planets, including Mars, were referenced in the Atharvaveda from the second millennium BCE. The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia, including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences. The Yavanajataka, or 'Science of the Yavanas', was written by the Indo-Greek named "Yavanesvara" ("Lord of the Greeks") under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I. The Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology. The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the Shaka era with the Saka, or Scythian, people. Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar, which is also called the Saka calendar.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mangala, Maṅgalā, Maṅgala, Mamgala: 45 definitions". 27 September 2008.
  2. ^ a b c d Dalal, Roshen (2010). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin Books India. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-14-341421-6.
  3. ^ Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology: The Nārada-Purāṇa. Motilal Banarsidass. 1982. p. 984.
  4. ^ Williams, George M. (27 March 2008). Handbook of Hindu Mythology. OUP USA. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-533261-2.
  5. ^ Turner, Sir Ralph Lilley (1962). "aṅgāraka 126". A comparative dictionary of the Indo-Aryan languages. London: Oxford University Press. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia, University of Chicago. p. 7. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2010. aṅgāraka 126 aṅgāraka '(hypothetical) red like embers', masculine 'charcoal'. 2. masculine 'the planet Mars'. [áṅgāra -- ]1. Pali aṅgāraka -- 'red like charcoal'; Sanskrit aṅārī 2. Pali aṅgāraka -- masculine 'Mars',; Sanskrit aṅāro masculine Tuesday.
  6. ^ Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 75.
  7. ^ Mythology of the Hindus, Charles Coleman, p. 132
  8. ^ Misra, Munindra; मिश्रा, मुनीन्द्र (4 August 2015). Lord Vishnu & Goddess Lakshmi (in Hindi). Osmora Incorporated. p. 108. ISBN 978-2-7659-1672-7.
  9. ^ Arumugam, Nesa (27 September 2020). Myths and Legends of the Navagraha: The Nine Movers of Destiny in Indian Astrology. Partridge Publishing Singapore. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-5437-6002-6.
  10. ^ Walter Slaje (2008). Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8.
  11. ^ a b Christopher Minkowski (2008). Walter Slaje (ed.). Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 8–24. ISBN 978-3-447-05645-8.
  12. ^ adawal, Shanker. Encyclopedia of Vedic Astrology : Relationship: Marriage, Love & Sex. Sagar Publications. p. 589.
  13. ^ a b c Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. vii–xi. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
  14. ^ Lionel D. Barnett (1994). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. Asian Educational Services. pp. 190–192. ISBN 978-81-206-0530-5.
  15. ^ Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. ix–xi, xxix. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
  16. ^ J Fleet (1911). "Arbhatiya". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society: 794–799.
  17. ^ a b Ebenezer Burgess (1989). P Ganguly, P Sengupta (ed.). Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprint), Original: Yale University Press, American Oriental Society. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-81-208-0612-2.
  18. ^ Richard L. Thompson (2004). Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-208-1954-2.
  19. ^ Linda T. Elkins-Tanton (2006). Mars. Infobase Publishing. pp. v–vi. ISBN 978-1-4381-0726-4.

Further reading

  • Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. SAGE. 4 (1). doi:10.1177/002182867300400102.
  • Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.
  • Yukio Ohashi (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy, Volume 11B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
  • Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend (ISBN 0-500-51088-1) by Anna Dallapiccola

April 18, 2023
mangala, this, article, about, mars, hindu, astrology, other, uses, disambiguation, sanskrit, मङ, गल, iast, maṅgala, personification, well, name, planet, mars, hindu, literature, also, known, lohita, celibate, deity, anger, aggression, well, according, vaishna. This article is about Mars in Hindu astrology For other uses see Mangala disambiguation Mangala Sanskrit मङ गल IAST Maṅgala is the personification as well as the name for the planet Mars in Hindu literature 2 Also known as Lohita lit the red one 3 he is the celibate deity of anger aggression as well as war 2 According to Vaishnavism he is the son of Bhumi the earth goddess and Vishnu born when the latter raised her from the depths of the primordial waters in his Varaha avatar 2 4 MangalaGod of the planet Mars 1 Member of NavagrahaMangala riding on his mount ramDevanagariम गलSanskrit transliterationMangalaAffiliationGraha Deva VaishnavismAbodeMangalalokaPlanetMarsMantraOm Mangala devaya NamahDayTuesdayColourRedMountRamPersonal informationParentsVaraha father Bhudevi mother Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Iconography 3 Legend 4 Literature 5 Astrology and worship 6 Planet 7 Calendar and zodiac 8 See also 9 References 10 Further readingNomenclature EditMars Mangala is also called Raktavarna रक तवर ण whose color is like blood 5 Bhauma भ म son of Bhumi Lohitanga ल ह त ङ ग red bodied Loha also means Iron so could also mean Iron Bodied Kuja क ज he who is born from Earth Bha भ shining 6 Iconography EditHe is painted red or flame colour four armed carrying a trident Sanskrit trishula mace Sanskrit gada lotus Sanskrit Padma and a spear Sanskrit shula His mount Sanskrit vahana is a ram He presides over Tuesday 7 Legend EditSee also Varaha Bhumi and Hiranyaksha Mangala appears in the narrative of the Varaha avatar of Vishnu When the king of the asuras Hiranyaksha abducts the goddess of the earth Bhumi Vishnu assumes his third avatar and descends upon the earth to rescue her Observing that the asura had dragged her deep within the primordial waters he catches the goddess with his tusks and successfully slays the asura restoring her to her rightful place in the cosmos As she rises Vishnu realises that Bhumi is in fact an aspect of his consort Lakshmi 8 and proceeds to sport with her and from this union is born Mangala meaning the auspicious one 9 Literature EditThe word Mangala is ancient first appearing in the Rigveda 2nd millennium BCE and mentioned by grammarian Patanjali 2nd century BCE but not as an astrological term rather to mean auspicious successful siddha structure in literary arts Panini too mentions it in verse I 3 1 in a similar context 10 In the Vedic texts states Christopher Minkowski there is no mention of auspicious rituals or auspicious start or timing of a ritual rather the mangala as auspicious practices likely emerged in the Indian traditions during the medieval era after mid 1st millennium CE thereafter found in Hinduism Buddhism and Jainism 11 The ritualistic Mimamsa school of Hinduism did not include any mangala auspicious verses related to plane Mangala in any of its text throughout the 1st millennium CE 11 The Markandeya Purana contains the astrological Mangala Kavacha Stotram which includes a prayer to be recited to Mangala for seeking protection 12 Astrology and worship EditJyotisha the tradition of Hindu astrology includes Mangala in the concept of Nakshatra see also List of Natchathara temples Navagraha see also List of Navagraha temples and Saptarishi He is included in the list of Hindu deities whose dedicated temples are found at various Hindu pilgrimage sites to which Hindus perform their pilgrimage called yatra Planet EditMangala as a planet appears in various Hindu astronomical texts in Sanskrit such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla 13 These texts present Mangala as one of the planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion 13 Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies 13 The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions present Mangala s motion in the skies but vary in their data suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives 14 15 16 The 1st millennium CE Hindu scholars had estimated the time it took for sidereal revolutions of each planet including Mangala from their astronomical studies with slightly different results 17 Sanskrit and other texts How many days for Mangala Mars to complete its orbit Source Estimated time per sidereal revolution 17 Surya Siddhanta 686 days 23 hours 56 minutes 23 5 secondsSiddhanta Shiromani 686 days 23 hours 57 minutes 1 5 secondsPtolemy 686 days 23 hours 31 minutes 56 1 seconds20th century calculations 686 days 23 hours 30 minutes 41 4 secondsCalendar and zodiac EditMangala is the root of the word Mangalavara or Tuesday in the Hindu calendar 2 The word म गल also means auspicious but the planet म गल is considered malefic Similarly the names of Tuesday in other Indo European languages are often derived from the Roman god Mars 18 such as the Latin word Martis Tuesday or a god ascribed with similar characteristics The root of the English word Tuesday for instance is the old Germanic god of war and victory Tiw also known as Tyr 19 Mangala is part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE The planet Mars Deifying planetary bodies and their astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas The classical planets including Mars were referenced in the Atharvaveda from the second millennium BCE The Navagraha was furthered by additional contributions from Western Asia including Zoroastrian and Hellenistic influences The Yavanajataka or Science of the Yavanas was written by the Indo Greek named Yavanesvara Lord of the Greeks under the rule of the Western Kshatrapa king Rudrakarman I The Yavanajataka written in 120 CE is often attributed to standardizing Indian astrology The Navagraha would further develop and culminate in the Shaka era with the Saka or Scythian people Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar which is also called the Saka calendar See also EditJyotisha Navagraha List of Navagraha temples Nakshatra List of Natchathara temples Saptarishi List of Hindu deities List of Hindu temples List of Hindu pilgrimage sitesReferences Edit Mangala Maṅgala Maṅgala Mamgala 45 definitions 27 September 2008 a b c d Dalal Roshen 2010 Hinduism An Alphabetical Guide Penguin Books India p 240 ISBN 978 0 14 341421 6 Ancient Indian Tradition amp Mythology The Narada Puraṇa Motilal Banarsidass 1982 p 984 Williams George M 27 March 2008 Handbook of Hindu Mythology OUP USA p 86 ISBN 978 0 19 533261 2 Turner Sir Ralph Lilley 1962 aṅgaraka 126 A comparative dictionary of the Indo Aryan languages London Oxford University Press Digital Dictionaries of South Asia University of Chicago p 7 Archived from the original on 15 December 2012 Retrieved 21 February 2010 aṅgaraka 126 aṅgaraka hypothetical red like embers masculine charcoal 2 masculine the planet Mars aṅgara 1 Pali aṅgaraka red like charcoal Sanskrit aṅari 2 Pali aṅgaraka masculine Mars Sanskrit aṅaro masculine Tuesday Gopal Madan 1990 K S Gautam ed India through the ages Publication Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India p 75 Mythology of the Hindus Charles Coleman p 132 Misra Munindra म श र म न न द र 4 August 2015 Lord Vishnu amp Goddess Lakshmi in Hindi Osmora Incorporated p 108 ISBN 978 2 7659 1672 7 Arumugam Nesa 27 September 2020 Myths and Legends of the Navagraha The Nine Movers of Destiny in Indian Astrology Partridge Publishing Singapore p 45 ISBN 978 1 5437 6002 6 Walter Slaje 2008 Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes Otto Harrassowitz Verlag pp 22 24 ISBN 978 3 447 05645 8 a b Christopher Minkowski 2008 Walter Slaje ed Abhandlungen fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes Otto Harrassowitz Verlag pp 8 24 ISBN 978 3 447 05645 8 adawal Shanker Encyclopedia of Vedic Astrology Relationship Marriage Love amp Sex Sagar Publications p 589 a b c Ebenezer Burgess 1989 P Ganguly P Sengupta ed Surya Siddhanta A Text book of Hindu Astronomy Motilal Banarsidass Reprint Original Yale University Press American Oriental Society pp vii xi ISBN 978 81 208 0612 2 Lionel D Barnett 1994 Antiquities of India An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan Asian Educational Services pp 190 192 ISBN 978 81 206 0530 5 Ebenezer Burgess 1989 P Ganguly P Sengupta ed Surya Siddhanta A Text book of Hindu Astronomy Motilal Banarsidass Reprint Original Yale University Press American Oriental Society pp ix xi xxix ISBN 978 81 208 0612 2 J Fleet 1911 Arbhatiya Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland Cambridge University Press for the Royal Asiatic Society 794 799 a b Ebenezer Burgess 1989 P Ganguly P Sengupta ed Surya Siddhanta A Text book of Hindu Astronomy Motilal Banarsidass Reprint Original Yale University Press American Oriental Society pp 26 27 ISBN 978 81 208 0612 2 Richard L Thompson 2004 Vedic Cosmography and Astronomy Motilal Banarsidass p 88 ISBN 978 81 208 1954 2 Linda T Elkins Tanton 2006 Mars Infobase Publishing pp v vi ISBN 978 1 4381 0726 4 Further reading EditPingree David 1973 The Mesopotamian Origin of Early Indian Mathematical Astronomy Journal for the History of Astronomy SAGE 4 1 doi 10 1177 002182867300400102 Pingree David 1981 Jyotihsastra Astral and Mathematical Literature Otto Harrassowitz ISBN 978 3447021654 Yukio Ohashi 1999 Johannes Andersen ed Highlights of Astronomy Volume 11B Springer Science ISBN 978 0 7923 5556 4 Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend ISBN 0 500 51088 1 by Anna Dallapiccola Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mangala amp oldid 1148798992, 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