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Mammoth

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Mammoth (disambiguation).

A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus. They lived from the late Miocene epoch (from around 6.2 million years ago) into the Holocene about 4,000 years ago, and various species existed in Africa, Europe, Asia, and North America. Mammoths are distinguished from living elephants by their (typically large) spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species, the development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments, including a thick layer of fur.

Mammoth
Temporal range: Late Miocene to Late Holocene, 6.2–0.0037 Ma
Columbian mammoth in the Page Museum in Los Angeles.
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Proboscidea
Family: Elephantidae
Subfamily: Elephantinae
Tribe: Elephantini
Genus: †Mammuthus
Brookes, 1828
Type species
†Elephas primigenius[1][2]
Species
Synonyms
  • Archidiskodon Pohling, 1888
  • Parelephas Osborn, 1924
  • Mammonteus

Mammoths are more closely related to Asian elephants than to African elephants. The oldest mammoth representative, Mammuthus subplanifrons, appeared around 6 million years ago during the late Miocene in what is now southern and Eastern Africa.[3] Later in the Pliocene, by about three million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia, eventually covering most of Eurasia before migrating into North America around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, becoming ancestral to the Columbian mammoth (M. columbi). The woolly mammoth (M. primigenius), evolved about 700–400,000 years ago in Siberia, with some surviving on Russia's Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3,700 to 4,000 years ago, still extant during the existence of the earliest civilisations in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia.

Etymology and early observations

According to The American Heritage Dictionary, the word "mammoth" likely originates from *mān-oŋt, a word in the Mansi languages of western Siberia meaning "earth horn", in reference to mammoth tusks.[4]

The word mammoth was first used in Europe during the early 17th century, when referring to maimanto tusks discovered in Siberia,[5] as recorded in the 1618 edition of the Dictionariolum Russico-Anglicum.[6] John Bell, who was on the Ob River in 1722, said that mammoth tusks were well known in the area. They were called "mammon's horn" and were often found in washed-out river banks. Some local people claimed to have seen a living mammoth, but they came out only at night and always disappeared under water when detected. Bell bought one and presented it to Hans Sloan who pronounced it an elephant's tooth.[7]

The folklore of some native peoples of Siberia, who would routinely find mammoth bones, and sometimes frozen mammoth bodies, in eroding river banks, had various interesting explanations for these finds. Among the Khanty people of the Irtysh River basin, a belief existed that the mammoth was some kind of a water spirit. According to other Khanty, the mammoth was a creature that lived underground, burrowing its tunnels as it went, and would die if it accidentally came to the surface.[8] The concept of the mammoth as an underground creature was known to the Chinese, who received some mammoth ivory from the Siberian natives; accordingly, the creature was known in China as yǐn shǔ 隐鼠, "the hidden rodent".[9]

Thomas Jefferson, who famously had a keen interest in paleontology, is partially responsible for transforming the word mammoth from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size. The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a large wheel of cheese (the "Cheshire Mammoth Cheese") given to Jefferson in 1802.[10]

Evolution

The earliest known proboscideans, the clade that contains the elephants, existed about 55 million years ago around the Tethys Sea area. The closest relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians and the hyraxes. The family Elephantidae is known to have existed six million years ago in Africa, and includes the living elephants and the mammoths. Among many now extinct clades, the mastodon is only a distant relative of the mammoths, and part of the separate Mammutidae family, which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved.[11]

The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Mammuthus among other proboscideans, based on hyoid characteristics and genetics:[12][13]

Elephantimorpha

†Mammutidae (mastodons)  

Elephantida

†Gomphotheriidae (gomphotheres)  

Elephantoidea

†Stegodontidae (stegodontids)  

Elephantidae

Loxodonta (African elephants)  

†Palaeoloxodon (straight-tusked elephants)  

Elephas (Asian elephants)  

†Mammuthus (mammoths)  

Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities, it is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies. Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges/lamellae on their molars; the primitive species had few ridges, and the amount increased gradually as new species evolved and replaced the former ones. At the same time, the crowns of the teeth became longer, and the skulls became higher from top to bottom and shorter from the back to the front over time to accommodate this.[14]

The earliest mammoths, assigned to the species Mammuthus subplanifrons, are known from southern and eastern Africa, with the earliest records dating to the Late Miocene, around 6.2–5.3 million years ago.[3] By the Late Pliocene, mammoths had become confined to the northern portions of the African continent with remains from this time assigned to Mammuthus africanavus.[15] During the Late Pliocene, by 3.2 million years ago, mammoths dispersed into Eurasia via the Sinai Peninsula. The earliest mammoths in Eurasia are assigned to the species Mammuthus rumanus.[16] The youngest remains of mammoths in Africa are from Aïn Boucherit, Algeria dating to the Early Pleistocene, around 2.3–2 million years ago (with a possible later record from Aïn Hanech, Algeria, dating to 1.95–1.78 million years ago).[15]

Mammuthus rumanus is thought to be the ancestor of Mammuthus meridionalis, which first appeared at the beginning of the Pleistocene, around 2.6 million years ago.[17] Mammuthus meridionalis subsequently gave rise to Mammuthus trogontherii (the steppe mammoth) in Eastern Asia around 1.7 million years ago. Around 1.5–1.3 million years ago, M. trogontherii crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America, becoming ancestral to Mammuthus columbi (the Columbian mammoth).[18] At the end of the Early Pleistocene Mammuthus trogontherii migrated into Europe, replacing M. meridionalis around 1–0.8 million years ago.[17] Mammuthus primigenius (the woolly mammoth) had evolved from M. trogontherii in Siberia by around 600,000–500,000 years ago, replacing M. trogontherii in Europe by around 200,000 years ago, and migrating into North America during the Late Pleistocene.[19]

A number of dwarf mammoth species, with small body sizes, evolved on islands as a result of insular dwarfism. These include Mammuthus lamarmorai on Sardinia (late Middle-Late Pleistocene),[20] Mammuthus exilis on the Channel Islands of California (Late Pleistocene),[21] and Mammuthus creticus on Crete (Early Pleistocene).[22]

Description

Like living elephants, mammoths typically had large body sizes. The largest known species like Mammuthus meridionalis and Mammuthus trogontherii (the steppe mammoth) were considerably larger than modern elephants, with males reaching heights in the region of 4 m (13.1 ft) at the shoulder and weights of 11 tonnes (12 short tons), while exceptionally large males may have reached 4.5 m (14.8 ft) at the shoulder and 14.3 tonnes (15.8 short tons) in weight.[23] However, woolly mammoths were considerably smaller, only about as large as modern African bush elephants at about 2.3 m to 3.15 m high at the shoulder, and 2.8 to 6 tonnes in weight on average).[23][24] The insular dwarf mammoth species were considerably smaller, with the smallest species M. creticus estimated to have a shoulder height of only around 1 metre (3.3 ft) and a weight of about 180 kilograms (400 lb), making it one of the smallest elephantids known.[23]

Gallery of mammoth skeletons
  •  
    Skeleton of a Mammuthus meridionalis bull, around 4 metres (13 ft) tall
  •  
    Skeleton of a steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) around 3.9 metres (13 ft) tall in front-on (without head) side-on and top-down views
  •  
    Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth (Mammuthus columbi) bull around 3.7 metres (12 ft) tall
  •  
    Two woolly mammoths, including one of the largest, the Siegsdorf mammoth (left, around 3.5 metres (11 ft) tall), and a mature Siberian bull (around 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) metres tall)
 
Molar of the primitive mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis
 
Molar of a woolly mammoth

The number of lamellae (ridge-like structures) on the molars, particularly on the third molars, substantially increased over the course of mammoth evolution. The earliest Eurasian species M. rumanus have around 8-10 lamellae on the third molars,[25] while Late Pleistocene woolly mammoths have 20-28 lamellae on the third molars. These changes also corresponded with reduced enamel thickness and increasing tooth height (hypsodonty).[19] These changes are thought to be adaptations to increasing abrasion resulting from the shift in the diet of mammoths from a browsing based diet in M. rumanus, towards a grazing diet in later species.[26][27]

Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months, and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 2.5 to 15.2 cm (1 to 6 in) per year.[28] The tusks display a strong spiral twisting.[29] Mammoth tusks are among the largest known among proboscideans with some specimens over 4 m (13.1 ft) in length and likely 200 kg (440.9 lb) in weight with some historical reports suggesting tusks of Columbian mammoths could reach lengths of around 5 m (16.4 ft) substantially surpassing the largest known modern elephant tusks.[30]

The heads of mammoths were prominently domed.[31] The first several thoracic vertebrae of mammoths typically had long neural spines.[32] The back was typically sloping, with the body being wider than that of African elephants. The tails of mammoths were relatively short compared to living elephants.[31]

 
Life restoration of a woolly mammoth at Royal BC Museum

While early mammoth species like M. meridionalis were probably relatively hairless, similar to modern elephants,[33] M. primigenius and likely M. trogontherii had a substantial coat of fur, among other physiological adaptations for living in cold environments. Genetic sequencing of M. trogontherii-like mammoths, over 1 million years old from Siberia suggests that they had already developed many of the genetic changes found in woolly mammoths responsible for tolerance of cold conditions.[34] Scientists discovered and studied the remains of a mammoth calf, and found that fat greatly influenced its form, and enabled it to store large amounts of nutrients necessary for survival in temperatures as low as −50 °C (−58 °F).[35] The fat also allowed the mammoths to increase their muscle mass, allowing the mammoths to fight against enemies and live longer.[36] Woolly mammoths evolved a suite of adaptations for arctic life, including morphological traits such as small ears and tails to minimize heat loss, a thick layer of subcutaneous fat, and numerous sebaceous glands for insulation, as well as a large brown-fat hump like deposit behind the neck that may have functioned as a heat source and fat reservoir during winter.[37]

Based on studies of their close relatives, the modern elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst bulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity,[38] with adult males experiencing periods of musth.[39]

Diet

The earliest mammoth species like M. subplanifrons and M. rumanus were mixed feeders (both browsing and grazing) to browsers. Over the course of mammoth evolution in Eurasia, their diet shifted towards mixed feeding-grazing in M. trogontherii culminating in the woolly mammoth, which was largely a grazer, with stomach contents of woolly mammoths suggesting that they largely fed on grass and forbs. M. columbi is thought to have been a mixed feeder.[27]

Relationship with early humans

 
Paleolithic painting of woolly mammoth from the Rouffignac Cave

Evidence that humans interacted with mammoths extends back to around 1.8 million years ago, with a number of bones of Mammuthus meridionalis from the Dmanisi site in Georgia having marks suggested to the result of butchery by archaic humans, likely as a result of scavenging.[40] During the Last Glacial Period, modern humans hunted woolly mammoths,[41] used their remains to create art and tools,[42][41] and depicted them in works of art.[42] Remains of Columbian mammoths at a number of sites suggest that they were hunted by Paleoindians, the first humans to inhabit the Americas.[43] A possible bone engraving of a Columbian mammoth made by Paleoindians is known from Vero Beach, Florida.[44]

Extinction

Further information: Woolly mammoth § Extinction, and Columbian mammoth § Extinction

Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the range of the woolly mammoth began to contract, disappearing from most of Europe by 14,000 years ago.[45] By the Younger Dryas (around 12,900-11,700 years Before Present), woolly mammoths were confined to the northernmost regions of Siberia. This contraction is suggested to have been caused by the warming induced expansion of unfavourable wet tundra and forest environments at the expense of the preferred dry open mammoth steppe, with the possible additional pressure of human hunting. The last woolly mammoths in mainland Siberia became extinct around 10,000 years ago, during the early Holocene.[46] The final extinction of mainland woolly mammoths may have been driven by human hunting.[45] Relict populations survived on Saint Paul island in the Bering Strait until around 5,600 years ago, with their extinction likely due to the degradation of freshwater sources,[47] and on Wrangel Island off the coast of Northeast Siberia until around 4,000 years ago.[46] The last reliable dates of the Columbian mammoth date to around 12,500 years ago.[48] Columbian mammoths became extinct as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions of most large mammals across the Americas approximately simultaneously at the end of the Late Pleistocene.[49] Hunting of Columbian mammoths by Paleoindians may have been a contributory factor in their extinction.[43]

See also

References

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  47. ^ Graham, Russell W.; Belmecheri, Soumaya; Choy, Kyungcheol; Culleton, Brendan J.; Davies, Lauren J.; Froese, Duane; Heintzman, Peter D.; Hritz, Carrie; Kapp, Joshua D.; Newsom, Lee A.; Rawcliffe, Ruth; Saulnier-Talbot, Émilie; Shapiro, Beth; Wang, Yue; Williams, John W. (2016-08-16). "Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (33): 9310–9314. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.9310G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1604903113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4995940. PMID 27482085.
  48. ^ Stuart, Anthony J. "North America: Mastodon, Ground Sloths, and Sabertooth Cats". Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 97.
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Further reading

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammuthus.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Mammuthus.
 
Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopædia article Mammoth.
 
Look up mammoth in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • Bahn, Paul G.; Lister, Adrian (1994). Mammoths. New York: Macmillan USA. ISBN 978-0-02-572985-8.
  • Capelli, C.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Roca, A. L.; Brisighelli, F.; Georgiadis, N.; O'Brien, S. J.; Greenwood, A. D. (2006). "A nuclear DNA phylogeny of the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 (2): 620–627. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.015. PMID 16631387.
  • Conniff, R. (2010). "Mammoths and Mastodons: All American Monsters". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • . COSMOS magazine. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • "National Park Service Findings 'Good News' For Waco Mammoth Site". Baylor University. 2007-03-27. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • Hayes, J. (2006). . COSMOS magazine. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • Keddie, G. (PDF). Royal BC Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-25. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • Levy, S. (2006). "Clashing with Titans". BioScience. 56 (4): 292. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[292:CWT]2.0.CO;2.
  • Martin, Paul (2005). Twilight of the mammoths: ice age extinctions and the rewilding of America. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23141-2.
  • Mercer, Henry Chapman (2010) [1885]. The Lenape Stone: Or The Indian And The Mammoth (1885). Kessinger Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-161-69753-7.
  • Rodgers, J. (2006). "Mammoth skeleton found in Siberia". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  • Stone, Richard G. (2003). Mammoth: The Resurrection of an Ice Age Giant. Fourth Estate Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84115-518-0.

January 01, 1970
mammoth, other, uses, disambiguation, mammoth, species, extinct, elephantid, genus, mammuthus, they, lived, from, late, miocene, epoch, from, around, million, years, into, holocene, about, years, various, species, existed, africa, europe, asia, north, america,. For other uses see Mammoth disambiguation A mammoth is any species of the extinct elephantid genus Mammuthus They lived from the late Miocene epoch from around 6 2 million years ago into the Holocene about 4 000 years ago and various species existed in Africa Europe Asia and North America Mammoths are distinguished from living elephants by their typically large spirally twisted tusks and in at least some later species the development of numerous adaptions to living in cold environments including a thick layer of fur MammothTemporal range Late Miocene to Late Holocene 6 2 0 0037 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Columbian mammoth in the Page Museum in Los Angeles Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Proboscidea Family Elephantidae Subfamily Elephantinae Tribe Elephantini Genus MammuthusBrookes 1828 Type species Elephas primigenius 1 2 Blumenbach 1799 Species M africanavus M columbi M creticus M exilis M lamarmorai M meridionalis M primigenius M rumanus M subplanifrons M trogontherii Synonyms Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 Parelephas Osborn 1924 Mammonteus Mammoths are more closely related to Asian elephants than to African elephants The oldest mammoth representative Mammuthus subplanifrons appeared around 6 million years ago during the late Miocene in what is now southern and Eastern Africa 3 Later in the Pliocene by about three million years ago mammoths dispersed into Eurasia eventually covering most of Eurasia before migrating into North America around 1 5 1 3 million years ago becoming ancestral to the Columbian mammoth M columbi The woolly mammoth M primigenius evolved about 700 400 000 years ago in Siberia with some surviving on Russia s Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until as recently as roughly 3 700 to 4 000 years ago still extant during the existence of the earliest civilisations in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia Contents 1 Etymology and early observations 2 Evolution 3 Description 4 Diet 5 Relationship with early humans 6 Extinction 7 See also 8 References 9 Further readingEtymology and early observationsAccording to The American Heritage Dictionary the word mammoth likely originates from man oŋt a word in the Mansi languages of western Siberia meaning earth horn in reference to mammoth tusks 4 The word mammoth was first used in Europe during the early 17th century when referring to maimanto tusks discovered in Siberia 5 as recorded in the 1618 edition of the Dictionariolum Russico Anglicum 6 John Bell who was on the Ob River in 1722 said that mammoth tusks were well known in the area They were called mammon s horn and were often found in washed out river banks Some local people claimed to have seen a living mammoth but they came out only at night and always disappeared under water when detected Bell bought one and presented it to Hans Sloan who pronounced it an elephant s tooth 7 The folklore of some native peoples of Siberia who would routinely find mammoth bones and sometimes frozen mammoth bodies in eroding river banks had various interesting explanations for these finds Among the Khanty people of the Irtysh River basin a belief existed that the mammoth was some kind of a water spirit According to other Khanty the mammoth was a creature that lived underground burrowing its tunnels as it went and would die if it accidentally came to the surface 8 The concept of the mammoth as an underground creature was known to the Chinese who received some mammoth ivory from the Siberian natives accordingly the creature was known in China as yǐn shǔ 隐鼠 the hidden rodent 9 Thomas Jefferson who famously had a keen interest in paleontology is partially responsible for transforming the word mammoth from a noun describing the prehistoric elephant to an adjective describing anything of surprisingly large size The first recorded use of the word as an adjective was in a description of a large wheel of cheese the Cheshire Mammoth Cheese given to Jefferson in 1802 10 EvolutionThe earliest known proboscideans the clade that contains the elephants existed about 55 million years ago around the Tethys Sea area The closest relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians and the hyraxes The family Elephantidae is known to have existed six million years ago in Africa and includes the living elephants and the mammoths Among many now extinct clades the mastodon is only a distant relative of the mammoths and part of the separate Mammutidae family which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved 11 The following cladogram shows the placement of the genus Mammuthus among other proboscideans based on hyoid characteristics and genetics 12 13 Elephantimorpha Mammutidae mastodons nbsp Elephantida Gomphotheriidae gomphotheres nbsp Elephantoidea Stegodontidae stegodontids nbsp Elephantidae Loxodonta African elephants nbsp Palaeoloxodon straight tusked elephants nbsp Elephas Asian elephants nbsp Mammuthus mammoths nbsp Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities it is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges lamellae on their molars the primitive species had few ridges and the amount increased gradually as new species evolved and replaced the former ones At the same time the crowns of the teeth became longer and the skulls became higher from top to bottom and shorter from the back to the front over time to accommodate this 14 The earliest mammoths assigned to the species Mammuthus subplanifrons are known from southern and eastern Africa with the earliest records dating to the Late Miocene around 6 2 5 3 million years ago 3 By the Late Pliocene mammoths had become confined to the northern portions of the African continent with remains from this time assigned to Mammuthus africanavus 15 During the Late Pliocene by 3 2 million years ago mammoths dispersed into Eurasia via the Sinai Peninsula The earliest mammoths in Eurasia are assigned to the species Mammuthus rumanus 16 The youngest remains of mammoths in Africa are from Ain Boucherit Algeria dating to the Early Pleistocene around 2 3 2 million years ago with a possible later record from Ain Hanech Algeria dating to 1 95 1 78 million years ago 15 Mammuthus rumanus is thought to be the ancestor of Mammuthus meridionalis which first appeared at the beginning of the Pleistocene around 2 6 million years ago 17 Mammuthus meridionalis subsequently gave rise to Mammuthus trogontherii the steppe mammoth in Eastern Asia around 1 7 million years ago Around 1 5 1 3 million years ago M trogontherii crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America becoming ancestral to Mammuthus columbi the Columbian mammoth 18 At the end of the Early Pleistocene Mammuthus trogontherii migrated into Europe replacing M meridionalis around 1 0 8 million years ago 17 Mammuthus primigenius the woolly mammoth had evolved from M trogontherii in Siberia by around 600 000 500 000 years ago replacing M trogontherii in Europe by around 200 000 years ago and migrating into North America during the Late Pleistocene 19 A number of dwarf mammoth species with small body sizes evolved on islands as a result of insular dwarfism These include Mammuthus lamarmorai on Sardinia late Middle Late Pleistocene 20 Mammuthus exilis on the Channel Islands of California Late Pleistocene 21 and Mammuthus creticus on Crete Early Pleistocene 22 DescriptionLike living elephants mammoths typically had large body sizes The largest known species like Mammuthus meridionalis and Mammuthus trogontherii the steppe mammoth were considerably larger than modern elephants with males reaching heights in the region of 4 m 13 1 ft at the shoulder and weights of 11 tonnes 12 short tons while exceptionally large males may have reached 4 5 m 14 8 ft at the shoulder and 14 3 tonnes 15 8 short tons in weight 23 However woolly mammoths were considerably smaller only about as large as modern African bush elephants at about 2 3 m to 3 15 m high at the shoulder and 2 8 to 6 tonnes in weight on average 23 24 The insular dwarf mammoth species were considerably smaller with the smallest species M creticus estimated to have a shoulder height of only around 1 metre 3 3 ft and a weight of about 180 kilograms 400 lb making it one of the smallest elephantids known 23 Gallery of mammoth skeletons nbsp Skeleton of a Mammuthus meridionalis bull around 4 metres 13 ft tall nbsp Skeleton of a steppe mammoth Mammuthus trogontherii around 3 9 metres 13 ft tall in front on without head side on and top down views nbsp Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth Mammuthus columbi bull around 3 7 metres 12 ft tall nbsp Two woolly mammoths including one of the largest the Siegsdorf mammoth left around 3 5 metres 11 ft tall and a mature Siberian bull around 2 7 metres 8 9 ft metres tall nbsp Molar of the primitive mammoth Mammuthus meridionalis nbsp Molar of a woolly mammothThe number of lamellae ridge like structures on the molars particularly on the third molars substantially increased over the course of mammoth evolution The earliest Eurasian species M rumanus have around 8 10 lamellae on the third molars 25 while Late Pleistocene woolly mammoths have 20 28 lamellae on the third molars These changes also corresponded with reduced enamel thickness and increasing tooth height hypsodonty 19 These changes are thought to be adaptations to increasing abrasion resulting from the shift in the diet of mammoths from a browsing based diet in M rumanus towards a grazing diet in later species 26 27 Both sexes bore tusks A first small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18 months by the permanent set Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 2 5 to 15 2 cm 1 to 6 in per year 28 The tusks display a strong spiral twisting 29 Mammoth tusks are among the largest known among proboscideans with some specimens over 4 m 13 1 ft in length and likely 200 kg 440 9 lb in weight with some historical reports suggesting tusks of Columbian mammoths could reach lengths of around 5 m 16 4 ft substantially surpassing the largest known modern elephant tusks 30 The heads of mammoths were prominently domed 31 The first several thoracic vertebrae of mammoths typically had long neural spines 32 The back was typically sloping with the body being wider than that of African elephants The tails of mammoths were relatively short compared to living elephants 31 nbsp Life restoration of a woolly mammoth at Royal BC MuseumWhile early mammoth species like M meridionalis were probably relatively hairless similar to modern elephants 33 M primigenius and likely M trogontherii had a substantial coat of fur among other physiological adaptations for living in cold environments Genetic sequencing of M trogontherii like mammoths over 1 million years old from Siberia suggests that they had already developed many of the genetic changes found in woolly mammoths responsible for tolerance of cold conditions 34 Scientists discovered and studied the remains of a mammoth calf and found that fat greatly influenced its form and enabled it to store large amounts of nutrients necessary for survival in temperatures as low as 50 C 58 F 35 The fat also allowed the mammoths to increase their muscle mass allowing the mammoths to fight against enemies and live longer 36 Woolly mammoths evolved a suite of adaptations for arctic life including morphological traits such as small ears and tails to minimize heat loss a thick layer of subcutaneous fat and numerous sebaceous glands for insulation as well as a large brown fat hump like deposit behind the neck that may have functioned as a heat source and fat reservoir during winter 37 Based on studies of their close relatives the modern elephants mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months resulting in a single calf being born Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants with females living in herds headed by a matriarch whilst bulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity 38 with adult males experiencing periods of musth 39 DietThe earliest mammoth species like M subplanifrons and M rumanus were mixed feeders both browsing and grazing to browsers Over the course of mammoth evolution in Eurasia their diet shifted towards mixed feeding grazing in M trogontherii culminating in the woolly mammoth which was largely a grazer with stomach contents of woolly mammoths suggesting that they largely fed on grass and forbs M columbi is thought to have been a mixed feeder 27 Relationship with early humans nbsp Paleolithic painting of woolly mammoth from the Rouffignac Cave Evidence that humans interacted with mammoths extends back to around 1 8 million years ago with a number of bones of Mammuthus meridionalis from the Dmanisi site in Georgia having marks suggested to the result of butchery by archaic humans likely as a result of scavenging 40 During the Last Glacial Period modern humans hunted woolly mammoths 41 used their remains to create art and tools 42 41 and depicted them in works of art 42 Remains of Columbian mammoths at a number of sites suggest that they were hunted by Paleoindians the first humans to inhabit the Americas 43 A possible bone engraving of a Columbian mammoth made by Paleoindians is known from Vero Beach Florida 44 ExtinctionFurther information Woolly mammoth Extinction and Columbian mammoth Extinction Following the end of the Last Glacial Maximum the range of the woolly mammoth began to contract disappearing from most of Europe by 14 000 years ago 45 By the Younger Dryas around 12 900 11 700 years Before Present woolly mammoths were confined to the northernmost regions of Siberia This contraction is suggested to have been caused by the warming induced expansion of unfavourable wet tundra and forest environments at the expense of the preferred dry open mammoth steppe with the possible additional pressure of human hunting The last woolly mammoths in mainland Siberia became extinct around 10 000 years ago during the early Holocene 46 The final extinction of mainland woolly mammoths may have been driven by human hunting 45 Relict populations survived on Saint Paul island in the Bering Strait until around 5 600 years ago with their extinction likely due to the degradation of freshwater sources 47 and on Wrangel Island off the coast of Northeast Siberia until around 4 000 years ago 46 The last reliable dates of the Columbian mammoth date to around 12 500 years ago 48 Columbian mammoths became extinct as part of the Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions of most large mammals across the Americas approximately simultaneously at the end of the Late Pleistocene 49 Hunting of Columbian mammoths by Paleoindians may have been a contributory factor in their extinction 43 See also nbsp Biology portal nbsp Paleontology portal Genesis 2 0 a documentary Ivory trade La Brea 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T Austin Jeremy J Blonder Benjamin Pilowsky July A Rahbek Carsten Nogues Bravo David January 2022 Coulson Tim ed Process explicit models reveal pathway to extinction for woolly mammoth using pattern oriented validation Ecology Letters 25 1 125 137 Bibcode 2022EcolL 25 125F doi 10 1111 ele 13911 ISSN 1461 023X PMID 34738712 a b Dehasque Marianne Pecnerova Patricia Muller Heloise Tikhonov Alexei Nikolskiy Pavel Tsigankova Valeriya I Danilov Gleb K Diez del Molino David Vartanyan Sergey Dalen Love Lister Adrian M May 2021 Combining Bayesian age models and genetics to investigate population dynamics and extinction of the last mammoths in northern Siberia Quaternary Science Reviews 259 106913 Bibcode 2021QSRv 25906913D doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2021 106913 Graham Russell W Belmecheri Soumaya Choy Kyungcheol Culleton Brendan J Davies Lauren J Froese Duane Heintzman Peter D Hritz Carrie Kapp Joshua D Newsom Lee A Rawcliffe Ruth Saulnier Talbot Emilie Shapiro Beth Wang Yue Williams John W 2016 08 16 Timing and causes of mid Holocene mammoth extinction on St Paul Island Alaska Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 33 9310 9314 Bibcode 2016PNAS 113 9310G doi 10 1073 pnas 1604903113 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 4995940 PMID 27482085 Stuart Anthony J North America Mastodon Ground Sloths and Sabertooth Cats Vanished Giants The Lost World of the Ice Age Chicago IL University of Chicago Press p 97 Faith J Tyler Surovell Todd A 2009 12 08 Synchronous extinction of North America s Pleistocene mammals Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 49 20641 20645 Bibcode 2009PNAS 10620641F doi 10 1073 pnas 0908153106 ISSN 0027 8424 PMC 2791611 PMID 19934040 Further reading nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mammuthus nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Mammuthus nbsp Wikisource has the text of the 1879 American Cyclopaedia article Mammoth nbsp Look up mammoth in Wiktionary the free dictionary Bahn Paul G Lister Adrian 1994 Mammoths New York Macmillan USA ISBN 978 0 02 572985 8 Capelli C MacPhee R D E Roca A L Brisighelli F Georgiadis N O Brien S J Greenwood A D 2006 A nuclear DNA phylogeny of the woolly mammoth Mammuthus primigenius Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 2 620 627 doi 10 1016 j ympev 2006 03 015 PMID 16631387 Conniff R 2010 Mammoths and Mastodons All American Monsters Smithsonian Magazine Retrieved 2012 03 07 Mammoth genome cracked key to cloning COSMOS magazine 2008 Archived from the original on 2012 03 22 Retrieved 2012 03 07 National Park Service Findings Good News For Waco Mammoth Site Baylor University 2007 03 27 Retrieved 2012 03 07 Hayes J 2006 Back from the dead COSMOS magazine Archived from the original on 2012 03 22 Retrieved 2012 03 07 Keddie G The Mammoth Story PDF Royal BC Museum Archived from the original PDF on 2011 12 25 Retrieved 2012 03 07 Levy S 2006 Clashing with Titans BioScience 56 4 292 doi 10 1641 0006 3568 2006 56 292 CWT 2 0 CO 2 Martin Paul 2005 Twilight of the mammoths ice age extinctions and the rewilding of America Berkeley University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 23141 2 Mercer Henry Chapman 2010 1885 The Lenape Stone Or The Indian And The Mammoth 1885 Kessinger Publishing LLC ISBN 978 1 161 69753 7 Rodgers J 2006 Mammoth skeleton found in Siberia BBC News Retrieved 2012 03 07 Stone Richard G 2003 Mammoth The Resurrection of an Ice Age Giant Fourth Estate Ltd ISBN 978 1 84115 518 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mammoth amp oldid 1221993434, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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