Mali (processor)

The Mali series of graphics processing units (GPUs) and multimedia processors are semiconductor intellectual property cores produced by Arm Holdings for licensing in various ASIC designs by Arm partners.

Mali

ARM Cortex A57 A53 big.LITTLE SoC with a Mali-T624 GPU
Release date	2005
Architecture	Utgard Midgard Bifrost Valhall
Models	See Variants
Cores	1-32 cores
Fabrication process	40-4 nm
API support
OpenCL	1.1-2.0
Vulkan	1.0-1.3

Mali GPUs were developed by Falanx Microsystems A/S, which was a spin-off of a research project from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology.^[1] Arm Holdings acquired Falanx Microsystems A/S on June 23, 2006 and renamed the company to Arm Norway.^[2]

Originally named Malaik, the team shortened the name to Mali, Serbo-Croatian for "small", which was thought to be fitting for a mobile GPU.^[3]

Technical details

Like other embedded IP cores for 3D rendering acceleration, the Mali GPU does not include display controllers driving monitors, in contrast to common desktop video cards. Instead, the Mali ARM core is a pure 3D engine that renders graphics into memory and passes the rendered image over to another core to handle display.

ARM does, however, license display controller SIP cores independently of the Mali 3D accelerator SIP block, e.g. Mali DP500, DP550 and DP650.^[4]

ARM also supplies tools to help in authoring OpenGL ES shaders named Mali GPU Shader Development Studio and Mali GPU User Interface Engine.

Display controllers such as the ARM HDLCD display controller are available separately.^[5]

Variants

The Mali core grew out of the cores previously produced by Falanx and currently constitute:

Model	Micro- archi- tecture	Type	Launch date	Shader core count	Fab (nm)	Die size (mm^2)	Core clock rate (MHz)	L2 cache size	Fillrate			GFLOPS (per core)	API (version)
									M△/s	GT/s	(GP/s)		Vulkan	OpenGL ES	OpenCL
Mali-55/110	?	Fixed function pipeline^[6]	2005	1	?	?	?	—	2.8		0.1	?	—	1.1	—
	Utgard^[7]	Programmable pipeline^[6]	2007^[8]	1	?	?	?	—	5		0.2	?		2.0
			2010^[9]	1	40 28	?	500	8 KiB	55		0.5	5
Mali-400 MP			2008	1–4	40 28	?	200–600	8–256 KiB	55		0.5	1.2–5.4
Mali-450 MP			2012	1–8	40 28	?	300–750	8–512 KiB	142		2.6	4.5–11.9
Mali-470 MP			2015	1–4	40 28	?	250–650	8–256 KiB	71		0.65	8–20.8
Mali-T604^[10]	Midgard 1st gen	Unified shader model + SIMD ISA	Nov 2010^[11]	1–4	32 28	?	533	32–256 KiB	90		0.533	17		3.1	Full Profile 1.1
Mali-T658^[10]			Nov 2011^[12]	1–8	?	?	?		?		?
Mali-T622	Midgard 2nd gen		Jun 2013^[13]	1–2	32 28	?	533		?		?	8.5
Mali-T624			Aug 2012	1–4	32 28	?	533–600		?		?	17–19.2
Mali-T628			Aug 2012	1–8	32 28	?	533–695		?		?	17–23.7
Mali-T678^[14]			Aug 2012	1–8	28	?	?		?		?
Mali-T720	Midgard 3rd gen		Oct 2013	1–8	28	?	400–700	32–256 KiB^[15]	650 (MP8@650 MHz)		5.2 (MP8@650 MHz)	6.8–11.9
Mali-T760			Oct 2013	1–16	28 / 14	1.75 mm ^2 per shader core at 14 nm^[16]	600–772	256–2048 KiB^[17]	1300	0.6–12.6 GTexel/s (bilinear)^[18]	10.4	17–26.2	1.0^[19]	3.2^[20]	Full Profile 1.2
Mali-T820	Midgard 4th gen		Q4 2015	1–4	28	?	600	32–256 KiB^[17]	400	?	2.6	10.2
Mali-T830					28	?	600–950	32–256 KiB^[17]	400	?	2.6	20.4–32.3
Mali-T860				1–16	28	?	350–700	256–2048 KiB^[17]	1300	?	10.4	11.9–23.8
Mali-T880			Q2 2016	1–16	16	?	650–1000	256–2048 KiB^[17]	1700	?	13.6	22.1–34
Mali-G31	Bifrost 1st gen	Unified shader model + Unified memory + scalar, clause-based ISA	Q1 2018	1–6 (1 EU per core)^[21]	28 12	?	650	32kB–512kB		?	1.3	10.4	1.3^[22]		Full Profile 2.0
Mali-G51^[23]			Q4 2016	1–6 (1 uni to 3 dual)^[24]	28 16 14 12 10	?	1000			?	3.9
Mali-G71			Q2 2016	1–32	16 14 10	?	546–1037	128–2048 KiB	1850	0.7–24.7 GTexel/s (bilinear)^[25]	27.2	18.56–28.9^[26]
Mali-G52	Bifrost 2nd gen		Q1 2018	1–4 (2 or 3 EU per core)	16 8 7	?	850			?	6.8	27.2 @ 850 MHz per core (2 EU) 40.8 @ 850 MHz per core (3 EU)
Mali-G72			Q2 2017	1–32	16 12 10	1.36 mm ^2 per shader core at 10 nm^[27]	572–1050	128–2048 KiB			27.2	20.55-37.72
Mali-G76	Bifrost 3rd gen		Q2 2018	4–20	12 8 7	?	600–800	512–4096 KiB	?		?	43.2–57.6
Mali-G57	Valhall 1st gen	Superscalar engine + Unified memory + simplified scalar ISA	Q2 2019	1–6	7	?	950^[28]	64–512 KiB	?	?	?	121.6
Mali-G77				7–16	7 6	?	695–850	512–2048 KiB	?	?	?	88.92–108.76
Mali-G68	Valhall 2nd gen		Q2 2020	4–6	6
Mali-G78				7–24	5		759					97.15
Mali-G310	Valhall 3rd gen		Q2 2021	1	4			256–1024 KiB
Mali-G510				2–6	4
Mali-G610				1–6	4			512–2048 KiB
Mali-G710				7–16	4		650-850		2648		92	73.3 @ 650 MHz per core 164.8 @ 850 MHz per core
Mali-G615	Valhall 4th gen		Q2 2022	1–6				512–4096 KiB
Mali-G715				7–9
Immortalis-G715				10–16
Model	Micro- archi- tecture	Type	Launch date	Shader core count	Fab (nm)	Die size (mm^2)	Core clock rate (MHz)	Max L2 cache size	Fillrate (Max core count)			FP32 GFLOPS (per core)	Vulkan	Open GL/ES	Open CL

Some microarchitectures (or just some chips?) support cache coherency for the L2 cache with the CPU.^[29][30]

Adaptive Scalable Texture Compression (ASTC) is supported by Mali-T620, T720/T760, T820/T830/T860/T880^[31] and Mali-G series.

Implementations

The Mali GPU variants can be found in the following systems on chips (SoCs):

Vendor	SoC name	Mali version
Allwinner	Allwinner A1X (A10, A10s, A13)	Mali-400 MP^[32]^[33]^[34] @ 300 MHz
	A20, A23, A33, A64,^[35] H2, H3, H64, R8, R16, R40, R18	Mali-400 MP2^[36] @ 350/350/350/600/600/?/?/?/?/?/? MHz
	H5	Mali-450 MP4
	H6	Mali-T720 MP2
	H313, H616	Mali-G31 MP2
Amlogic	8726-M series (8726-M1, 8726-M3, 8726-M6, 8726-MX)	Mali-400 MP/MP2^[37] @ 250/400 MHz
	8726-M8 series (M801, M802, S801, S802, S812)	Mali-450 MP6^[37] @ 600 MHz
	8726-M8B series (M805, S805)	Mali-450 MP2^[37] @ 500 MHz
	S905, S905X/D/L	Mali-450 MP3 @ 750 MHz
	S905X2, S905X3, S905Y2, S905D2	Mali-G31 MP2
	S912	Mali-T820 MP3 @ 600 MHz
	S922X, A311D	Mali-G52 MP4
	T966	Mali-T830 MP2 @ 650 MHz
Asus	Tinkerboard, Tinkerboard S	Mali-T760
Baikal Electronics	Baikal-M	Mali-T628 MP8^[38]
CSR	Quatro 5300 Series	Mali-400 MP
ELVEES Multicore	1892VM14Ya	Mali-300
InfoTM	iMAP×15	Mali-400
	iMAP×820	Mali-400 MP2
	iMAP×912	Mali-400 MP2
Google	Tensor	Mali-G78 MP20
HiSilicon	Kirin 620	Mali-450 MP4 @ 533 MHz
	Kirin 650/655/658/659	Mali-T830 MP2 @ 900 MHz
	Kirin 710	Mali-G51 MP4 @ 1000 MHz
	Kirin 810	Mali-G52 MP6 @ 820 MHz
	Kirin 820	Mali-G57 MP6 @??? MHz
	Kirin 910/910T	Mali-450 MP4 @ 533/700 MHz
	Kirin 920/925/928	Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/600/? MHz
	Kirin 930/935	Mali-T628 MP4 @ 600/680 MHz
	Kirin 950/955	Mali-T880 MP4 @ 900 MHz
	Kirin 960	Mali-G71 MP8 @ 1037 MHz
	Kirin 970	Mali-G72 MP12 @ 746 MHz
	Kirin 980	Mali-G76 MP10 @ 720 MHz
	Kirin 985	Mali-G77 MP8 @??? MHz
	Kirin 990/990 5G	Mali-G76 MP16 @ 600 MHz
	Kirin 9000 5G/Kirin 9000E 5G	Mali-G78 MP24/22 @ 759 MHz
	Hi3798cv200	Mali-T720 @ 450/600 MHz
Leadcore	LC1810, LC1811, LC1813, LC1913	Mali-400^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]
	LC1860, LC1860C, LC1960	Mali-T628 MP2 @ 600 MHz
MediaTek	MSD6683	Mali-470 MP3
	MT5595, MT5890	Mali-T624 MP3
	MT5596, MT5891	Mali-T860 MP2^[43]
	MT6571, MT6572, MT6572M	Mali-400 MP1 @ ?/500/400 MHz
	MT6580	Mali-400 MP1 @ 500 MHz
	MT6582/MT6582M	Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/416 MHz
	MT6588, MT6591, MT6592, MT6592M, MT8127	Mali-450 MP4 @ 600/700/600/600 MHz^[44]
	MT6735, MT6735M, MT6735P	Mali-T720 MP2 @ 600/500/400 MHz
	MT6737, MT6737T	Mali-T720 MP2 @ 550/600 MHz
	MT8735	Mali-T720 MP2 @ 450 MHz
	MT6753	Mali-T720 MP3 @ 700 MHz^[45]
	MT6732, MT6732M, MT6752, MT6752M	Mali-T760 MP2 @ 500/500/700/700 MHz^[46]
	MT6750	Mali-T860 MP2 @ 520 MHz
	MT6755 (Helio P10/P15/P18)	Mali-T860 MP2 @ 700/650/800 MHz
	MT6757 (Helio P20, P25)	Mali-T880 MP2 @ 900 MHz/1.0 GHz^[47]
	MT6797 (Helio X20/X23/X25/X27)	Mali-T880 MP4 @ 780/850/875 MHz
	MT6763T (Helio P23), MT6758 (Helio P30)	Mali-G71 MP2 @ 770/950 MHz^[48]^[49]
	MT6771 (Helio P60, P70)	Mali-G72 MP3 @ 800/900 MHz^[50]^[51]
	MT6768 (Helio P65), MT6769 (Helio G70/G80/G85/G88)	Mali-G52 MC2 @ 820/950/1000 MHz
	MT6785 (Helio G90/G90T/G95)	Mali-G76 MC4 @ 720/800/900 MHz
	MT6781 (Helio G96), MT6833 (Dimensity 700, 810)	Mali-G57 MC2 @ 850/950 MHz
	MT6853 (Dimensity 720, 800U)	Mali-G57 MC3 @ 850 MHz
	MT6873 (Dimensity 800)	Mali-G57 MC4 @ 650 MHz
	MT6875 (Dimensity 820), MT6883Z (Dimensity 1000C)	Mali-G57 MC5 @ 900 MHz
	MT6877/MT6877T (Dimensity 900/920)	Mali-G68 MC4 @ 900 MHz
	MT6885Z (Dimensity 1000L)	Mali-G77 MC7 @ 695 MHz
	MT6889 (Dimensity 1000/1000+)	Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
	MT6891/MT6893 (Dimensity 1100/1200/1300)	Mali-G77 MC9 @ 850 MHz
	MT8192 (Kompanio 820)	Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
	MT8195/MT8195T (Kompanio 1200/1380)	Mali-G57 MC5 GPU @ ??? MHz
	MT8791 (Kompanio 900T)	Mali-G68 MP4 GPU @ 900 MHz
	MT8797 (Kompanio 1300T)	Mali-G77 MP9 @ 850 MHz
	MT6895 (Dimensity 8000/8100)	Mali-G610 MC6 @ ??? MHz
	MT6983 (Dimensity 9000)	Mali-G710 MP10 @ 850 MHz
NetLogic	Au1380, Au1350	Mali-200^[52]^[53]
Nufront	NS2816, NS2816M	Mali-400 MP
	NS115, TL7688, TL7689	Mali-400 MP2
Realtek	RTD1294, RTD1295, RTD1296	Mali-T820 MP3^[54]
	RTD1395	Mali-470
Rockchip	RK2818	Mali-200
	RK2926, RK2628, RK3036, RK3229	Mali-400 MP @ 400/400/500/600 MHz^[55]
	RK3026, RK3126, RK3128	Mali-400 MP2 @ 500/600/600 MHz
	RK3066, RK3188, RK3188T	Mali-400 MP4 @ 266/533/~400 MHz^[56]^[57]
	RK3288	Mali-T760 MP4 @ 600 MHz
	RK3326	Mali-G31 MP2^[58]^[59]
	RK3328	Mali-450 MP2
	RK3399	Mali-T860 MP4 @ 600 MHz
	RK3530, RK3566, RK3568	Mali-G52^[60]
	RK3588	Mali-G610 MP4^[61]
Samsung	Exynos 3 Quad (3470), Exynos 4 Dual, Quad (4210, 4212 and 4412)	Mali-400 MP4^[62]
	Exynos 5 Dual (5250)	Mali-T604 MP4^[63]
	Exynos 5 Hexa (5260)	Mali-T624 MP3
	Exynos 5 Octa (5420, 5422, 5430 and 5800)	Mali-T628 MP6
	Exynos 5 Hexa (7872)	Mali-G71 MP1 @ 1.2 GHz
	Exynos 7 Octa (5433/7410)	Mali-T760 MP6
	Exynos 7 Octa (7420)	Mali-T760 MP8 @ 772 MHz
	Exynos 7 Quad (7570), Exynos 3 Quad (3475)	Mali-T720 MP1
	Exynos 7 Octa (7580)	Mali-T720 MP2
	Exynos 7 Octa (7870)	Mali-T830 MP1
	Exynos 7 Octa (7880)	Mali-T830 MP3
	Exynos 7 Series 7885	Mali-G71 MP2 @ 1300 MHz
	Exynos 850	Mali-G52 MP1
	Exynos 8 Octa 880	Mali-G76 MP5 @ ???MHz
	Exynos 8 Octa (8890)	Mali-T880 MP10 (Lite) / Mali-T880 MP12 @650 MHz
	Exynos 9 Octa (8895)	Mali-G71 MP20 @ 546 MHz^[64]^[65]
	Exynos 7 Series 9610	Mali-G72 MP3^[66]
	Exynos 9 Series 9810	Mali-G72 MP18 @ 572 MHz^[67]
	Exynos 9 Series 9820/9825	Mali-G76 MP12 @ 702/??? MHz
	Exynos 9 Series 980	Mali-G76 MP5 @ ? MHz
	Exynos 9 Series 990	Mali-G77 MP11 @ 800 MHz
	Exynos 1280	Mali-G68 MP4 @ 1000 MHz
	Exynos 1080	Mali-G78 MP10 @ ?? MHz
	Exynos 2100	Mali-G78 MP14 @ ?? MHz
	S5P6450 Vega	Mali-400 MP^[68]
Sigma Designs	SMP8750 Series	Mali-400 MP4 @ 350 MHz^[69]
Socle-Tech	Leopard-6	Mali-200^[70]
Spreadtrum	SC68xx, SC57xx, SC77xx, SC8xxx, SC983x	Mali-400 MP Series^[71]
	SC9860, SC9860GV	Mali-T880 MP4
ST-Ericsson	NovaThor U9500, U8500, U5500	Mali-400 MP^[72]
STMicroelectronics	SPEAr1340	Mali-200^[73]
	STi7108, STiH416	Mali-400 MP^[74]^[75]
Telechips	TCC8803, TCC8902, TCC8900, TCC9201	Mali-200^[37]^[76]
WonderMedia	WM8750	Mali-200
	WM8850, WM8950	Mali-400 MP^[77]
	WM8880, WM8980	Mali-400 MP2
	WM8860	Mali-450
Xiaomi	Surge S1	Mali-T860 MP4 @ 800 MHz^[78]^[79]
	Surge S2	Mali-G71 MP12 @ 900 MHz (?)^[80]

Mali video processors

Mali Video is the name given to ARM Holdings' dedicated video decoding and video encoding ASIC. There are multiple versions implementing a number of video codecs, such as HEVC, VP9, H.264 and VP8. As with all ARM products, the Mali video processor is a semiconductor intellectual property core licensed to third parties for inclusion in their chips. Real time encode-decode capability is central to videotelephony. An interface to ARM's TrustZone technology is also built-in to enable digital rights management of copyrighted material.

Mali-V500

The first version of a Mali Video processor was the V500, released in 2013 with the Mali-T622 GPU.^[81] The V500 is a multicore design, sporting 1–8 cores, with support for H.264 and a protected video path using ARM TrustZone. The 8 core version is sufficient for 4K video decode at 120 frames per second (fps). The V500 can encode VP8 and H.264, and decode H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8.

Mali-V550

Released with the Mali-T800 GPU, ARM V550 video processors added both encode and decode HEVC support, 10-bit color depth, and technologies to further reduced power consumption.^[82] The V550 also included technology improvements to better handle latency and save bandwidth.^[83] Again built around the idea of a scalable number of cores (1–8) the V550 could support between 1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 cores). The V550 supported HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG encode, and HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, H.263, MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, VP8, JPEG decode.

Mali-V61

The Mali V61 video processor (formerly named Egil) was released with the Mali Bifrost GPU in 2016.^[84][85] V61 has been designed to improve video encoding, in particular HEVC and VP9, and to allow for encoding either a single or multiple streams simultaneously.^[86] The design continues the 1–8 variable core number design, with a single core supporting 1080p60 while 8 cores can drive 4Kp120. It can decode and encode VP9 10-bit, VP9 8-bit, HEVC Main 10, HEVC Main, H.264, VP8, JPEG and decode only MPEG4, MPEG2, VC-1/WMV, Real, H.263.^[87]

Mali-V52

The Mali V52 video processor was released with the Mali G52 and G31 GPUs in March 2018.^[88] The processor is intended to support 4K (including HDR) video on mainstream devices.^[89]

The platform is scalable from 1 to 4 cores and doubles the decode performance relative to V61. It also adds High 10 H.264 encode (Level 5.0) and decode (Level 5.1) capabilities, as well as AVS Part 2 (Jizhun) and Part 16 (AVS+, Guangdian) decode capability for YUV420.^[90]

Mali-V76

The Mali V76 video processor was released with the Mali G76 GPU and Cortex-A76 CPU in 2018.^[91] The V76 was designed to improve video encoding and decoding performance. The design continues the 2–8 variable core number design, with 8 cores capable of 8Kp60 decoding and 8Kp30 encoding. It claims improves HEVC encode quality by 25% relative to Mali-V61 at launch. The AV1 codec is not supported.

Mali-V77

The Mali V77 video processor was released with the Mali G77 GPU and Cortex-A77 CPU in 2019.

Comparison

Mali Video	V500	V550	V61	V52	V76	V77
Announced	June 2, 2013^[92]	October 27, 2014^[93]	October 31, 2016^[94]	March 6, 2018^[95]	May 31, 2018^[91]
Recommended GPU		Mali-T800-series	Mali-G51 Mali-G72	Mali-G31 Mali-G52	Mali-G76	Mali-G77
Recommended DPU	Mali-DP500	Mali-DP550 Mali-DP650	Mali-DP650 Mali-D71	Mali-D52
Memory system	MMU
Bus interface	AMBA 3 AXI AMBA 4 ACE Lite		AMBA AXI	AMBA4 AXI
Performance (enc)	1080p60 (1 core) to 4K120 (8 core)			1080p60 (1 core) to 4K60 (4 core)	1080p60 (1 core) to 8K30 (8 core)
Performance (dec)				1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 4K120 (4 core)	1080p120 / 4K30 (1 core) to 8K60 (8 core)
Decode & encode
H.264 8-bit	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
H.264 10-bit	-	-	-	D & E	D & E	D & E
VP8	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
JPEG	-	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
HEVC Main	-	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
HEVC Main 10	-	D	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
VP9 8-bit	-	-	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
VP9 10-bit	-	-	D & E	D & E	D & E	D & E
AV1	-	-	-	-	-	-

Mali display processors

Mali-D71

The Mali-D71 added Arm Framebuffer Compression (AFBC) 1.2 encoder, support for ARM CoreLink MMU-600 and Assertive Display 5. Assertive Display 5 has support for HDR10 and hybrid log–gamma (HLG).

Mali-D77

The Mali-D77 added features including asynchronous timewarp (ATW), lens distortion correction (LDC), and chromatic aberration correction (CAC). The Mali-D77 is also capable of 3K (2880x1440) @ 120 Hz and 4K @ 90 Hz.^[96]

Mali Display	DP500^[97]^[98]	DP550^[99]	DP650^[100]^[101]	D71^[102]^[103]^[104]	D51	D77^[105]^[106]	D37^[107]
Announced	May 8, 2010	October 27, 2014	January 20, 2016	October 31, 2017	March 6, 2018	May 15, 2019	October 23, 2019
Optimized res	n/a	720p (HD) to 1080p (FHD)	1440p (QHD)	1440p (QHD) to 2160p (UHD/4K)	1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)	2880x1440 @ 120 Hz	1080p (FHD) to 1440p (QHD)
Maximum res	2160p (4K)	2160p (4K)	2160p (4K)	2160p (4K) up to 120fps	4096x2048 up to 60fps	4320x2160 @ 120 Hz
Launched alongside	Cortex-A17 core	Mali-T800 series GPU, V550 Video Processor		CoreLink MMU-600, Assertive Display 5	Mali-G31, Mali-G52, Mali-V52		Ethos-N77, Ethos-N57, Ethos-N37 Mali-G57

Mali Camera

Mali-C71

On April 25, 2017 the Mali-C71 was announced, ARM's first image signal processor (ISP).^{[108][109][110]}

Mali-C52 and Mali-C32

On January 3, 2019 the Mali-C52 and C32 were announced, aimed at everyday devices including drones, smart home assistants and security, and internet protocol (IP) camera.^[111]

Mali-C71AE

On September 29, 2020 the Mali-C71AE image signal processor was introduced, alongside the Cortex-A78AE CPU and Mali-G78AE GPU.^[112] It supports up to 4 real-time cameras or up to 16 virtual cameras with a maximum resolution of 4096 x 4096 each.^[113]

Mali-C55

On June 8, 2022 the Mali-C55 ISP was introduced as successor to the C52.^[114][115] It is the smallest and most configurable image signal processor from Arm, and support up to 8 camera with a max resolution of 48 megapixel each. Arm claims improved tone mapping and spatial noise reduction compared to the C52. Multiple C55 ISPs can be combined to support higher than 48 megapixel resolutions.

Comparison

Mali Camera	C32	C52	C55	C71	C71AE
Announced	January 3, 2019		June 8, 2022^[114]	April 25, 2017	September 29, 2020^[116]
Throughput	600 MP/s		1.2 GP/s
Support cameras	4		8	4 real-time or 16 virtual
Max resolution	4608×3456 (16 MP)		8192×6144 (48 MP)	4096×4096 (16MP)
Bit-depth (dynamic range)			20-bit (20 stops)	24-bit (24 stops)
Channel support	RGGB, RGBlr		RGGB	RGGB, RCCC, RGBIr, RCCB, RCCG	RGGB, RCCC, RCCB, RCCG, RGBIr and RYYCyan
				up to 16 channels
ASIL compliance				ASIL D	ASIL B / SIL 2 ASIL D / SIL 3

The Lima and Panfrost FOSS drivers

See also: Free and open-source device drivers: graphics § ARM

On January 21, 2012, Phoronix reported that Luc Verhaegen was driving a reverse-engineering attempt aimed at the Mali series of GPUs, specifically the Mali 200 and Mali 400 versions. The project was known as Lima and targeted support for OpenGL ES 2.0.^[117] The reverse-engineering project was presented at FOSDEM, February 4, 2012,^[118][119] followed by the opening of a website^[120] demonstrating some renders. On February 2, 2013, Verhaegen demonstrated Quake III Arena in timedemo mode, running on top of the Lima driver.^[121] In May 2018, a Lima developer posted the driver for inclusion in the Linux kernel.^[122] In May 2019, the Lima driver became part of the mainline Linux kernel.^[123] The Mesa userspace counterpart was merged at the same time. It currently supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0 and parts of 2.1, and the fallback emulation in MESA provides full support for graphical desktop environments.^[124]

Panfrost is a reverse-engineered driver effort for Mali Txxx (Midgard) and Gxx (Bifrost) GPUs. Introducing Panfrost^[125] talk was presented at X.Org Developer's Conference 2018. As of May 2019, the Panfrost driver is part of the mainline Linux kernel.^[126] and MESA. Panfrost supports OpenGL ES 2.0, 3.0 and 3.1, as well as OpenGL 3.1.^[127]

See also

• Adreno – GPU developed by Qualcomm (formerly AMD, then Freescale)
• Atom family of SoCs – with Intel graphics core, not licensed to third parties
• AMD mobile APUs – with AMD graphics core, licensed to Samsung^[128]
• PowerVR – by Imagination Technologies
• Tegra – family of SoCs by Nvidia with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
• VideoCore – family of SoCs by Broadcom with the graphics core available as a SIP block to third parties
• Vivante – available as SIP block to third parties
• Imageon – old AMD mobile GPU

References

1. Smith, Ryan. "ARM's Mali Midgard Architecture Explored". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
2. Ltd, Arm. "News – Arm®". Arm | The Architecture for the Digital World.
3. Freddi Jeffries (2016-06-17). "Happy 10th Birthday Mali!". community.arm.com. Arm Limited. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
4. "Initial support for ARM Mali Display Controller". Linux kernel mailing list. 2016-04-01.
5. "DRM: Add support for the ARM HDLCD display controller [LWN.net]".
6. https://static.docs.arm.com/dui0363/d/DUI0363D_opengl_es_app_dev_guide.pdf^{[dead link]}
7. Ltd, Arm. "Graphics and Multimedia – Arm®". Arm | The Architecture for the Digital World. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
8. "ARM's Mali Midgard Architecture Explored".
9. . Archived from the original on 2016-10-13.
10. http://www.khronos.org/assets/uploads/developers/library/2012-pan-pacific-road-show/OpenGL-and-OpenGL-ES-Taiwan_Feb-2012.pdf Khronos Group OpenGL and OpenGL ES Taiwan Feb 2012
11. . Archived from the original on 2016-08-11.
12. . Archived from the original on 2016-08-11.
13. . Archived from the original on 2016-08-12.
14. Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM Announces 8-core 2nd Gen Mali-T600 GPUs". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
15. depending on number of GPU shader core groups
16. "The Samsung Exynos 7420 Deep Dive – Inside A Modern 14nm SoC". AnandTech. Retrieved 2015-06-15.
17. depending on number of shader core groups
18. "Mali GPU: An abstract machine part 3 – The midgard shader core". Arm Community. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
19. "Vulkan – Mali Developer Center". ARM. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
20. Supported as of June 2016 with r12p0 userspace driver
21. Ltd., Arm. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-G31 GPU – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
22. "The Khronos Group". The Khronos Group. 2022-06-28. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
23. Lynch, Doug (31 October 2016). "ARM announces their second Bifrost GPU – the Mali-G51". XDA Developers. Retrieved 31 October 2016.
24. "Mali-G51". developer.arm.com.
25. "The Mali GPU: An Abstract Machine, Part 4 – The Bifrost Shader Core". Arm Community. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
26. "GPU GFLOPS". gflops.surge.sh. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
27. "The Exynos 9810 – Introducing Meerkat". AnandTech. Retrieved 2018-02-28.
28. "MediaTek Dimensity 700". MediaTek. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
29. "Resources and Information" (PDF). ww16.heterogeneouscompute.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
30. http://www.chipdesignmag.com/pallab/2011/06/30/arm-mali-gpu-unifying-graphics-across-platforms/ 2017-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Heterogeneous Computing
31. Ltd, Arm. "Graphics and Multimedia – Arm®". Arm | The Architecture for the Digital World.
32. . Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
33. . Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2012-12-13. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
34. . Allwinner Technology. Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
35. "A64". Linux-sunxi community. November 27, 2019. Retrieved 2022-05-26.
36. "AllWinner Publishes A31 and A20 Processors Details". CNXSoft. December 9, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
37. . web.archive.org. 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
38. . Archived from the original on 2017-09-18. Retrieved 2018-06-02.
39. . Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
40. . Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2015-01-26. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
41. . Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
42. . Leadcore. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
43. "MediaTek MT5596 Digital TV". 2019-08-27.
44. . Archived from the original on November 15, 2014.
45. "MediaTek MT6753 datasheet | Processor Specs | PhoneDB".
46. Hinum, Klaus. "ARM Mali-T760 MP2". Notebookcheck.
47. "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
48. "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
49. "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
50. "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-03-26. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
51. "MediaTek Helio Smartphones, IoT, Automotive & Connectivity". MediaTek. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2018-10-26.
52. . Archived from the original on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
53. "RMI Au1300 Press release".
54. cnxsoft (2017-06-07). "Realtek RTD1296 STB/Media NAS SoC Coming Soon with Multiple Ethernet Ports, Dual SATA, HDMI 2.0 Input and Output". CNXSoft – Embedded Systems News. Retrieved 2019-02-02.
55. . Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
56. Ltd, Arm. "News – Arm®". Arm | The Architecture for the Digital World. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
57. http://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/28nm-quad-core-era-rk3188-144500035.html^{[permanent dead link]}
58. "Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司". www.rock-chips.com. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
59. "Rockchip-瑞芯微电子股份有限公司". www.rock-chips.com. Retrieved 2018-06-14.
60. Aufranc, Jean-Luc (2019-04-24). "RK3588 8K Arm Cortex-A76/A55 SoC, Rockchip Roadmap to 2020". CNXSoft – Embedded Systems News. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
61. "瑞芯微RK3588八核8K旗舰SoC芯片参数简介".
62. (in English) ARM Powered Smartphone Sets New Graphics Benchmark 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine on ARM blog
63. . Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
64. Smith, Ryan. "Samsung Announces Exynos 8895 SoC: 10nm, Mali G71MP20, & LPDDR4x". Retrieved 2017-03-12.
65. Humrick, Matt. "Samsung Galaxy S8 Showdown: Exynos 8895 vs. Snapdragon 835, Performance & Battery Life Tested". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
66. "Exynos 7 Series 9610 Processor: Specs, Features | Samsung Exynos". Samsung Semiconductor. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
67. "Samsung Honored for Outstanding Design and Engineering with 36 CES 2018 Innovation Awards". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
68. . Archived from the original on March 15, 2012.
69. . Archived from the original on 2017-09-20. Retrieved 2017-04-14.
70. "SOCLE Technology CORP". www.socle-tech.com.tw. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
71. Spreadtrum SC8819 2014-12-04 at the Wayback Machine
72. "ST Eric's Son - Mobile App Development Journal". Develop apps with Stericsson. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
73. STMicro SPEAr1340 2012-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
74. STMicro STi7108 Press release
75. STMicro STiH416 Press release
76. 2010, ARM Limited: TCC8900 development board 2011-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
77. . Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2012-02-26.
78. "Hardware.Info Nederland". nl.hardware.info (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-12-06.
79. "Surge S1 – Xiaomi". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
80. "Surge S2 – Xiaomi". Retrieved 2017-12-06.
81. Lal Shimpi, Anand (2 June 2013). "ARM MaliT622 V500 Video Block Complement Cortex A12". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
82. Smith, Ryan (27 October 2014). "ARM Announces Mali V550 Video Processor and Mali P550 Display Processor". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
83. Sims, Gary (27 October 2014). "Mali-T860 GPU headlines new range of integrated media designs from ARM". Android Authority. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
84. Smith, Ryan (16 June 2016). "ARM Announces Mali Egil Video Processor". Anandtech.com. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
85. Smith, Ryan (31 October 2016). "ARM Announces Mali-G51 Mainstream GPU, Mali-V-61 Video Processing Block". Anandtech. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
86. Walrath, Josh (16 June 2016). "ARM Introduces Egil Video Processor: 4K 120 Hz the Top!". TechReport.com. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
87. . ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Archived from the original on 2017-10-14. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
88. Wiggers, Kyle (6 March 2018). "ARM Introduces the Mali-G52/G31 GPUs and the Mali-D51 Display and Mali-V52 Video Processors". Xda Developers. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
89. Tyson, Mark (7 March 2018). "Arm launches Mali-G52 and Mali-G31 mainstream GPUs". Hexus. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
90. "Arm Introduces Mali-G52 & Mali-G31 GPUs, Mali-D51 Display Processor, and Mali-V52 Video Processor for Mainstream Devices". 6 March 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2020.
91. Smith, Ryan (31 May 2018). "ARM Announces Mail-V76 Video Processor". Anandtech. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
92. Shimpi, Anand Lal. "ARM Mali-T622 & V500 Video Block Complement Cortex A12". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
93. Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-V550 Video Processor & Mali-DP550 Display Processor". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
94. Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-G51 Mainstream GPU, Mali-V-61 Video Processing Block". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
95. "Mali-G52". developer.arm.com.
96. Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces Mali D77 Display Processor: Facilitating AR & VR". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
97. "Is the future as good as it used to be?". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
98. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali Display Processors – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
99. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-DP550 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
100. "ARM enables power efficient, enhanced visual experiences on 2.5K and 4K mobile devices with the Mali-DP650 Display Processor". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
101. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-DP650 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
102. "Mali-D71 and the Next Generation Display Solution". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
103. Oh, Nate. "Arm Announces New Mali-D71 Display Processor and IP Blocks". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
104. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali-D71 – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
105. "Introducing the Arm Mali-D77 Display Processor for VR – Graphics and Gaming blog – Graphics and Gaming". Arm Community. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
106. Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces Mali D77 Display Processor: Facilitating AR & VR". Anandtech. Retrieved 2019-05-15.
107. Frumusanu, Andrei. "Arm Announces New Ethos-N57 and N37 NPUs, Mali-G57 Valhall GPU and Mali-D37 DPU". Anandtech. Retrieved 2019-10-24.
108. Smith, Ryan. "ARM Announces Mali-C71: Their First Automotive-Grade Image Signal Processor". Retrieved 2017-11-27.
109. "Mali-C71 driving image processing for automotive". Arm Community. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
110. "Graphics and Multimedia Processors | Mali Camera – Arm Developer". ARM Developer. Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2017-11-27.
111. "A sharper digital eye for intelligent devices". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2019-05-23.
112. "New Arm technologies enable safety-capable computing solutions for an autonomous future". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
113. "Arm Mali-C71AE: High performance ISP with advanced safety". Arm Community. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
114. "Arm introduces new image signal processor to advance vision systems for IoT and embedded markets". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
115. "Arm Mali-C55: Image processing with smallest silicon area and highest performance - Internet of Things (IoT) blog". Arm Community. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
116. "New Arm technologies enable safety-capable computing solutions for an autonomous future". Arm Ltd. Retrieved 2022-06-28.
117. "Announcing The Lima Open-Source GPU Driver". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
118. "An Open-Source, Reverse-Engineered Mali GPU Driver". www.phoronix.com. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
119. "Liberating ARM's Mali GPU". FOSDEM. January 21, 2012. 2012-01-27 at the Wayback Machine
120. . web.archive.org. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
121. "Comments:". Luc Verhaegen. 2013-02-06. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
122. "Lima DRM driver [LWN.net]". lwn.net. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
123. "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
124. "Lima". The Mesa 3D Graphics Library. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
125. Rosenzweig, Alyssa; Abbott, Connor; Paul, Lyude; BiOpen. "Panfrost: A reverse engineered FOSS driver for Mali Midgard and Bifrost GPUs" (PDF).
126. "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
127. "Panfrost". The Mesa 3D Graphics Library. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
128. "AMD and Samsung Announce Strategic Partnership in Ultra Low Power, High Performance Graphics Technologies" (Press release). Seoul, South Korea & Santa Clara, California, USA. 2019-06-03.

External links

• Graphics Processing from ARM website
• Mali Developer Center 2017-01-07 at the Wayback Machine a developer focused site run by ARM
• V500
• V550