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Muktuk

January 01, 1970

Muktuk[1] (transliterated in various ways, see below) is a traditional food of the peoples of the Arctic, consisting of whale skin and blubber. It is most often made from the bowhead whale, although the beluga and the narwhal are also used. It is usually consumed raw, but can also be eaten frozen, cooked,[2] or pickled.[3]

Sliced and prepared muktuk

Methods of preparation edit

 
Canadian Inuit elders sharing muktuk, outside their summer tents, 2002
 
Expedition team of German photographer Ansgar Walk eating muktuk celebrating a young hunter's catch in the Canadian Arctic, 1997

In Greenland, muktuk (mattak) is sold commercially to fish factories,[4] and in Canada (muktaaq) to other communities.[5]

When chewed raw, the blubber becomes oily, with a nutty taste; if not diced, or at least serrated, the skin is quite rubbery.[citation needed]

One account of a 21st century indigenous whale hunt describes the skin and blubber eaten as a snack while the rest of the whale meat is butchered (flensed) for later consumption. When boiled, this snack is known as unaaliq.[6] Raw or cooked, the blubber and skin are served with HP Sauce,[7][8][9][10][11] a British condiment. Muktuk is occasionally finely diced, breaded, deep fried, and then served with soy sauce.[citation needed]

Nutrients and health concerns edit

Muktuk has been found to be a good source of vitamin C, the epidermis containing up to 38 mg per 100 grams (3.5 oz).[12][13] It was used as an antiscorbutic by British Arctic explorers.[14] Blubber is also a source of vitamin D.[15]

Proceedings of the Nutrition Society stated in the 1950s that:

The most important item of food of the Polar Eskimos is the narwhal (Monodon monoceros). [...] The skin (mattak) is greatly relished and tastes like hazel-nuts; it is eaten raw and contains considerable amounts of glycogen and ascorbic acid. The White whale (Delphinupterus leucas) is almost as important...[16]

Contaminants from the industrialised world have made their way to the Arctic marine food web. This poses a health risk to people who eat "country food" (traditional Inuit foodstuffs).[17] As whales grow, mercury accumulates in the liver, kidney, muscle, and blubber, and cadmium settles in the blubber,[18] the same process that makes mercury in fish a health issue for humans. Whale meat also bioaccumulates carcinogens such as PCBs, chemical compounds that damage human nervous, immune and reproductive systems,[19][20] and a variety of other contaminants.[21]

Consumption of muktuk has also been associated with outbreaks of botulism.[22]

Spellings edit

Transliterations of "muktuk", and other terms for the skin and blubber, include:

In some dialects, such as Inuinnaqtun, the word muktuk refers only to the edible parts of the whale's skin and not to the blubber.[26][30]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "muktuk". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.
  2. ^ Stern, Pamela (2009). The A to Z of the Inuit. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8108-6822-9.
  3. ^ . News.travel.aol.com. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 11 September 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2013.
  4. ^ Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter (January 1994). "Distribution, exploitation and population status of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) in West Greenland". Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience. 39: 135–149. doi:10.7146/mogbiosci.v39.142541.
  5. ^ Hoover C, Bailey M, Higdon J, Ferguson SH, Sumalia R (March 2013). "Estimating the Economic Value of Narwhal and Beluga Hunts in Hudson Bay, Nunavut". The Arctic Institute of North America. 66: 1–16.
  6. ^ Zellen, Barry Scott (2008). Breaking the ice : from land claims to tribal sovereignty in the arctic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7391-1941-9. OCLC 183162209.
  7. ^ Zellen, Barry Scott (2008). Breaking the ice : from land claims to tribal sovereignty in the arctic. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. p. 376. ISBN 978-0-7391-1941-9. OCLC 183162209.
  8. ^ Magazine, Tusaayaksat (15 April 2015). Tusaayaksat – Spring 2015. Tusaayaksat Magazine.
  9. ^ Goward, Sydney (10 August 2021). "Exploring Tuktoyaktuk: Pingos, Muktuk, and the Arctic Ocean". My Site. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  10. ^ Boorman ·, Charley (2012). Extreme Frontiers: Racing Across Canada from Newfoundland to the Rockies. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9780748132775.
  11. ^ Research with Arctic Inuit communities : graduate student experiences, lessons and life learnings. Tristan Pearce. Cham, Switzerland. 2021. ISBN 978-3-030-78483-6. OCLC 1265523671.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. ^ Geraci, Joseph R. & Smith, Thomas G. (1979). "Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters From Holman, Northwest Territories" (PDF). Arctic. 32 (2): 135–139. doi:10.14430/arctic2611. JSTOR 40508955.
  13. ^ Fediuk, K.; Hidiroglou, N.; Madère, R.; Kuhnlein, H. V. (2002). "Vitamin C in Inuit Traditional Food and Women's Diets". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 15 (3): 221. doi:10.1006/jfca.2002.1053.
  14. ^ McClintock, Francis Leopold (2012), "CHAPTER XVI", A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and His Companions, Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–322, doi:10.1017/cbo9781139236522.018, ISBN 978-1-139-23652-2
  15. ^ Kuhnlein, H. V.; Barthet, V.; Farren, A.; Falahi, E.; Leggee, D.; Receveur, O.; Berti, P. (2006). "Vitamins A, D, and E in Canadian Arctic traditional food and adult diets". Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 19 (6–7): 495. doi:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.02.007.
  16. ^ Sinclair, H.M. (1953). "The Diet of Canadian Indians and Eskimos". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 12: 69–82. doi:10.1079/PNS19530016. S2CID 71578987.
  17. ^ "Country Food (Inuit Food) in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
  18. ^ Wagemann, R.; Snow, N.B.; Lutz, A.; Scott, D.P. (1983). "Heavy Metals in Tissues and Organs of the Narwhal (Monodon monoceras)". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 40 (S2): s206–s214. doi:10.1139/f83-326.
  19. ^ "Chemical Compounds Found In Whale Blubber Are From Natural Sources, Not Industrial Contamination". 18 February 2005.
  20. ^ "Japan warned on 'contaminated' blubber". BBC News. 24 January 2001. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
  21. ^ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  22. ^ Horowitz, B Zane (2010). "Type E botulism". Clinical Toxicology. 48 (9): 880–895. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.526943. PMID 21171846. S2CID 20417910.
  23. ^ "maktaaq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.
  24. ^ Uqaluktuat: 1980 Elders' Conference, Women's Session ISBN 1-881246-01-9
  25. ^ "maktak". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.
  26. ^ a b Ohokak, G.; M. Kadlun; B. Harnum. Inuinnaqtun-English Dictionary (PDF). Kitikmeot Heritage Society. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  27. ^ "maktaq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.
  28. ^ "mattak". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.
  29. ^ Jacobson, Steven A. (2012). Yup'ik Eskimo Dictionary, 2nd edition 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Alaska Native Language Center.
  30. ^ "edible whale skin". Asuilaak Living Dictionary.

External links edit

 
Look up muktuk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  •   Media related to Maktaq at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
muktuk, transliterated, various, ways, below, traditional, food, peoples, arctic, consisting, whale, skin, blubber, most, often, made, from, bowhead, whale, although, beluga, narwhal, also, used, usually, consumed, also, eaten, frozen, cooked, pickled, sliced,. Muktuk 1 transliterated in various ways see below is a traditional food of the peoples of the Arctic consisting of whale skin and blubber It is most often made from the bowhead whale although the beluga and the narwhal are also used It is usually consumed raw but can also be eaten frozen cooked 2 or pickled 3 Sliced and prepared muktuk Contents 1 Methods of preparation 2 Nutrients and health concerns 3 Spellings 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksMethods of preparation edit nbsp Canadian Inuit elders sharing muktuk outside their summer tents 2002 nbsp Expedition team of German photographer Ansgar Walk eating muktuk celebrating a young hunter s catch in the Canadian Arctic 1997 In Greenland muktuk mattak is sold commercially to fish factories 4 and in Canada muktaaq to other communities 5 When chewed raw the blubber becomes oily with a nutty taste if not diced or at least serrated the skin is quite rubbery citation needed One account of a 21st century indigenous whale hunt describes the skin and blubber eaten as a snack while the rest of the whale meat is butchered flensed for later consumption When boiled this snack is known as unaaliq 6 Raw or cooked the blubber and skin are served with HP Sauce 7 8 9 10 11 a British condiment Muktuk is occasionally finely diced breaded deep fried and then served with soy sauce citation needed Nutrients and health concerns editMuktuk has been found to be a good source of vitamin C the epidermis containing up to 38 mg per 100 grams 3 5 oz 12 13 It was used as an antiscorbutic by British Arctic explorers 14 Blubber is also a source of vitamin D 15 Proceedings of the Nutrition Society stated in the 1950s that The most important item of food of the Polar Eskimos is the narwhal Monodon monoceros The skin mattak is greatly relished and tastes like hazel nuts it is eaten raw and contains considerable amounts of glycogen and ascorbic acid The White whale Delphinupterus leucas is almost as important 16 Contaminants from the industrialised world have made their way to the Arctic marine food web This poses a health risk to people who eat country food traditional Inuit foodstuffs 17 As whales grow mercury accumulates in the liver kidney muscle and blubber and cadmium settles in the blubber 18 the same process that makes mercury in fish a health issue for humans Whale meat also bioaccumulates carcinogens such as PCBs chemical compounds that damage human nervous immune and reproductive systems 19 20 and a variety of other contaminants 21 Consumption of muktuk has also been associated with outbreaks of botulism 22 Spellings editTransliterations of muktuk and other terms for the skin and blubber include Ikiilgin Chukchi Maktaaq ᒪᒃᑖᖅ Siglitun Kivalliq Aivilik North Baffin East Baffin South Baffin 23 Maktak ᒪᒃᑕᒃ Inupiat 24 Siglitun North Baffin 25 Maktaq Inuinnaqtun 26 Natsilingmiutut Inuvialuktun 27 Mattak Labrador Greenland 28 Mangtak Alaskan Yup ik 29 Mungtuk Siberian Yupik Kimaq Alutiiq Sugpiaq In some dialects such as Inuinnaqtun the word muktuk refers only to the edible parts of the whale s skin and not to the blubber 26 30 See also editNalukataq spring whaling festival Marine mammals as food Chukchi cuisineReferences edit muktuk Asuilaak Living Dictionary Stern Pamela 2009 The A to Z of the Inuit Lanham Scarecrow Press p 101 ISBN 978 0 8108 6822 9 10 Weirdest Foods in the World News travel aol com 9 September 2010 Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 Retrieved 11 September 2013 Heide Jorgensen Mads Peter January 1994 Distribution exploitation and population status of white whales Delphinapterus leucas and narwhals Monodon monoceros in West Greenland Meddelelser om Gronland Bioscience 39 135 149 doi 10 7146 mogbiosci v39 142541 Hoover C Bailey M Higdon J Ferguson SH Sumalia R March 2013 Estimating the Economic Value of Narwhal and Beluga Hunts in Hudson Bay Nunavut The Arctic Institute of North America 66 1 16 Zellen Barry Scott 2008 Breaking the ice from land claims to tribal sovereignty in the arctic Lanham MD Lexington Books p 376 ISBN 978 0 7391 1941 9 OCLC 183162209 Zellen Barry Scott 2008 Breaking the ice from land claims to tribal sovereignty in the arctic Lanham MD Lexington Books p 376 ISBN 978 0 7391 1941 9 OCLC 183162209 Magazine Tusaayaksat 15 April 2015 Tusaayaksat Spring 2015 Tusaayaksat Magazine Goward Sydney 10 August 2021 Exploring Tuktoyaktuk Pingos Muktuk and the Arctic Ocean My Site Retrieved 6 April 2022 Boorman Charley 2012 Extreme Frontiers Racing Across Canada from Newfoundland to the Rockies Little Brown Book Group ISBN 9780748132775 Research with Arctic Inuit communities graduate student experiences lessons and life learnings Tristan Pearce Cham Switzerland 2021 ISBN 978 3 030 78483 6 OCLC 1265523671 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link CS1 maint others link Geraci Joseph R amp Smith Thomas G 1979 Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters From Holman Northwest Territories PDF Arctic 32 2 135 139 doi 10 14430 arctic2611 JSTOR 40508955 Fediuk K Hidiroglou N Madere R Kuhnlein H V 2002 Vitamin C in Inuit Traditional Food and Women s Diets Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 15 3 221 doi 10 1006 jfca 2002 1053 McClintock Francis Leopold 2012 CHAPTER XVI A Narrative of the Discovery of the Fate of Sir John Franklin and His Companions Cambridge University Press pp 301 322 doi 10 1017 cbo9781139236522 018 ISBN 978 1 139 23652 2 Kuhnlein H V Barthet V Farren A Falahi E Leggee D Receveur O Berti P 2006 Vitamins A D and E in Canadian Arctic traditional food and adult diets Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 19 6 7 495 doi 10 1016 j jfca 2005 02 007 Sinclair H M 1953 The Diet of Canadian Indians and Eskimos Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 12 69 82 doi 10 1079 PNS19530016 S2CID 71578987 Country Food Inuit Food in Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia www thecanadianencyclopedia ca Retrieved 6 April 2022 Wagemann R Snow N B Lutz A Scott D P 1983 Heavy Metals in Tissues and Organs of the Narwhal Monodon monoceras Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 40 S2 s206 s214 doi 10 1139 f83 326 Chemical Compounds Found In Whale Blubber Are From Natural Sources Not Industrial Contamination 18 February 2005 Japan warned on contaminated blubber BBC News 24 January 2001 Retrieved 31 December 2009 Google Scholar scholar google com Retrieved 18 November 2018 Horowitz B Zane 2010 Type E botulism Clinical Toxicology 48 9 880 895 doi 10 3109 15563650 2010 526943 PMID 21171846 S2CID 20417910 maktaaq Asuilaak Living Dictionary Uqaluktuat 1980 Elders Conference Women s Session ISBN 1 881246 01 9 maktak Asuilaak Living Dictionary a b Ohokak G M Kadlun B Harnum Inuinnaqtun English Dictionary PDF Kitikmeot Heritage Society Retrieved 3 April 2016 maktaq Asuilaak Living Dictionary mattak Asuilaak Living Dictionary Jacobson Steven A 2012 Yup ik Eskimo Dictionary 2nd edition Archived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine Alaska Native Language Center edible whale skin Asuilaak Living Dictionary External links edit nbsp Look up muktuk in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Media related to Maktaq at Wikimedia Commons nbsp Food portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muktuk amp oldid 1217496024, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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