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Majiabang culture

September 19, 2023

The Majiabang culture, formerly also written Ma-chia-pang,[1] was a Chinese Neolithic culture that occupied the Yangtze River Delta, primarily around Lake Tai west of modern Shanghai[a] and north of Hangzhou Bay. The culture spread throughout southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang north of Hangzhou Bay from around 5000 BC to 3300 BC,[2] coexisting with the Hemudu culture in Zhejiang south of the bay.[3] The later part of the period is now considered a separate cultural phase, referred to as the Songze culture.[4] The Majiabang and Songze cultures were succeeded in their area by the Liangzhu culture.

Majiabang culture
Alternative namesMa-chia-pang culture
Geographical rangeZhejiang, China
PeriodNeolithic China
Dates5000–3350 BC
Major sitesWeidun Site
Followed byLiangzhu culture
Chinese name
Chinese馬家浜文化
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinMǎjiābāng wénhuà
Wade–GilesMa-chia-pang Wen-hua

Based on the discoveries of the archaeological findings, archaeologists had raised the statement that Majiabang culture is the origin of the early fishing, hunting and gathering economy in China, and its agriculture was developed, especially for the farming of rice, people living in this period used this as an economic method of production.[5]

Majiabang people cultivated rice. At Caoxieshan and Chuodun, sites of the Majiabang culture, archaeologists excavated paddy fields, indicating the centrality of rice to the economy.[6][7] In addition faunal remains excavated from Majiabang archaeological sites indicated that people had domesticated pigs. However, the remains of sika and roe deer have been found, showing that people were not totally reliant on agricultural production.[8] Archaeological sites also bear evidence that Majiabang people produced jade ornaments.

In the lower stratum of the Songze excavation site in Shanghai's modern day Qingpu District, archaeologists found the prone skeleton of one of the area's earliest inhabitants—a 25–30-year-old male with an almost complete skull dated to the Majiabang era.[9]

Related Cultures Edit

Initially, archaeologists had considered the Majiabang sites and sites in northern Jiangsu to be part of the same culture, naming it the Qingliangang culture [zh]. Archaeologists later realized that the northern Jiangsu sites were of the Dawenkou culture and renamed the southern Jiangsu sites Majiabang culture. Some scholars state that the Hemudu culture co-existed with the Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two.[citation needed] Other scholars group Hemudu in with Majiabang subtraditions.[10]

Environment Edit

The condition of climate in the period was different from the present environment in the same region; it had more annual rainfall with higher temperature. In the period of 7000 to 6500 BP., the annual humid was 1500 to 2000 mm with the average temperature 15 to 18 °C. After that, the average temperature was dropped in 6000 BP, and it was slightly increased in 5500 BP. Since 5300 BP, the temperature has gradually become cooler with the climate change in Northern Europe, Recent Epoch, the Atlantic/ Great Lakes period, and the North Asian period.[11]

Related Sites Edit

 
A Pottery Cooking Stove that has been found at Weidun site.

Weidun Site, one of the most important archaeological discovery of Majiabang Culture was discovered at Weidun village, Changzhou, Jiangsu Province in September 1985. At this site, several artifacts and around 38 burials were uncovered by the archaeological team from the Changzhou Museum and the Department of Anthropology from Zhejiang University.[12] In addition, the deposit of this site is nearly 2 meters and can be separated into six layers, the plougher layer, yellow-brown soil, yellow-green soil, grey-brown soil, grey-black soil and yellow-brown sterile.[13] Among those burials, 33 of them were considered as belonging to the period of Majiabang culture, and those were found below the level of yellow-brown, grey-brown and grey-black soil. However, most of them did not contain grave objects, only 7 burials contained, the tomb M127 which was discovered under the layer of yellow-brown soil was one of them. Inside this tomb, the archaeologists did not find any trace of a coffin or burial pit, instead, they only found a male skeleton lying on his back, lying at a 20-degree angle, and facing east, with a few grave objects that include stone adzes, spindle whorls and ceramic bo-bowls,[14] those finds could reflect its burial culture.

Material Culture Edit

Artifacts Edit

In Majiabang culture, people were already starting to make some artifacts through different materials, especially jade and pottery. They made those objects for different purposes. Those Neolithic artifacts usually represent the combinations of beliefs and economic needs, those also could be seen as the reflections of the owner's social status and identity in the Neolithic period.[15]

Jade Edit

 
Majiabang Jade Jue

Majiabang people made jade for ornamentation. At Weisun Site, a few jade objects were found in the Majiabang Culture deposits, including hue-earrings, huang-pendants, small tube, and other ornaments.[16] For example, a penannular jade ring and semi-annular jade discs, all made from local materials.[17]

Pottery Edit

 
Majiabang red pottery.

In Majiabang culture, all the pottery from the early period and most from the late period was handmade. Compared with the early period, the late period has more types and styles of pottery.[18] People made the pottery objects for utility. For example, pottery, pots, jars, bowls, etc. Those were important in their daily life, like cooking, drinking, and rituals.[19] In the early period, people were using the mud from the bank, firewood that was heaped and the level earth to make the pottery, while in the late period, they started to put the red cover on the pottery.[20] Besides that, those pottery objects also could be used as burial objects, this could be proved through the archaeological discoveries from those tombs.

At Weidun Site, archaeologists discovered a huge number of pottery objects, include fu-cauldrons, guan-pots, ding-tripod, dou-stemmed plates, bo-bowls, and pen-basins, most of them were fine-clay ware, and some were tempered with shell or sand.[21]

Fu-cauldron Edit

Fu-cauldron has three types, include type A, type B and type C. Type A has a wide rim, flared collar and contracted neck, in more detail, this can be divided into two subtypes, Aa without decoration around the rim and Ab with floral border around the rim, while type B has the feature of contracted collar, and curved body.[22]

Guan-pot Edit

While Guan-pot has five types, and most of them were fragments. Type A has the features of round shoulder and contracted neck, in great detail, it can be divided three sub-types, type Aa with flat and straight rim, type Ab with concave rim, type Ac with tine and slightly concave rim. Type B has the features of slim body, sloping shoulders and small flat bottom, it also can be divided into two subtypes, type Ba with tiny and bending rim, type Bb with round rim and flared collar. Type C has the features of narrow rim and short body. Type D has the features of the cattle-nose-like handles, it can be identified into two subtypes as well, type Da with handles on the rim, type Db with handles under the rim. Type E has the features of round ring foot and smaller size, it also can be divided into two subtypes, type Ea with a round belly, type Eb with an angular profile.[23]

Ding Edit

Ding has two types. Type A has the features of cauldron-like body, while type B has the features of pot-like body. In more detail, the legs of ding can be divided into three types, taper in shape, wide flat and long.[24]

Dou-stemmed plate Edit

Unlike others, dou-stemmed plate has two parts, stem part and plate part, each part has different features. For the stem part, it has two types, type A has the features of slim shape, while type B has a chunky shape.[25] For the plate part, it can be identified into three types. Type A has the features of a shallow plat, it can be divided into 2 subtypes, type Aa with contracted collar, type Ab with a flared collar. Type B has the features of deep plate, it can be further divided into two subtypes as well, type Ba with contracted collar, type Bb with flared collar.[26]

Bo-bowl Edit

Bo-bowl can be divided into two types. Type A has the features of wide flared upper body, and type B has contracted upper body.[27]

Pen-basin Edit

Lastly, pen-basin has two types as well. Type A has the features of round belly, and type B has the features of angular profile.[28]

Tools Edit

Based on the archaeological discoveries, Majiabang people used different materials to make tools. Those materials include stone, wood, and bone, antler and teeth, and wood is the major one.[29]

Stone Edit

At Weidun site, archaeologists found a few stone-made objects that were mainly adzes and axes and most of them were polished.[30] For the features of adzes, there are mainly two types. Type A has the features of wide flat shape, while type B has strip shape.[31] Axes had two types as well. Type A has the shape of flat trapezium, while B has the shape of tongue.[32]

Wood Edit

 
Majiabang Wooden Oar

Wood is another important material. At Weidun site, a few large wooden objects were discovered. There are mainly two types, scull and oar. The scull was made by the crassitude log, and its length is 120 cm, while oar has the features of flat and half-ellipse shape with a handle, and its length is shorter than scull, which is ranged from 70 to 90 cm.[33]

Bone, antler and teeth Edit

 
Majiabang antler

A few objects made by bone, antler and teeth also had been discovered at Weidun site that include bone-made degrees and knives, antler-made shoe-shape tool, arrowheads, awls, needles, spears and tube.[34]

Burial Culture Edit

 
The burial sites on Majiabang Site.

The Burial culture could be seen as an important part of this culture, it presents people's beliefs and the ability to produce artifacts in the age of the Neolithic. In the Majiabang period, people had the belief in the afterlife that people's souls should be able to return to where they used to live after death, this could explain those graves from this period usually were found near the settlement. Based on the findings of those graves, experts suggested that people living in the period of 6500 B.P. did not have a specific area to bury, they usually were buried near their settlements with the position of lying sideways with their limbs bent and their heads facing east,[35] like the finding of a male skeleton that lying at a 20-degree angle and facing east on the grave M127[36] at Weidun site. Five hundred years later, their burial culture has been changed that they were buried in separate burial pits in a merged burial area with the position that they were facing down in an elongated position, with the head to the north and the feet to the south.[37]

The Rice Cultivation Edit

 
Carbonised rice grains belong to Majiabang.

The cultivation of rice could be seen as the most significant aspect of Majiabang culture. As experts suggest that the farming of rice in the delta of Yangzi River was beginning at the early period of Majiabang.[38] It was expanded rapidly, although people were relying more on hunting, fishing and gathering.[39] This has been proved through the analysis of the findings from the ancient paddy fields, Luojiajiao (existing in the period 5300 to 4900 cal. BC)[40] was one of the earliest one. At this site, archaeologists unearthed hundreds of carbonised rice chaffs and rice grains, based on the study, half were considered as the cultivated japonica species, while another half belonged to the wild species.[41] At other sites that belonged to the later period ( during the period 5000 to 4300 BC and 4300 to 3500 BC),[42] more rice remains had been discovered. Compared with the earlier periods, the proportion of rice farming was increased, while gathering wild plant foods was decreased.[43]

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Although modern maps are often used to illustrate the range of the Majiabang culture, Pudong and downtown Shanghai were still part of the East China Sea during the culture's existence, with the coastline still located at Xinzhuang in Minhang District.

References Edit

  1. ^ “Majiabang.” In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology, 808–808. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021.
  2. ^ Wang (2001), p. 207.
  3. ^ Long, Tengwen; Taylor, David (November 2015). "A revised chronology for the archaeology of the lower Yangtze, China, based on Bayesian statistical modelling". Journal of Archaeological Science. 63: 116. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2015.08.019. ISSN 0305-4403.
  4. ^ Wang (2001), p. 206.
  5. ^ Wang, Wei-Ming; Ding, Jin-Long; Shu, Jun-Wu; Chen, Wei (November 2010). "Exploration of early rice farming in China". Quaternary International. 227 (1): 23. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.007. ISSN 1040-6182.
  6. ^ Fujiwara, H, ed. (1996). Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation: The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China (in Japanese and Chinese). Miyazaki: Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property.
  7. ^ Fuller, Dorian Q; Qin, Ling (2009). "Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice". World Archaeology. 41 (1): 88–111. doi:10.1080/00438240802668321. S2CID 85087946.
  8. ^ Tsude, Hiroshi (2001). "Yayoi Farmers Reconsidered: New Perspectives on Agricultural Development in East Asia". Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 21 (5): 53–59.
  9. ^ . Qingpu Museum. Shanghai. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2014.
  10. ^ Wang (2001), p. 209.
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  35. ^ Ming, Wang Hai (2001), "Majiabang", Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Boston, MA: Springer US, p. 208, ISBN 978-1-4684-7130-4, retrieved 2022-05-12
  36. ^ "The Weidun Site in Changzhou, Jiangsu in 1985". Chinese Archaeology. 2 (1): 89. 2002-01-01. doi:10.1515/char.2002.2.1.89. ISSN 2160-5068.
  37. ^ Ming, Wang Hai (2001), "Majiabang", Encyclopedia of Prehistory, Boston, MA: Springer US, p. 208, ISBN 978-1-4684-7130-4, retrieved 2022-05-12
  38. ^ Wang, Wei-Ming; Ding, Jin-Long; Shu, Jun-Wu; Chen, Wei (November 2010). "Exploration of early rice farming in China". Quaternary International. 227 (1): 26. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.06.007. ISSN 1040-6182.
  39. ^ Chen, Ting; Ryves, David B.; Wang, Zhanghua; Lewis, Jonathan P.; Yu, Xuening (June 2018). "Mid- to late Holocene geomorphological and hydrological changes in the south Taihu area of the Yangtze delta plain, China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 498: 127. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.03.012. ISSN 0031-0182.
  40. ^ Zhuang, Yijie, "Rice fields, water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain", Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present, UCL Press, p. 95, retrieved 2022-05-12
  41. ^ Zhuang, Yijie, "Rice fields, water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain", Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present, UCL Press, p. 96, retrieved 2022-05-12
  42. ^ Zhuang, Yijie, "Rice fields, water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain", Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present, UCL Press, p. 96, retrieved 2022-05-12
  43. ^ Zhuang, Yijie, "Rice fields, water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain", Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present, UCL Press, p. 96, retrieved 2022-05-12
  • Wang, Haiming (2001), "Majiabang", in Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Martin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Prehistory, vol. 3: East Asia and Oceania, Springer, pp. 206–221, ISBN 978-0-306-46257-3.

Further reading Edit

30°44′09″N 120°42′54″E / 30.73583°N 120.71500°E / 30.73583; 120.71500

September 19, 2023
majiabang, culture, formerly, also, written, chia, pang, chinese, neolithic, culture, that, occupied, yangtze, river, delta, primarily, around, lake, west, modern, shanghai, north, hangzhou, culture, spread, throughout, southern, jiangsu, zhejiang, north, hang. The Majiabang culture formerly also written Ma chia pang 1 was a Chinese Neolithic culture that occupied the Yangtze River Delta primarily around Lake Tai west of modern Shanghai a and north of Hangzhou Bay The culture spread throughout southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang north of Hangzhou Bay from around 5000 BC to 3300 BC 2 coexisting with the Hemudu culture in Zhejiang south of the bay 3 The later part of the period is now considered a separate cultural phase referred to as the Songze culture 4 The Majiabang and Songze cultures were succeeded in their area by the Liangzhu culture Majiabang cultureAlternative namesMa chia pang cultureGeographical rangeZhejiang ChinaPeriodNeolithic ChinaDates5000 3350 BCMajor sitesWeidun SiteFollowed byLiangzhu cultureChinese nameChinese馬家浜文化TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinMǎjiabang wenhuaWade GilesMa chia pang Wen huaBased on the discoveries of the archaeological findings archaeologists had raised the statement that Majiabang culture is the origin of the early fishing hunting and gathering economy in China and its agriculture was developed especially for the farming of rice people living in this period used this as an economic method of production 5 Majiabang people cultivated rice At Caoxieshan and Chuodun sites of the Majiabang culture archaeologists excavated paddy fields indicating the centrality of rice to the economy 6 7 In addition faunal remains excavated from Majiabang archaeological sites indicated that people had domesticated pigs However the remains of sika and roe deer have been found showing that people were not totally reliant on agricultural production 8 Archaeological sites also bear evidence that Majiabang people produced jade ornaments In the lower stratum of the Songze excavation site in Shanghai s modern day Qingpu District archaeologists found the prone skeleton of one of the area s earliest inhabitants a 25 30 year old male with an almost complete skull dated to the Majiabang era 9 Contents 1 Related Cultures 2 Environment 3 Related Sites 4 Material Culture 4 1 Artifacts 4 1 1 Jade 4 1 2 Pottery 4 1 2 1 Fu cauldron 4 1 2 2 Guan pot 4 1 2 3 Ding 4 1 2 4 Dou stemmed plate 4 1 2 5 Bo bowl 4 1 2 6 Pen basin 4 2 Tools 4 2 1 Stone 4 2 2 Wood 4 2 3 Bone antler and teeth 5 Burial Culture 6 The Rice Cultivation 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further readingRelated Cultures EditInitially archaeologists had considered the Majiabang sites and sites in northern Jiangsu to be part of the same culture naming it the Qingliangang culture zh Archaeologists later realized that the northern Jiangsu sites were of the Dawenkou culture and renamed the southern Jiangsu sites Majiabang culture Some scholars state that the Hemudu culture co existed with the Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures with cultural transmissions between the two citation needed Other scholars group Hemudu in with Majiabang subtraditions 10 Environment EditThe condition of climate in the period was different from the present environment in the same region it had more annual rainfall with higher temperature In the period of 7000 to 6500 BP the annual humid was 1500 to 2000 mm with the average temperature 15 to 18 C After that the average temperature was dropped in 6000 BP and it was slightly increased in 5500 BP Since 5300 BP the temperature has gradually become cooler with the climate change in Northern Europe Recent Epoch the Atlantic Great Lakes period and the North Asian period 11 Related Sites Edit nbsp A Pottery Cooking Stove that has been found at Weidun site Weidun Site one of the most important archaeological discovery of Majiabang Culture was discovered at Weidun village Changzhou Jiangsu Province in September 1985 At this site several artifacts and around 38 burials were uncovered by the archaeological team from the Changzhou Museum and the Department of Anthropology from Zhejiang University 12 In addition the deposit of this site is nearly 2 meters and can be separated into six layers the plougher layer yellow brown soil yellow green soil grey brown soil grey black soil and yellow brown sterile 13 Among those burials 33 of them were considered as belonging to the period of Majiabang culture and those were found below the level of yellow brown grey brown and grey black soil However most of them did not contain grave objects only 7 burials contained the tomb M127 which was discovered under the layer of yellow brown soil was one of them Inside this tomb the archaeologists did not find any trace of a coffin or burial pit instead they only found a male skeleton lying on his back lying at a 20 degree angle and facing east with a few grave objects that include stone adzes spindle whorls and ceramic bo bowls 14 those finds could reflect its burial culture Material Culture EditArtifacts Edit In Majiabang culture people were already starting to make some artifacts through different materials especially jade and pottery They made those objects for different purposes Those Neolithic artifacts usually represent the combinations of beliefs and economic needs those also could be seen as the reflections of the owner s social status and identity in the Neolithic period 15 Jade Edit nbsp Majiabang Jade JueMajiabang people made jade for ornamentation At Weisun Site a few jade objects were found in the Majiabang Culture deposits including hue earrings huang pendants small tube and other ornaments 16 For example a penannular jade ring and semi annular jade discs all made from local materials 17 Pottery Edit nbsp Majiabang red pottery In Majiabang culture all the pottery from the early period and most from the late period was handmade Compared with the early period the late period has more types and styles of pottery 18 People made the pottery objects for utility For example pottery pots jars bowls etc Those were important in their daily life like cooking drinking and rituals 19 In the early period people were using the mud from the bank firewood that was heaped and the level earth to make the pottery while in the late period they started to put the red cover on the pottery 20 Besides that those pottery objects also could be used as burial objects this could be proved through the archaeological discoveries from those tombs At Weidun Site archaeologists discovered a huge number of pottery objects include fu cauldrons guan pots ding tripod dou stemmed plates bo bowls and pen basins most of them were fine clay ware and some were tempered with shell or sand 21 Fu cauldron Edit Fu cauldron has three types include type A type B and type C Type A has a wide rim flared collar and contracted neck in more detail this can be divided into two subtypes Aa without decoration around the rim and Ab with floral border around the rim while type B has the feature of contracted collar and curved body 22 Guan pot Edit While Guan pot has five types and most of them were fragments Type A has the features of round shoulder and contracted neck in great detail it can be divided three sub types type Aa with flat and straight rim type Ab with concave rim type Ac with tine and slightly concave rim Type B has the features of slim body sloping shoulders and small flat bottom it also can be divided into two subtypes type Ba with tiny and bending rim type Bb with round rim and flared collar Type C has the features of narrow rim and short body Type D has the features of the cattle nose like handles it can be identified into two subtypes as well type Da with handles on the rim type Db with handles under the rim Type E has the features of round ring foot and smaller size it also can be divided into two subtypes type Ea with a round belly type Eb with an angular profile 23 Ding Edit Ding has two types Type A has the features of cauldron like body while type B has the features of pot like body In more detail the legs of ding can be divided into three types taper in shape wide flat and long 24 Dou stemmed plate Edit Unlike others dou stemmed plate has two parts stem part and plate part each part has different features For the stem part it has two types type A has the features of slim shape while type B has a chunky shape 25 For the plate part it can be identified into three types Type A has the features of a shallow plat it can be divided into 2 subtypes type Aa with contracted collar type Ab with a flared collar Type B has the features of deep plate it can be further divided into two subtypes as well type Ba with contracted collar type Bb with flared collar 26 Bo bowl Edit Bo bowl can be divided into two types Type A has the features of wide flared upper body and type B has contracted upper body 27 Pen basin Edit Lastly pen basin has two types as well Type A has the features of round belly and type B has the features of angular profile 28 Tools Edit Based on the archaeological discoveries Majiabang people used different materials to make tools Those materials include stone wood and bone antler and teeth and wood is the major one 29 Stone Edit At Weidun site archaeologists found a few stone made objects that were mainly adzes and axes and most of them were polished 30 For the features of adzes there are mainly two types Type A has the features of wide flat shape while type B has strip shape 31 Axes had two types as well Type A has the shape of flat trapezium while B has the shape of tongue 32 Wood Edit nbsp Majiabang Wooden OarWood is another important material At Weidun site a few large wooden objects were discovered There are mainly two types scull and oar The scull was made by the crassitude log and its length is 120 cm while oar has the features of flat and half ellipse shape with a handle and its length is shorter than scull which is ranged from 70 to 90 cm 33 Bone antler and teeth Edit nbsp Majiabang antlerA few objects made by bone antler and teeth also had been discovered at Weidun site that include bone made degrees and knives antler made shoe shape tool arrowheads awls needles spears and tube 34 Burial Culture Edit nbsp The burial sites on Majiabang Site The Burial culture could be seen as an important part of this culture it presents people s beliefs and the ability to produce artifacts in the age of the Neolithic In the Majiabang period people had the belief in the afterlife that people s souls should be able to return to where they used to live after death this could explain those graves from this period usually were found near the settlement Based on the findings of those graves experts suggested that people living in the period of 6500 B P did not have a specific area to bury they usually were buried near their settlements with the position of lying sideways with their limbs bent and their heads facing east 35 like the finding of a male skeleton that lying at a 20 degree angle and facing east on the grave M127 36 at Weidun site Five hundred years later their burial culture has been changed that they were buried in separate burial pits in a merged burial area with the position that they were facing down in an elongated position with the head to the north and the feet to the south 37 The Rice Cultivation Edit nbsp Carbonised rice grains belong to Majiabang The cultivation of rice could be seen as the most significant aspect of Majiabang culture As experts suggest that the farming of rice in the delta of Yangzi River was beginning at the early period of Majiabang 38 It was expanded rapidly although people were relying more on hunting fishing and gathering 39 This has been proved through the analysis of the findings from the ancient paddy fields Luojiajiao existing in the period 5300 to 4900 cal BC 40 was one of the earliest one At this site archaeologists unearthed hundreds of carbonised rice chaffs and rice grains based on the study half were considered as the cultivated japonica species while another half belonged to the wild species 41 At other sites that belonged to the later period during the period 5000 to 4300 BC and 4300 to 3500 BC 42 more rice remains had been discovered Compared with the earlier periods the proportion of rice farming was increased while gathering wild plant foods was decreased 43 Notes Edit Although modern maps are often used to illustrate the range of the Majiabang culture Pudong and downtown Shanghai were still part of the East China Sea during the culture s existence with the coastline still located at Xinzhuang in Minhang District References Edit Majiabang In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology 808 808 Cham Springer International Publishing 2021 Wang 2001 p 207 Long Tengwen Taylor David November 2015 A revised chronology for the archaeology of the lower Yangtze China based on Bayesian statistical modelling Journal of Archaeological Science 63 116 doi 10 1016 j jas 2015 08 019 ISSN 0305 4403 Wang 2001 p 206 Wang Wei Ming Ding Jin Long Shu Jun Wu Chen Wei November 2010 Exploration of early rice farming in China Quaternary International 227 1 23 doi 10 1016 j quaint 2010 06 007 ISSN 1040 6182 Fujiwara H ed 1996 Search for the Origin of Rice Cultivation The Ancient Rice Cultivation in Paddy Fields at the Cao Xie Shan Site in China in Japanese and Chinese Miyazaki Society for Scientific Studies on Cultural Property Fuller Dorian Q Qin Ling 2009 Water management and labour in the origins and dispersal of Asian rice World Archaeology 41 1 88 111 doi 10 1080 00438240802668321 S2CID 85087946 Tsude Hiroshi 2001 Yayoi Farmers Reconsidered New Perspectives on Agricultural Development in East Asia Bulletin of the Indo Pacific Prehistory Association 21 5 53 59 The Shanghainese of 6000 Years Ago the Majiabang Culture Qingpu Museum Shanghai Archived from the original on 4 January 2017 Retrieved 24 November 2014 Wang 2001 p 209 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US pp 206 221 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 04 05 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 89 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 89 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 89 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 Fang Xiangming 2020 11 10 The Neolithic Revolution in the South ca 7 6000 2000 bce Majiabang Hemudu Daxi and Songze Cultures The Oxford Handbook of Early China Oxford University Press pp 52 72 retrieved 2022 05 25 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US p 208 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 05 21 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 95 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US p 208 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 05 21 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US p 207 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 05 21 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 95 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 93 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 95 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 91 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 95 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 95 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US p 208 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 05 12 The Weidun Site in Changzhou Jiangsu in 1985 Chinese Archaeology 2 1 89 2002 01 01 doi 10 1515 char 2002 2 1 89 ISSN 2160 5068 Ming Wang Hai 2001 Majiabang Encyclopedia of Prehistory Boston MA Springer US p 208 ISBN 978 1 4684 7130 4 retrieved 2022 05 12 Wang Wei Ming Ding Jin Long Shu Jun Wu Chen Wei November 2010 Exploration of early rice farming in China Quaternary International 227 1 26 doi 10 1016 j quaint 2010 06 007 ISSN 1040 6182 Chen Ting Ryves David B Wang Zhanghua Lewis Jonathan P Yu Xuening June 2018 Mid to late Holocene geomorphological and hydrological changes in the south Taihu area of the Yangtze delta plain China Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 498 127 doi 10 1016 j palaeo 2018 03 012 ISSN 0031 0182 Zhuang Yijie Rice fields water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present UCL Press p 95 retrieved 2022 05 12 Zhuang Yijie Rice fields water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present UCL Press p 96 retrieved 2022 05 12 Zhuang Yijie Rice fields water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present UCL Press p 96 retrieved 2022 05 12 Zhuang Yijie Rice fields water management and agricultural development in the prehistoric Lake Taihu region and the Ningshao Plain Water Societies and Technologies from the Past and Present UCL Press p 96 retrieved 2022 05 12 Wang Haiming 2001 Majiabang in Peregrine Peter N Ember Martin eds Encyclopedia of Prehistory vol 3 East Asia and Oceania Springer pp 206 221 ISBN 978 0 306 46257 3 Further reading EditChang Kwang chih The Archaeology of Ancient China ISBN 0 300 03784 8 30 44 09 N 120 42 54 E 30 73583 N 120 71500 E 30 73583 120 71500 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Majiabang culture amp oldid 1172270050, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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