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Crawford Murray MacLehose, Baron MacLehose of Beoch, KT,GBE,KCMG,KCVO,DL (Chinese: 麥理浩; 16 October 1917 – 27 May 2000), was a British politician, diplomat and the 25th Governor of Hong Kong, from 1971 to 1982. He was the longest-serving governor of the colony, with four successive terms in office.[1]
Murray MacLehose was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in October 1917 as the second child of Hamish Alexander MacLehose and Margaret Bruce Black. He attended Rugby School in 1931 and Balliol College, Oxford.
During World War II, while under the cover of being the British vice-consul, MacLehose[2] trained Chinese guerrillas to operate behind Japanese lines to carry out sabotage.
His career was almost stalled when he left a copy of a confidential telegram in a bank in 1967. The document contained correspondence between then British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and US President Lyndon Johnson concerning the Vietnam War. Another British diplomat was able to recover the telegram before its contents could be leaked. Upon being informed of the potential security breach, Wilson and Brown decided against allowing an investigation into MacLehose error out of appreciation of his abilities and record. This decision likely saved his career,[3] and allowed MacLehose to proceed to his next post as British Ambassador to the Republic of Vietnam in 1967.[3]
MacLehose became Governor of Hong Kong in November 1971. He held the position until May 1982, making him Hong Kong's longest-serving governor: his 10 years and 6 months in office exceeded Sir Alexander Grantham's record by one month. He was widely and affectionately known as "Jock the Sock", in reference both to his Scottish heritage and to his name, 'hose' being a word meaning sock or stocking.
MacLehose stood well over six feet tall. He avoided wearing his gubernatorial uniform, as he felt very ill at ease in it.
A diplomat with a British Labour Party background,[4][page needed] MacLehose introduced a wide range of reforms during his time in office that laid the foundation of modern Hong Kong as a cohesive, self-aware society. He had Chinese recognised as an official language for communication, alongside English. He greatly expanded welfare and set up a massive public housing programme. Under massive public pressure, he created the ICAC to root out corruption. By establishing the District Boards, he greatly improved government accountability.[5] He oversaw the construction of the Mass Transit Railway, Hong Kong's transportation backbone, and other major infrastructure projects. On his watch, community and arts facilities were expanded, and public campaigns, such as against litter and violent crime, were introduced.
These changes required approval from the UK Government Treasury for increased expenditure, and it was against some opposition that, in his first two years in office, Hong Kong government expenditure grew by over 50%.[6]
MacLehose was convinced China would eventually reclaim Hong Kong and opposed any significant move towards constitutional democracy in Hong Kong.[7]
Other notable policies
Other major policies introduced during the MacLehose era included:
The introduction of nine years of compulsory education.[8]
The introduction of the Ten-year Housing Programme in 1972 to alleviate housing problems.[9]
The establishment of satellite 'new towns',[10] such as Sha Tin and Tuen Mun.
The establishment of the Junior Secondary Education Assessment (JSEA) system to increase the number of subsidised places in senior secondary education.[21]
The establishment of Geotechnical Engineering Office (part of Civil Engineering and Development Department) to ensure safeties of slopes and hillside to avoid further loss of lives due to landslides and slips of Sau Mau Ping in 1972 and 1976.[22]
In 1979, MacLehose raised the question of Britain's 99-year lease of the New Territories (an area that encompasses all territories north of Boundary Street on the Kowloon Peninsula), with Deng Xiaoping.[23] The talks, although inconclusive at the time, eventually involved top British Government officials and paved the way for the handover of Hong Kong in its entirety, including those parts ceded to the UK in perpetuity, to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997.
Post-governorship and later life
After his governorship ended in 1982, MacLehose was made a life peer as Baron MacLehose of Beoch, of Maybole in the District of Kyle and Carrick and of Victoria in Hong Kong, later that year. In 1983, MacLehose was made a Knight of the Thistle. In 1992 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) by the University of Hong Kong.[24] When he was 80 years old, he, Sir Edward Heath and Lord Howe, attended the official swearing-in ceremony of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region's Chief Executive on 1 July 1997, which was boycotted by the British Government.[7]
MacLehose died in Ayrshire, Scotland, in May 2000.
The MacLehose Medical Rehabilitation Centre, the MacLehose Dental Centre, the Lady MacLehose Holiday Village, and the Sir Murray MacLehose Trust Fund was also named to commemorate him or his wife
References
^A & C Black (2000). "MacLEHOSE OF BEOCH, Baron". Who Was Who, online edition. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2 May 2012.
^p. 150 The Man Who Loved China by Simon Winchester, 2008
^ abPeter Graff, Mislaid MacLehose cable reveals UK efforts to end Vietnam War 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Standard, 2 November 2007
^The East Asian welfare model: welfare Orientalism and the state by Roger Goodman, Gordon White, and Huck-ju Kwon
^Growing with Hong Kong: the University and its graduates: the first 90 years by University of Hong Kong
^Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts by Amy Tsui and James W. Tollefson
^ abHong Kong's tortuous democratization: a comparative analysis by Ming Sing
^Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depolitization by Wai-man Lam
^Hong Kong, China: growth, structural change, and economic stability during the transition by John Dodsworth and Dubravko Mihaljek
^Rehabilitation: A Life's Work by Harry Fang Sinyang and Lawrence Jeffery
^Understanding the political culture of Hong Kong: the paradox of activism and depoliticization by Wai-Man Lam
^ abcdefgPromoting prosperity: the Hong Kong way of social policy by Catherine M. Jones
^Computer Animation of the 1972 & 76 Sau Mau Ping Landslides on YouTube
^Hurst, Matthew (2022). "Britain's Approach to the Negotiations over the Future of Hong Kong, 1979–1982". The International History Review: 1–16. doi:10.1080/07075332.2021.2024588.
^University of Hong Kong, Honorary Degrees Congregation 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese July 2014 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at zh 麥理浩 see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated zh 麥理浩 to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Crawford Murray MacLehose Baron MacLehose of Beoch KT GBE KCMG KCVO DL Chinese 麥理浩 16 October 1917 27 May 2000 was a British politician diplomat and the 25th Governor of Hong Kong from 1971 to 1982 He was the longest serving governor of the colony with four successive terms in office 1 The Right HonourableThe Lord MacLehose of BeochKT GBE KCMG KCVO DL25th Governor of Hong KongIn office 19 November 1971 8 May 1982MonarchElizabeth IIColonial SecretaryHugh Norman WalkerDenys RobertsChief SecretaryDenys RobertsJack CaterPhilip Haddon CavePreceded byDavid TrenchSucceeded byEdward YoudeMember of the House of LordsLord TemporalIn office 21 May 1982 27 May 2000Life PeerageDiplomatic positionsBritish Ambassador to DenmarkIn office 1969 1971Preceded byOliver WrightSucceeded byAndrew StarkBritish Ambassador to VietnamIn office 1967 1969Preceded byPeter WilkinsonSucceeded byJohn MoretonPersonal detailsBorn 1917 10 16 16 October 1917Glasgow ScotlandDied27 May 2000 2000 05 27 aged 82 Ayrshire ScotlandResting placeAlloway Parish Church ScotlandAlma materBalliol College OxfordProfessionDiplomat colonial administratorChinese nameTraditional Chinese麥理浩Simplified Chinese麦理浩TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinMai LǐhaoYue CantoneseYale RomanizationMahk Leih houhJyutpingMak6 Lei5 hou6A foundation stone laid by Sir Murray MacLehose in Pao Yue Kong Swimming pool Hong Kong Contents 1 Early life and career 2 Governor of Hong Kong 2 1 Other notable policies 2 2 Hong Kong sovereignty negotiations 3 Post governorship and later life 4 Honours and recognition 5 References 6 External linksEarly life and career EditMurray MacLehose was born in Glasgow Scotland in October 1917 as the second child of Hamish Alexander MacLehose and Margaret Bruce Black He attended Rugby School in 1931 and Balliol College Oxford During World War II while under the cover of being the British vice consul MacLehose 2 trained Chinese guerrillas to operate behind Japanese lines to carry out sabotage MacLehose was principal private secretary to Foreign Secretary George Brown in the late 1960s His career was almost stalled when he left a copy of a confidential telegram in a bank in 1967 The document contained correspondence between then British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and US President Lyndon Johnson concerning the Vietnam War Another British diplomat was able to recover the telegram before its contents could be leaked Upon being informed of the potential security breach Wilson and Brown decided against allowing an investigation into MacLehose error out of appreciation of his abilities and record This decision likely saved his career 3 and allowed MacLehose to proceed to his next post as British Ambassador to the Republic of Vietnam in 1967 3 Between this time and 1971 MacLehose served in the British Embassy in Beijing and as Ambassador to Denmark citation needed Governor of Hong Kong EditMacLehose became Governor of Hong Kong in November 1971 He held the position until May 1982 making him Hong Kong s longest serving governor his 10 years and 6 months in office exceeded Sir Alexander Grantham s record by one month He was widely and affectionately known as Jock the Sock in reference both to his Scottish heritage and to his name hose being a word meaning sock or stocking MacLehose stood well over six feet tall He avoided wearing his gubernatorial uniform as he felt very ill at ease in it A diplomat with a British Labour Party background 4 page needed MacLehose introduced a wide range of reforms during his time in office that laid the foundation of modern Hong Kong as a cohesive self aware society He had Chinese recognised as an official language for communication alongside English He greatly expanded welfare and set up a massive public housing programme Under massive public pressure he created the ICAC to root out corruption By establishing the District Boards he greatly improved government accountability 5 He oversaw the construction of the Mass Transit Railway Hong Kong s transportation backbone and other major infrastructure projects On his watch community and arts facilities were expanded and public campaigns such as against litter and violent crime were introduced These changes required approval from the UK Government Treasury for increased expenditure and it was against some opposition that in his first two years in office Hong Kong government expenditure grew by over 50 6 MacLehose was convinced China would eventually reclaim Hong Kong and opposed any significant move towards constitutional democracy in Hong Kong 7 Other notable policies Edit Other major policies introduced during the MacLehose era included The introduction of nine years of compulsory education 8 The introduction of the Ten year Housing Programme in 1972 to alleviate housing problems 9 The establishment of satellite new towns 10 such as Sha Tin and Tuen Mun The establishment of the Country Parks 10 The introduction and approval of a Labour Ordinance 11 The establishment of the social assistance scheme 12 The construction of the Mass Transit Railway 13 An expansion of community facilities 14 The adoption of Chinese as an official language 15 The introduction of paid holidays 16 An increase in social service provision for the elderly 12 The introduction of infirmity and disability allowances 17 The introduction of redundancy payments for workers 16 The introduction of the Home Ownership Scheme to encourage owner occupation 18 The introduction of a major rehabilitation programme for the disabled and disadvantaged 19 An increase in the number of schools and hospitals 20 The introduction of Criminal and Law Enforcement Injuries Compensation 21 The introduction of Traffic Accident Victims Assistance 21 The introduction of special needs allowances for the elderly 21 The introduction of sickness allowances for eligible manual and lower paid non manual workers 21 The introduction of weekly rest days 21 The introduction of Labour Tribunals 21 The establishment of the Junior Secondary Education Assessment JSEA system to increase the number of subsidised places in senior secondary education 21 The establishment of Geotechnical Engineering Office part of Civil Engineering and Development Department to ensure safeties of slopes and hillside to avoid further loss of lives due to landslides and slips of Sau Mau Ping in 1972 and 1976 22 The establishment of the Jubilee Sports Centre The establishment of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing ArtsHong Kong sovereignty negotiations Edit Main article Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong In 1979 MacLehose raised the question of Britain s 99 year lease of the New Territories an area that encompasses all territories north of Boundary Street on the Kowloon Peninsula with Deng Xiaoping 23 The talks although inconclusive at the time eventually involved top British Government officials and paved the way for the handover of Hong Kong in its entirety including those parts ceded to the UK in perpetuity to the People s Republic of China on 1 July 1997 Post governorship and later life EditAfter his governorship ended in 1982 MacLehose was made a life peer as Baron MacLehose of Beoch of Maybole in the District of Kyle and Carrick and of Victoria in Hong Kong later that year In 1983 MacLehose was made a Knight of the Thistle In 1992 he was awarded an honorary doctorate LLD by the University of Hong Kong 24 When he was 80 years old he Sir Edward Heath and Lord Howe attended the official swearing in ceremony of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region s Chief Executive on 1 July 1997 which was boycotted by the British Government 7 MacLehose died in Ayrshire Scotland in May 2000 Honours and recognition EditMember of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire MBE 1946 25 Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George CMG 1964 26 Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George KCMG 1971 27 HKnight of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem KStJ 1972 28 Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order KCVO 1975 29 Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire GBE 1976 30 Life Peerage 1982 Barony of MacLehose of Beoch of Maybole in the District of Kyle and Carrick and of Victoria in Hong Kong 31 Knight of the Thistle KT 1983 32 Honorary Doctor of Laws University of Hong Kong The 100 kilometre MacLehose Trail stretching from Sai Kung Peninsula to Tuen Mun in the New Territories was named after him Maclehose was an enthusiastic hiker The MacLehose Medical Rehabilitation Centre the MacLehose Dental Centre the Lady MacLehose Holiday Village and the Sir Murray MacLehose Trust Fund was also named to commemorate him or his wifeReferences Edit A amp C Black 2000 MacLEHOSE OF BEOCH Baron Who Was Who online edition Oxford University Press Retrieved 2 May 2012 p 150 The Man Who Loved China by Simon Winchester 2008 a b Peter Graff Mislaid MacLehose cable reveals UK efforts to end Vietnam War Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine The Standard 2 November 2007 The East Asian welfare model welfare Orientalism and the state by Roger Goodman Gordon White and Huck ju Kwon District Administration Hong Kong Government Fitzpatrick Liam 13 November 2006 Sir Murray MacLehose 60 Years of Asian Heroes Time Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 Retrieved 21 March 2012 a b Obituaries Lord MacLehose of Beoch The Daily Telegraph 31 May 2000 Archived from the original on 4 December 2011 Retrieved 11 March 2018 Social policy reform in Hong Kong and Shanghai a tale of two cities by Linda Wong Lynn T White and Shixun Gui Hong Kong s housing policy a case study in social justice by Betty Yung a b Carroll John Mark 2007 A concise history of Hong Kong Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 3422 3 Hong Kong employment law a practical guide by Pattie Walsh Labour ordinance a b Professional ideologies and preferences in social work a global study by Idit Weiss and John Dixon Frommer s Hong Kong by Beth Reiber Growing with Hong Kong the University and its graduates the first 90 years by University of Hong Kong Language policy culture and identity in Asian contexts by Amy Tsui and James W Tollefson a b Hong Kong s tortuous democratization a comparative analysis by Ming Sing Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong The Paradox of Activism and Depolitization by Wai man Lam Hong Kong China growth structural change and economic stability during the transition by John Dodsworth and Dubravko Mihaljek Rehabilitation A Life s Work by Harry Fang Sinyang and Lawrence Jeffery Understanding the political culture of Hong Kong the paradox of activism and depoliticization by Wai Man Lam a b c d e f g Promoting prosperity the Hong Kong way of social policy by Catherine M Jones Computer Animation of the 1972 amp 76 Sau Mau Ping Landslides on YouTube Hurst Matthew 2022 Britain s Approach to the Negotiations over the Future of Hong Kong 1979 1982 The International History Review 1 16 doi 10 1080 07075332 2021 2024588 University of Hong Kong Honorary Degrees Congregation Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine No 37407 The London Gazette Supplement 1 January 1946 p 16 No 43200 The London Gazette Supplement 1 January 1964 p 5 No 45384 The London Gazette Supplement 12 June 1971 p 5959 No 45601 The London Gazette 17 February 1972 p 2005 No 46610 The London Gazette 19 June 1975 p 7843 No 46919 The London Gazette Supplement 12 June 1976 p 8031 No 48992 The London Gazette 26 May 1982 p 6989 No 49557 The London Gazette 2 December 1983 p 15977 External links EditBBC News Former Hong Kong Governor diesDiplomatic postsPreceded bySir Nicholas Henderson Principal Private Secretary to the Foreign Secretary1965 1967 Succeeded bySir Donald MaitlandPreceded bySir Peter Wilkinson British Ambassador to Vietnam1967 1969 Succeeded bySir John MoretonPreceded bySir Oliver Wright British Ambassador to Denmark1969 1971 Succeeded bySir Andrew StarkPreceded bySir David Trench Governor and Commander in Chief Hong Kong1971 1982 Succeeded bySir Edward Youde Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Murray MacLehose Baron MacLehose of Beoch amp oldid 1157087708, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
