Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D. Greenblatt. Also known as Mac Hac and The Greenblatt Chess Program, it was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Mac Hack VI was the first chess program to play in human tournament conditions, the first to be granted a chess rating, and the first to win against a person in tournament play. A pseudocode for the program is given in Figure 11.16 of.[1]
Its name comes from Project MAC ("Multi-Level Access Computer" or "Machine-Aided Cognition"[2]) a large sponsored research program located at MIT. The number VI refers to the PDP-6 machine for which it was written.
Greenblatt was inspired to write Mac Hack upon reading MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 41,[3] or a similar document describing Kotok-McCarthy, which he saw while visiting Stanford University in 1965. A good chess player, he was inspired to make improvements at MIT in 1965 and 1966.[4]
In about 2004, he had an opportunity to tell Alan Kotok that searching the 7 best moves at each of the first two plies, and limiting the search depth to two would have done better than the default widths of "4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1", attempting eight plies in Kotok-McCarthy's REPLYS subroutine which generated each player's next plausible moves.[5]
Greenblatt added fifty heuristics that reflected his knowledge of chess. Mac Hack was written in MIDAS macro assembly language on the PDP-6 computer DEC donated to MIT (the first working PDP-6, serial number 2). Many versions may exist. During this period the program was compiled about two hundred times.
Tournament playedit
By the time it was published in 1969 Mac Hack had played in eighteen tournaments and hundreds of complete games. The PDP-6 became an honorary member of the Massachusetts State Chess Association and the United States Chess Federation,[6] a requirement for playing tournaments. In 1966 the program was rated 1243 when it lost in the Massachusetts Amateur Championship. In 1967, the program played in four tournaments, winning three games, losing twelve, and drawing three. In 1967 Mac Hack VI defeated Ben Landy with a USCFrating of 1510 in game 3, tournament 2 of the Massachusetts State Championship.[4][7]
Greenblatt published the program with Donald E. Eastlake III and Stephen D. Crocker in MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 174 and recorded some games there.[8]
Influenceedit
Mac Hack played by teletype, was ported to the PDP-10 and was the first computer chess program to be widely distributed.[9] Mac Hack was the first chess computer to use a transposition table, which is a vital optimization in game tree search. Greenblatt and Tom Knight went on to advance artificial intelligence and build the Lisp machine in 1973.[10]
Referencesedit
^Newell, Allen; Simon, Herbert Alexander (2019). Human problem solving. Brattleboro, Vermont: Echo Point Books & Media. ISBN978-1-63561-792-4.
^Snover, Janet and Bill Litant (n.d.). "Acronyms and Abbreviations Used at MIT". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^*Kotok, Alan (n.d.). (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
^ abGreenblatt, Richard D. (12 January 2005). "Oral History of Richard Greenblatt" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 1 July 2006. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Hendrie, Gardner (12 January 2005). "Oral History of Richard Greenblatt" (PDF). Computer History Museum. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^LEVY, D. (29 June 2013). Computer Chess Compendium. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9781475719680.
^Levy, David N. L. (6 December 2012). Computer Games I. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN9781461387169.
^"The Greenblatt Chess Program" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Richard Greenblatt, Donald Eastlake III, Stephen Crocker. April 1969. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^"A history of computer chess - from the "Mechanical Turk" to "Deep Blue" - High Tech History". Retrieved 6 April 2016.
^"Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT". computerhistory.org. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
Bibliographyedit
Photo: Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT, Unknown photographer. Courtesy of MIT. (1978). "Computer History Museum accession number L02645385". Retrieved 29 December 2006.
Pearson Education, Addison-Wesley Professional (2006). "Donald E. Eastlake". Retrieved 26 December 2006.
Computer History Museum (n.d.). "Opening Moves: Origins of Computer Chess: 2.4 Getting Going".
hack, this, article, about, computer, chess, program, macintosh, software, developers, conference, machack, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article, introduci. This article is about the computer chess program For the Macintosh software developers conference see MacHack This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations April 2010 Learn how and when to remove this template message Mac Hack is a computer chess program written by Richard D Greenblatt Also known as Mac Hac and The Greenblatt Chess Program it was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mac Hack VI was the first chess program to play in human tournament conditions the first to be granted a chess rating and the first to win against a person in tournament play A pseudocode for the program is given in Figure 11 16 of 1 Its name comes from Project MAC Multi Level Access Computer or Machine Aided Cognition 2 a large sponsored research program located at MIT The number VI refers to the PDP 6 machine for which it was written Contents 1 Development 2 Tournament play 3 Influence 4 References 4 1 BibliographyDevelopment editGreenblatt was inspired to write Mac Hack upon reading MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 41 3 or a similar document describing Kotok McCarthy which he saw while visiting Stanford University in 1965 A good chess player he was inspired to make improvements at MIT in 1965 and 1966 4 In about 2004 he had an opportunity to tell Alan Kotok that searching the 7 best moves at each of the first two plies and limiting the search depth to two would have done better than the default widths of 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 attempting eight plies in Kotok McCarthy s REPLYS subroutine which generated each player s next plausible moves 5 Greenblatt added fifty heuristics that reflected his knowledge of chess Mac Hack was written in MIDAS macro assembly language on the PDP 6 computer DEC donated to MIT the first working PDP 6 serial number 2 Many versions may exist During this period the program was compiled about two hundred times Tournament play editBy the time it was published in 1969 Mac Hack had played in eighteen tournaments and hundreds of complete games The PDP 6 became an honorary member of the Massachusetts State Chess Association and the United States Chess Federation 6 a requirement for playing tournaments In 1966 the program was rated 1243 when it lost in the Massachusetts Amateur Championship In 1967 the program played in four tournaments winning three games losing twelve and drawing three In 1967 Mac Hack VI defeated Ben Landy with a USCF rating of 1510 in game 3 tournament 2 of the Massachusetts State Championship 4 7 Greenblatt published the program with Donald E Eastlake III and Stephen D Crocker in MIT Artificial Intelligence Memo 174 and recorded some games there 8 Influence editMac Hack played by teletype was ported to the PDP 10 and was the first computer chess program to be widely distributed 9 Mac Hack was the first chess computer to use a transposition table which is a vital optimization in game tree search Greenblatt and Tom Knight went on to advance artificial intelligence and build the Lisp machine in 1973 10 References edit Newell Allen Simon Herbert Alexander 2019 Human problem solving Brattleboro Vermont Echo Point Books amp Media ISBN 978 1 63561 792 4 Snover Janet and Bill Litant n d Acronyms and Abbreviations Used at MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology Retrieved 29 December 2006 Kotok Alan n d A Chess Playing Program AIM 41 PDF PDF Massachusetts Institute of Technology Archived from the original PDF on 6 July 2017 Retrieved 26 December 2006 a b Greenblatt Richard D 12 January 2005 Oral History of Richard Greenblatt PDF Computer History Museum Retrieved 1 July 2006 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Hendrie Gardner 12 January 2005 Oral History of Richard Greenblatt PDF Computer History Museum Retrieved 6 April 2016 LEVY D 29 June 2013 Computer Chess Compendium Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9781475719680 Levy David N L 6 December 2012 Computer Games I Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 9781461387169 The Greenblatt Chess Program PDF Massachusetts Institute of Technology Richard Greenblatt Donald Eastlake III Stephen Crocker April 1969 Retrieved 6 April 2016 A history of computer chess from the Mechanical Turk to Deep Blue High Tech History Retrieved 6 April 2016 Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT computerhistory org Retrieved 6 April 2016 Bibliography edit Photo Richard Greenblatt and Thomas Knight with the CADR LISP Machine at MIT Unknown photographer Courtesy of MIT 1978 Computer History Museum accession number L02645385 Retrieved 29 December 2006 Pearson Education Addison Wesley Professional 2006 Donald E Eastlake Retrieved 26 December 2006 Computer History Museum n d Opening Moves Origins of Computer Chess 2 4 Getting Going nbsp Chess portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mac Hack amp oldid 1189848687, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
