Lunularia is a genus of liverworts whose only species is Lunularia cruciata, the crescent-cup liverwort.[1]Lunularia is either the only genus in the orderLunulariales,[2] or may be placed in the order Marchantiales.[3][4][5] The name, from Latinluna, moon, refers to the moon-shaped gemma cups.
Lunularia cruciata grows large, dichotomously branched green thalli with crescent shaped gemma cups containing disc like gemmae.[6] This is a unique morphological characteristic not possessed by other thalloid liverworts. Its thallus surface is shiny, faintly lined, and is dotted with tiny air pores. When dried the thallus turns yellowish in color and its margin rolls inward.[6]
As in other liverworts, the main plant body or thallus is a haploidgametophyte. The antheridia of L. cruciata develops in early spring, the archegonia develops in spring and sporophytes develop in late summer.[7] However, records of sporophyte developments and sexual reproduction are rare and scattered. This was suspected to have been the result of the anthropogenic spreading of this species, causing a disjunctive distribution of antheridia and archegonia.[7] When reproducing sexually, the four archegonia is arranged in a cross-shaped head (hence the specific name cruciata) bearing diploid sporophyte plantlets. When reproducing asexually, the disc-shaped gemmae are readily dislodged from the cups by splashes of rainwater. They can then quickly "take root" and start to grow in suitably damp places, which is why they are so successful in greenhouses.
Distributionedit
Lunularia cruciata is distributed across the world, found in continents including Europe, Australasia, Asia, the Americas, and Africa. It occurs commonly in western Europe, and is native to the Mediterranean region, where the morphological forms from sexual reproduction are more frequently found there.[7] It is also common in California, where it now grows "wild", and is known as an introduced weed in gardens and greenhouses in Australia.[8]Ella Orr Campbell believed that L. cruciata was introduced into New Zealand sometime after 1867.[9] The sporophytes of L. cruciata are rare, but has been found in European regions, as well as in South Africa, Argentina, California, India, Japan and New Zealand.[7]
Habitat and ecologyedit
Lunularia cruciata grows in damp, shaded and disturbed habitats such as path and wall edges.[6] It can act as a nutrient indicator because it often grows in alkaline and eutrophic to highly eutrophic soil.[7] Other habitats include loam, boulders, concrete, exposed tree roots, soil covered logs and in the gaps between sidewalk stones.[7]L. cruciata also grows as a horticultural weed in gardens, greenhouses and parks.[7][6]L. cruciata is sensitive to frost, and is often found near water, where its gemmae are washed ashore.[7]
Chemical propertiesedit
Like many other liverwort species, L. cruciata produces a dihydrostilbenoid growth hormone, lunularic acid, that is reported to be a growth inhibitor of liverworts.[10]Cadmium in this liverwort also inhibits gemma germination and apical thallus growth, as well as altering cell and chloroplast structure.[11]Acetone extracts from L. cruciata were tested and showed antibacterial properties, but had no effects against fungal activity.[12]
Referencesedit
^Edwards, Sean R. (2012). English Names for British Bryophytes. British Bryological Society Special Volume. Vol. 5 (4 ed.). Wootton, Northampton: British Bryological Society. ISBN978-0-9561310-2-7. ISSN 0268-8034.
^Söderström; et al. (2016). "World checklist of hornworts and liverworts". PhytoKeys (59): 1–826. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.59.6261. PMC4758082. PMID 26929706.
^Flores, Jorge R.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Muñoz, Jesus; Suárez, Guillermo M. (2018). "Combined phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Marchantiidae (Marchantiophyta): towards a robustly diagnosed classification". Cladistics. 34 (5): 517–541. doi:10.1111/cla.12225. hdl:10261/248464. PMID 34706484. S2CID 52831959.
^Flores, Jorge R.; Bippus, Alexander C.; Suárez, Guillermo M.; Hyvönen, Jaakko (2020). "Defying death: incorporating fossils into the phylogeny of the complex thalloid liverworts (Marchantiidae, Marchantiophyta) confirms high order clades but reveals discrepancies in family-level relationships". Cladistics. 37 (3): 231–247. doi:10.1111/cla.12442. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34478198. S2CID 225165843.
^Cole, Theodor C. H.; Hilger, Hartmut H.; Goffinet, Bernard (2019-05-24). "Bryophyte Phylogeny Poster (BPP)". PeerJ Preprints. doi:10.7287/peerj.preprints.27571v3. S2CID 196666379.
^ abcdefghKirschner R., Nebel M. & Butterfass T. (2010). "Observations on fertile populations of Lunularia cruciata (L.) Dumort. ex Lindb. (Marchantiopsida: Lunulariaceae) in Germany" (PDF). Stuttgarter Beiträge Naturkunde Serie A [Biologie]. NS_3_A: 363–371.
^Schuster, Rudolf M. The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pages 80-91. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN0-914868-21-7.
^Campbell, Ella O. (1965). "Lunularia in New Zealand". Tuatara. 13 (1): 31–41. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
^Lunularic acid, a common endogenous growth inhibitor of liverworts. R. J. Pryce, Planta, 1971, Volume 97, Number 4, pages 354-357, doi:10.1007/BF00390214
^Carginale, V.; Sorbo, S.; Capasso, C.; Trinchella, F.; Cafiero, G.; Basile, A. (2004-03-01). "Accumulation, localisation, and toxic effects of cadmium in the liverwort Lunularia cruciata". Protoplasma. 223 (1): 53–61. doi:10.1007/s00709-003-0028-0. ISSN 0033-183X. PMID 15004743. S2CID 25486711.
^Basile, Adriana; Giordano, Simonetta; Sorbo, Sergio; Vuotto, Maria Luisa; Ielpo, Maria Teresa Lucia; Castaldo Cobianchi, Rosa (January 1998). "Antibiotic Effects of Lunularia cruciata (Bryophyta) Extract". Pharmaceutical Biology. 36 (1): 25–28. doi:10.1076/phbi.36.1.25.4612. ISSN 1388-0209.
External linksedit
USDA information
Information and pictures
January 01, 1970
lunularia, genus, liverworts, whose, only, species, cruciata, crescent, liverwort, either, only, genus, order, placed, order, marchantiales, name, from, latin, luna, moon, refers, moon, shaped, gemma, cups, scientific, classification, kingdom, plantae, divisio. Lunularia is a genus of liverworts whose only species is Lunularia cruciata the crescent cup liverwort 1 Lunularia is either the only genus in the order Lunulariales 2 or may be placed in the order Marchantiales 3 4 5 The name from Latin luna moon refers to the moon shaped gemma cups Lunularia Scientific classification Kingdom Plantae Division Marchantiophyta Class Marchantiopsida Order LunularialesH Klinggr Family LunulariaceaeH Klinggr Genus LunulariaAdans Species L cruciata Binomial name Lunularia cruciata L Dumort ex Lindb Synonyms Selenia Hill 1773 non Nutt 1825 Staurophora Willdenow 1809 Dichominum Neck ex Trevisan 1877 Marsilia Kuntze 1891 non Linnaeus 1753 Sedgwickia Bowdich 1835 non Wall amp Griff 1836 Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Habitat and ecology 4 Chemical properties 5 References 6 External linksDescription editLunularia cruciata grows large dichotomously branched green thalli with crescent shaped gemma cups containing disc like gemmae 6 This is a unique morphological characteristic not possessed by other thalloid liverworts Its thallus surface is shiny faintly lined and is dotted with tiny air pores When dried the thallus turns yellowish in color and its margin rolls inward 6 nbsp Lunularia can also reproduce sexually as illustrated by Haeckel in this drawing of an archegonial head with diploid sporophyte plantlets The main plant body thallus is haploid As in other liverworts the main plant body or thallus is a haploid gametophyte The antheridia of L cruciata develops in early spring the archegonia develops in spring and sporophytes develop in late summer 7 However records of sporophyte developments and sexual reproduction are rare and scattered This was suspected to have been the result of the anthropogenic spreading of this species causing a disjunctive distribution of antheridia and archegonia 7 When reproducing sexually the four archegonia is arranged in a cross shaped head hence the specific name cruciata bearing diploid sporophyte plantlets When reproducing asexually the disc shaped gemmae are readily dislodged from the cups by splashes of rainwater They can then quickly take root and start to grow in suitably damp places which is why they are so successful in greenhouses Distribution editLunularia cruciata is distributed across the world found in continents including Europe Australasia Asia the Americas and Africa It occurs commonly in western Europe and is native to the Mediterranean region where the morphological forms from sexual reproduction are more frequently found there 7 It is also common in California where it now grows wild and is known as an introduced weed in gardens and greenhouses in Australia 8 Ella Orr Campbell believed that L cruciata was introduced into New Zealand sometime after 1867 9 The sporophytes of L cruciata are rare but has been found in European regions as well as in South Africa Argentina California India Japan and New Zealand 7 Habitat and ecology editLunularia cruciata grows in damp shaded and disturbed habitats such as path and wall edges 6 It can act as a nutrient indicator because it often grows in alkaline and eutrophic to highly eutrophic soil 7 Other habitats include loam boulders concrete exposed tree roots soil covered logs and in the gaps between sidewalk stones 7 L cruciata also grows as a horticultural weed in gardens greenhouses and parks 7 6 L cruciata is sensitive to frost and is often found near water where its gemmae are washed ashore 7 Chemical properties editLike many other liverwort species L cruciata produces a dihydrostilbenoid growth hormone lunularic acid that is reported to be a growth inhibitor of liverworts 10 Cadmium in this liverwort also inhibits gemma germination and apical thallus growth as well as altering cell and chloroplast structure 11 Acetone extracts from L cruciata were tested and showed antibacterial properties but had no effects against fungal activity 12 References edit Edwards Sean R 2012 English Names for British Bryophytes British Bryological Society Special Volume Vol 5 4 ed Wootton Northampton British Bryological Society ISBN 978 0 9561310 2 7 ISSN 0268 8034 Soderstrom et al 2016 World checklist of hornworts and liverworts PhytoKeys 59 1 826 doi 10 3897 phytokeys 59 6261 PMC 4758082 PMID 26929706 Flores Jorge R Catalano Santiago A Munoz Jesus Suarez Guillermo M 2018 Combined phylogenetic analysis of the subclass Marchantiidae Marchantiophyta towards a robustly diagnosed classification Cladistics 34 5 517 541 doi 10 1111 cla 12225 hdl 10261 248464 PMID 34706484 S2CID 52831959 Flores Jorge R Bippus Alexander C Suarez Guillermo M Hyvonen Jaakko 2020 Defying death incorporating fossils into the phylogeny of the complex thalloid liverworts Marchantiidae Marchantiophyta confirms high order clades but reveals discrepancies in family level relationships Cladistics 37 3 231 247 doi 10 1111 cla 12442 ISSN 1096 0031 PMID 34478198 S2CID 225165843 Cole Theodor C H Hilger Hartmut H Goffinet Bernard 2019 05 24 Bryophyte Phylogeny Poster BPP PeerJ Preprints doi 10 7287 peerj preprints 27571v3 S2CID 196666379 a b c d Crescent cup Liverwort NatureSpot www naturespot org uk Retrieved 2022 04 05 a b c d e f g h Kirschner R Nebel M amp Butterfass T 2010 Observations on fertile populations of Lunularia cruciata L Dumort ex Lindb Marchantiopsida Lunulariaceae in Germany PDF Stuttgarter Beitrage Naturkunde Serie A Biologie NS 3 A 363 371 Schuster Rudolf M The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America volume VI pages 80 91 Chicago Field Museum of Natural History 1992 ISBN 0 914868 21 7 Campbell Ella O 1965 Lunularia in New Zealand Tuatara 13 1 31 41 Retrieved 27 May 2016 Lunularic acid a common endogenous growth inhibitor of liverworts R J Pryce Planta 1971 Volume 97 Number 4 pages 354 357 doi 10 1007 BF00390214 Carginale V Sorbo S Capasso C Trinchella F Cafiero G Basile A 2004 03 01 Accumulation localisation and toxic effects of cadmium in the liverwort Lunularia cruciata Protoplasma 223 1 53 61 doi 10 1007 s00709 003 0028 0 ISSN 0033 183X PMID 15004743 S2CID 25486711 Basile Adriana Giordano Simonetta Sorbo Sergio Vuotto Maria Luisa Ielpo Maria Teresa Lucia Castaldo Cobianchi Rosa January 1998 Antibiotic Effects of Lunularia cruciata Bryophyta Extract Pharmaceutical Biology 36 1 25 28 doi 10 1076 phbi 36 1 25 4612 ISSN 1388 0209 External links editUSDA information Photos Information and pictures Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lunularia amp oldid 1218273008, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
