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Lowndes County Freedom Organization

The Lowndes County Freedom Organization (LCFO), also known as the Lowndes County Freedom Party (LCFP) or Black Panther party, was an American political party founded during 1965 in Lowndes County, Alabama.[2] The independent third party was formed by local African-American citizens led by John Hulett,[3] and by staff members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael.[4]

Lowndes County Freedom Organization
ChairpersonJohn Hulett[1]
Founded1965 (1965)
HeadquartersLowndes County, Alabama
IdeologyRacial equality
Political positionLeft-wing

Founding and history edit

 
LCFO political ad from 1966 against the Democratic Party of Alabama

On March 23, 1965, as the march from Selma to Montgomery took place, Carmichael and some in SNCC who were participants declined to continue marching after reaching Lowndes County and decided to instead stop and talk with local residents.[5] After word spread that Carmichael avoided arrest from two officers who ordered him to leave a school where he was registering voters after he challenged them to do so,[5] Carmichael and the other SNCC activists who stayed with him in the county were inspired to create the LCFO with Hulett (who, since the banning of the NAACP in the state, had been active in Fred Shuttlesworth's Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights),[6] and other local leaders.[5]

As the Voting Rights Act of 1965 allowed African Americans to register to vote, the objective of the party was to register African Americans in a county that was 80% black.[7] Hulett, who was LCFO's chairperson, was one of the first two African American voters whose registration was successfully processed in Lowndes County.[8] Local residents and SNCC staff members decided to avoid joining the Alabama Democratic party because the state party was led by segregationist Governor George Wallace and employed the slogan "White Supremacy" represented by an image of a white rooster.[9] Due to high rates of illiteracy among the black residents, an image of a black panther was adopted to identify party members of LCFO in contrast to members of the all-white Democratic party represented by a white rooster. The idea for the logo came from SNCC field secretary Ruth Howard.[10]

Legacy edit

The LCFO's symbol of a black panther was later adopted by the Black Panther Party founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton and other organizations throughout the United States.[11]

In 1970, the LCFO merged with the Alabama Democratic Party.[12] This resulted in former LCFO candidates winning public offices.[12] Among them was Hulett, who was elected Sheriff of Lowndes County.[12] Hulett served in this position for 22 years before serving three terms as a probate judge.[12]

The work of the political organization was examined in the documentary film Eyes on the Prize within the episode "The Time Has Come (1964–66)".

See also edit

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ Carson, pp. 165
  2. ^ Carson, p. 153; Jeffries, p. 143–178
  3. ^ Roney, Marty. "Alabama's Black Belt helped form Black Panther Party". USA TODAY. Retrieved February 10, 2020.
  4. ^ Jeffries, pp. 146
  5. ^ a b c "March 23, 1965: Selma to Montgomery March Continues".
  6. ^ Greenshaw, Wayne (2011). Fighting the Devil in Dixie: How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama. Chicago Review Press. pp. 211-5. ISBN 9781569768259.
  7. ^ "Lowndes County and the Voting Rights Act". Zinn Education Project. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  8. ^ "A Report from Lowndes County". The Black Panther Party (PDF). New York, N.Y.: Merit Publishers. 1966. p. 19.
  9. ^ Jeffries, pp. 148–149; Carson, p. 165
  10. ^ Jeffries, p. 152; Ogbar, p. 76
  11. ^ Austin, p. 15
  12. ^ a b c d "Lowndes County Freedom Organization". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved August 2, 2020.

Bibliography edit

  • Austin, Curtis J. (2006). Up Against the Wall: Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 9781557288271.
  • Carson, Clayborne (1995). In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674447271.
  • Jeffries, Hasan Kwame (2009). Bloody Lowndes: Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama's Black Belt. New York University Press. ISBN 9780814743065.
  • Ogbar, Jeffrey O. G. (2005). Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801882753.

Further reading edit

  • Cobb, Charles E. Jr. (2008). On the Road to Freedom: A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Movement. Algonquin Books. ISBN 9781565124394. On the Road to Freedom: A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Movement.
  • Holsaert, Faith S.; Noonan, Martha Prescod Norman; Richardson, Judy; Robinson, Betty Garman; Young, Jean Smith; Zellner, Dorothy M., eds. (2010). Hands on the Freedom Plow: Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252098871.
  • Wideman, John Edgar (2003). Ready for Revolution: The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture). Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780684850030.

External links edit

  • Lowndes County Freedom Party (LCFP) - Provided by the SNCC Digital Gateway
  • Lowndes County Freedom Organization - Provided by the Encyclopedia of Alabama
  • Origin of the Black Panther Party logo - Part of the H.K. Yuen Social Movement Archive, 1963-1982 within the Comparative Ethnic Studies Collection located at the University of California, Berkeley

lowndes, county, freedom, organization, lcfo, also, known, lowndes, county, freedom, party, lcfp, black, panther, party, american, political, party, founded, during, 1965, lowndes, county, alabama, independent, third, party, formed, local, african, american, c. The Lowndes County Freedom Organization LCFO also known as the Lowndes County Freedom Party LCFP or Black Panther party was an American political party founded during 1965 in Lowndes County Alabama 2 The independent third party was formed by local African American citizens led by John Hulett 3 and by staff members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael 4 Lowndes County Freedom OrganizationChairpersonJohn Hulett 1 Founded1965 1965 HeadquartersLowndes County AlabamaIdeologyRacial equalityPolitical positionLeft wingPolitics of AlabamaElections Contents 1 Founding and history 2 Legacy 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 Bibliography 4 3 Further reading 5 External linksFounding and history edit nbsp LCFO political ad from 1966 against the Democratic Party of AlabamaOn March 23 1965 as the march from Selma to Montgomery took place Carmichael and some in SNCC who were participants declined to continue marching after reaching Lowndes County and decided to instead stop and talk with local residents 5 After word spread that Carmichael avoided arrest from two officers who ordered him to leave a school where he was registering voters after he challenged them to do so 5 Carmichael and the other SNCC activists who stayed with him in the county were inspired to create the LCFO with Hulett who since the banning of the NAACP in the state had been active in Fred Shuttlesworth s Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 6 and other local leaders 5 As the Voting Rights Act of 1965 allowed African Americans to register to vote the objective of the party was to register African Americans in a county that was 80 black 7 Hulett who was LCFO s chairperson was one of the first two African American voters whose registration was successfully processed in Lowndes County 8 Local residents and SNCC staff members decided to avoid joining the Alabama Democratic party because the state party was led by segregationist Governor George Wallace and employed the slogan White Supremacy represented by an image of a white rooster 9 Due to high rates of illiteracy among the black residents an image of a black panther was adopted to identify party members of LCFO in contrast to members of the all white Democratic party represented by a white rooster The idea for the logo came from SNCC field secretary Ruth Howard 10 Legacy editSee also Black Panther Party The LCFO s symbol of a black panther was later adopted by the Black Panther Party founded by Bobby Seale and Huey P Newton and other organizations throughout the United States 11 In 1970 the LCFO merged with the Alabama Democratic Party 12 This resulted in former LCFO candidates winning public offices 12 Among them was Hulett who was elected Sheriff of Lowndes County 12 Hulett served in this position for 22 years before serving three terms as a probate judge 12 The work of the political organization was examined in the documentary film Eyes on the Prize within the episode The Time Has Come 1964 66 See also edit nbsp Civil rights movement portalCivil Rights Movement Black Panther PartyReferences editCitations edit Carson pp 165 Carson p 153 Jeffries p 143 178 Roney Marty Alabama s Black Belt helped form Black Panther Party USA TODAY Retrieved February 10 2020 Jeffries pp 146 a b c March 23 1965 Selma to Montgomery March Continues Greenshaw Wayne 2011 Fighting the Devil in Dixie How Civil Rights Activists Took on the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama Chicago Review Press pp 211 5 ISBN 9781569768259 Lowndes County and the Voting Rights Act Zinn Education Project Retrieved February 9 2020 A Report from Lowndes County The Black Panther Party PDF New York N Y Merit Publishers 1966 p 19 Jeffries pp 148 149 Carson p 165 Jeffries p 152 Ogbar p 76 Austin p 15 a b c d Lowndes County Freedom Organization Encyclopedia of Alabama Retrieved August 2 2020 Bibliography edit Austin Curtis J 2006 Up Against the Wall Violence in the Making and Unmaking of the Black Panther Party University of Arkansas Press ISBN 9781557288271 Carson Clayborne 1995 In Struggle SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s Harvard University Press ISBN 9780674447271 Jeffries Hasan Kwame 2009 Bloody Lowndes Civil Rights and Black Power in Alabama s Black Belt New York University Press ISBN 9780814743065 Ogbar Jeffrey O G 2005 Black Power Radical Politics and African American Identity Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 9780801882753 Further reading edit Cobb Charles E Jr 2008 On the Road to Freedom A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Movement Algonquin Books ISBN 9781565124394 On the Road to Freedom A Guided Tour of the Civil Rights Movement Holsaert Faith S Noonan Martha Prescod Norman Richardson Judy Robinson Betty Garman Young Jean Smith Zellner Dorothy M eds 2010 Hands on the Freedom Plow Personal Accounts by Women in SNCC University of Illinois Press ISBN 9780252098871 Wideman John Edgar 2003 Ready for Revolution The Life and Struggles of Stokely Carmichael Kwame Ture Simon and Schuster ISBN 9780684850030 External links editLowndes County Freedom Party LCFP Provided by the SNCC Digital Gateway Lowndes County Freedom Organization Provided by the Encyclopedia of Alabama Origin of the Black Panther Party logo Part of the H K Yuen Social Movement Archive 1963 1982 within the Comparative Ethnic Studies Collection located at the University of California Berkeley Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lowndes County Freedom Organization amp oldid 1137850655, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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