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High Arctic relocation

February 16, 2024

The High Arctic relocation (French: La délocalisation du Haut-Arctique, Inuktitut: ᖁᑦᑎᒃᑐᒥᐅᑦᑕ ᓅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, romanized: Quttiktumut nuutauningit[1]) took place during the Cold War in the 1950s, when 92 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada under Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent to the High Arctic.[2][3]

The relocation has been a source of controversy: on one hand being described as a humanitarian gesture to save the lives of starving indigenous people and enable them to continue a subsistence lifestyle; and on the other hand, said to be a forced migration instigated by the federal government to assert its sovereignty[clarification needed] in the Far North by the use of "human flagpoles",[4] in light of both the Cold War and the disputed territorial claims to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Both sides acknowledge that the relocated Inuit were not given sufficient support to prevent extreme privation during their first years after the move.

History edit

 
Relocation from Inukjuak to Resolute (left arrow) and Grise Fiord (right arrow)

In August 1953, seven or eight families from Inukjuak, northern Quebec (then known as Port Harrison) were transported to Grise Fiord on the southern tip of Ellesmere Island and to Resolute on Cornwallis Island.[3][5][6] The group included the family of writer Markoosie Patsauq.[7] The families, who had been receiving welfare payments, were promised better living and hunting opportunities in new communities in the High Arctic.[8] They were joined by three families recruited from the more northern community of Pond Inlet (in the then Northwest Territories, now part of Nunavut) whose purpose was to teach the Inukjuak Inuit skills for survival in the High Arctic.[3][9] The methods of recruitment and the reasons for the relocations have been disputed. The government stated that volunteer families had agreed to participate in a program to reduce areas of perceived overpopulation and poor hunting in Northern Quebec, to reduce their dependency on welfare, and to resume a subsistence lifestyle.[3][8][10] In contrast, the Inuit reported that the relocations were forced and were motivated by a desire to reinforce Canadian sovereignty in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago by creating settlements in the area.[5][11] The Inuit were taken on the Eastern Arctic patrol ship CGS C.D. Howe to areas on Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands (Resolute and Grise Fiord), both large barren islands in the hostile polar north.[10] While on the boat the families learned that they would not be living together but would be left at three separate locations.[9]

In Relocation to the High Arctic, Alan R. Marcus proposes that the relocation of the Inuit not only served as an experiment, but as an answer to the Eskimo problem.[12] The federal government stressed that the Eskimo problem was linked to the Inuit's reluctance to give up their nomadic ways in areas that were supposedly overpopulated and went so far as to provide detailed accounts of poor hunting seasons and starvation within the Inukjuak area as a direct result of over-population. However, the federal government knew the area in question was in the midst of a low trapping season due to the end of a four-year fox cycle.[13]

New communities edit

 
Nanook's wife & child, Cape Dufferin, QC, 1920–21, Robert J. Flaherty, Ink on paper

The families were left without sufficient supplies of food and caribou skins and other materials for making appropriate clothing and tents.[9] As they had been moved about 2,000 km (1,200 mi) to a very different ecosystem, they were unfamiliar with the wildlife and had to adjust to months of 24-hour darkness during the winter, and 24-hour sunlight during the summer, something that does not occur in northern Quebec. They were told that they would be returned home after two years if they wished, but these promises were not honoured by the government.[14]

The relocatees included Inuit who had been involved in the filming of Robert J. Flaherty's film Nanook of the North (1922) and Flaherty's unacknowledged illegitimate son Josephie. However, Flaherty had died in 1951, prior to the relocation. [15] Eventually, the Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area, hunting over a range of 18,000 km2 (6,950 sq mi) each year.[15] Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) reports from the time stated that the two colonies were generally successful in terms of morale, housing, and subsistence living.[10]

Re-evaluation edit

During the 1980s, the relocated Inuit and their descendants initiated a claim against the Canadian Government, arguing that "there is overwhelming evidence to suggest that the central, if not the sole, reasons, for the relocation of Inuit to the High Arctic was the desire by Canada to assert its sovereignty over the Arctic Islands and surrounding area", and in 1987 sought $10 million in compensation from the federal government.[16]

Following public and media pressure, the federal government created a program to assist the Inuit to return to the south, and in 1989, 40 Inuit returned to their former communities, leading to a break up of families on generational lines, as younger community members often chose to remain in the High Arctic. Those that remained are described as being fiercely committed to their home.[3][8]

 
View over Resolute Bay of the modern Inuit community of Resolute (1997)

In 1990, the House of Commons of Canada standing committee on Aboriginal affairs asked the government to apologize to the Inuit who had been moved to the high Arctic in 1953, to provide compensation to them, and to formally recognize the residents of Resolute and Grise Fiord for their service to Canada's sovereignty.[5][14] In response, the government commissioned the "Hickling Report", which absolved them of wrongdoing, arguing that the Inuit had volunteered to be moved, and that they had been relocated due to the harsh social and economic conditions in Inukjuak. The report, written by a long-time government official, was strongly criticized by academics and the media.[5]

In contrast, a Canadian Human Rights Commission report submitted in December 1991 argued that there was clear evidence that there were government concerns about Arctic sovereignty at the time of the relocations and an understanding that the settlements would contribute to Canadian sovereignty. The report concluded that the Government of Canada had broken its promise to return the relocatees to Inukjuak after two years if they wished.[14] A further report, written by Trent University professor Magnus Gunther, examined the various claims of academics disputing what had occurred during the relocations. It concluded that the government had acted with humane intentions, and as a result Tom Siddon, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, stated that it would be "inappropriate for the government to apologize" or provide compensation.[5]

 
Grise Fiord community (2011)

In July 1994, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples held hearings to investigate the relocation program.[14] The Inuit evidence overwhelmingly highlighted that they had been forcibly relocated, while government officials argued that they had moved voluntarily. The official who had been in charge of the relocation tried to suggest that witnesses had changed their stories in order to claim compensation, and that the move had been a success.[3] The Commission found that the government of Canada had determined to "rehabilitate" the Inuit of Port Harrison, weaning them from dependency and "moral decline" by moving them to better lands with abundant game for hunting, and that inadequate preparations were made for them.[9] The commission recommended an apology and compensation for the survivors, as well as acknowledgment of the role the relocatees played in establishing a Canadian presence in the High Arctic.[3][9][14] In their report, the commission noted that "There is therefore no doubt that the presence of Inuit settlements in the High Arctic, once established, did contribute to the maintenance of Canadian sovereignty."[2] Simultaneously, the report found that colonizing the High Arctic, while before and after the relocation was important to Canadian national sovereignty, "[...] but that, in the period when the decision was taken, sovereignty was not in the minds of decision makers."[2] Thus, in the eyes of the government, the maintenance of Canadian sovereignty through the High Arctic Relocation was a convenient by-product of what the report considers economic and social concerns. In the end, however, the report concluded that, "Even if sovereignty is assumed not to be a factor, this relocation was an inappropriate solution to the government's economic and social concerns. Sovereignty was, however, a material consideration, and the influence of sovereignty on the relocation serves only to reinforce the Commission's conclusions about the inappropriateness of the relocation. However, the precise extent to which sovereignty influenced the relocation is difficult to determine."[2] The claims of the Inuit were, therefore, at least partially supported by the report. The federal government refused to apologize, but established a "Reconciliation Agreement" in March 1996, creating a $10 million CAD trust fund for relocated individuals and their families. The government admitted that the Inuit suffered "hardship, suffering and loss in the initial years of these relocations" but required recipients to "acknowledge that they understand that in planning the relocation, the government officials of the time were acting with honourable intentions in what was perceived to be in the best interests of the Inuit at that time."[8][14]

 
Looty Pijamini's monument of the first Inuit settlers of 1953 and 1955 in Grise Fiord

After nearly five decades, an official government apology was given on 18 August 2010 to the relocated families for the inhumane treatment and suffering caused by the relocation. John Duncan (Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development) stated: "The Government of Canada deeply regrets the mistakes and broken promises of this dark chapter of our history and apologizes for the High Arctic relocation having taken place. We would like to pay tribute to the relocatees for their perseverance and courage...The relocation of Inuit families to the High Arctic is a tragic chapter in Canada's history that we should not forget, but that we must acknowledge, learn from and teach our children. Acknowledging our shared history allows us to move forward in partnership and in a spirit of reconciliation."[17][18][19]

Two generations on, the term The Relocated remains emotive.[4]

In the media edit

Carvers Looty Pijamini (of Grise Fiord) and the late Simeonie Amagoalik (of Resolute) were commissioned by Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated to build a monument to commemorate the Inuit who sacrificed so much as a result of the Government relocation of 1953 and 1955. Pijamini's monument, located in Grise Fiord, depicts a woman with a young boy and a husky, with the woman sombrely looking out towards Resolute Bay. Amagoalik's monument, located in Resolute, depicts a lone man looking towards Grise Fiord. This was meant to show separated families, and depicting them longing to see each other again. Pijamini said that he intentionally made them look melancholy because the relocation was not a happy event. The monument was unveiled in September 2010, and received praise from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.[20][21]

The High Arctic relocation is the subject of Zacharias Kunuk's film Exile. The film was produced by Isuma,[22] who also released Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner, the first feature film ever to be written, directed and acted entirely in Inuktitut.[23]

The High Arctic relocation is the subject of the film Broken Promises - The High Arctic Relocation by Patricia Tassinari (NFB, 1995).[24] The relocation is also the subject of Marquise Lepage's documentary film (NFB, 2008), Martha of the North (Martha qui vient du froid). This film tells the story of Martha Flaherty, granddaughter of Robert J. Flaherty, who was relocated at 5, along with her family, from Inukjuak to Grise Fiord (Ellesmere Island).[25] Lepage later released the 2013 web series Iqqaumavara, telling the stories of several other affected people.[26]

Larry Audlaluk was a toddler when his family was relocated from Inukjuak on Hudson Bay to Grise Fiord in 1953; his father died 10 months later. His life story, What I Remember, What I Know: The Life of a High Arctic Exile (2020), provides a detailed personal account of the danger and death that they faced.[27]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Makkik, Romani (Fall 2009). "The High Arctic Relocations" (PDF). Naniiliqpita. pp. 7–11.
  2. ^ a b c d Dussault, René; Erasmus, George (1994). The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation (PDF) (Report). Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. ISBN 0-660-15544-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Porteous, J. Douglas; Smith, Sandra E (2001). Domicide: The Global Destruction of Home. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 978-0-7735-2258-9.
  4. ^ a b Pope, Frank (14 May 2011). "Disappearing Arctic". The Times Magazine. London. The Relocated–a term still spoken in hushed terms–were then planted as human flagpoles in this desolate place.
  5. ^ a b c d e Tester, Frank J.; Kulchyski, Peter (1994). Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit relocation in the eastern arctic 1939–63. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 102–104. ISBN 978-0-7748-0452-3.
  6. ^ . Grise Fiord. Archived from the original on 28 December 2008.
  7. ^ "Markoosie Patsauq – His Story". Iqqaumavara.com. 15 July 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d James, Matt (2008). "Wrestling with the Past: Apologies, Quasi-Apologies and Non-Apologies in Canada". In Mark Gibney; Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann; Jean-Marc Coicaud; Niklaus Steiner (eds.). The Age of Apology. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 142–144. ISBN 978-0-8122-4033-7.
  9. ^ a b c d e MacQueen, Ken (16 July 1994). "Spare aboriginal people the tyranny of good intentions". The Hamilton Spectator. p. A12.
  10. ^ a b c Damas, David (2002). "Settlement in the 1950s–I". Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers: The Transformation of Inuit Settlement in the Central Arctic. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-0-7735-2405-7.
  11. ^ Loukacheva, Natalia (2007). The Arctic Promise: Legal and Political Autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut. University of Toronto Press. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-8020-9486-5.
  12. ^ Marcus, Alan Rudolph (1995). Relocating Eden: The Image and Politics of Inuit Exile in the Canadian Arctic. University Press of New England. pp. 70–71.
  13. ^ Marcus, Alan Rudolph (1995). Relocating Eden: The Image and Politics of Inuit Exile in the Canadian Arctic. University Press of New England. p. 87.
  14. ^ a b c d e f "Makivik Corporation – High Arctic Relocatees And Government Of Canada Seek Reconciliation". Canada NewsWire. 28 March 1996.
  15. ^ a b McGrath, Melanie (2006). The Long Exile: A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-53786-7.
  16. ^ Tester, Frank James; Kulchyski, Peter (1994). Tammarniit (Mistakes): Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic, 1939-63. UBC Press. pp. 113–118. ISBN 978-0-7748-4271-6.
  17. ^ "Apology for the Inuit High Arctic relocation". Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. 15 September 2010.
  18. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (18 August 2010). "Ottawa apologizes to Inuit for using them as 'human flagpoles'". Toronto Star.
  19. ^ "Inuit get federal apology for forced relocation". CBC News. 18 August 2010.
  20. ^ "High Arctic exiles to be honoured". CBC News. 6 September 2010. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  21. ^ "Resolute monument honours High Arctic exiles". CBC News. 9 September 2010.
  22. ^ "Exile". Isuma.tv. 3 February 2009. from the original on 1 April 2009.
  23. ^ Atanarjuat: The Fast Runner (2001) at IMDb  
  24. ^ "Broken Promises - The High Arctic Relocation". National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  25. ^ "Martha of the North". Our Collection. National Film Board of Canada. 15 August 2017.
  26. ^ "Watch the 12 Short Films that tell the Story of this Human Tragedy". Iqqaumavara.com. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
  27. ^ Emma Tranter, "Larry Audlaluk tells a story of broken promises, healing in new book". Nunatsiaq News, September 17, 2020.

Further reading edit

  • Grant, Shelagh D. (2016). "Errors Exposed: Inuit Relocations to the High Arctic, 1953-1960" (PDF). Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security (DCASS). Vol. 8.
  • Madwar, Samia (11 September 2018). "Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada.
  • Sponagle, Jane (30 June 2017). "'We called it 'Prison Island': Inuk man remembers forced relocation to Grise Fiord". CBC News.
  • Watson, Paul (29 November 2009). "Inuit were moved 2,000 km in Cold War manoeuvring". Toronto Star.
  • Qikiqtani Truth Commission: Community Histories 1950–1975: Resolute Bay (PDF). Iqaluit, Nunavut: Qikiqtani Inuit Association. ISBN 978-1-927095-62-1.


February 16, 2024
high, arctic, relocation, french, délocalisation, haut, arctique, inuktitut, ᖁᑦᑎᒃᑐᒥᐅᑦᑕ, ᓅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ, romanized, quttiktumut, nuutauningit, took, place, during, cold, 1950s, when, inuit, were, moved, government, canada, under, liberal, prime, minister, louis, lauren. The High Arctic relocation French La delocalisation du Haut Arctique Inuktitut ᖁᑦᑎᒃᑐᒥᐅᑦᑕ ᓅᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ romanized Quttiktumut nuutauningit 1 took place during the Cold War in the 1950s when 92 Inuit were moved by the Government of Canada under Liberal Prime Minister Louis St Laurent to the High Arctic 2 3 The relocation has been a source of controversy on one hand being described as a humanitarian gesture to save the lives of starving indigenous people and enable them to continue a subsistence lifestyle and on the other hand said to be a forced migration instigated by the federal government to assert its sovereignty clarification needed in the Far North by the use of human flagpoles 4 in light of both the Cold War and the disputed territorial claims to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago Both sides acknowledge that the relocated Inuit were not given sufficient support to prevent extreme privation during their first years after the move Contents 1 History 2 New communities 3 Re evaluation 4 In the media 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingHistory edit nbsp Relocation from Inukjuak to Resolute left arrow and Grise Fiord right arrow In August 1953 seven or eight families from Inukjuak northern Quebec then known as Port Harrison were transported to Grise Fiord on the southern tip of Ellesmere Island and to Resolute on Cornwallis Island 3 5 6 The group included the family of writer Markoosie Patsauq 7 The families who had been receiving welfare payments were promised better living and hunting opportunities in new communities in the High Arctic 8 They were joined by three families recruited from the more northern community of Pond Inlet in the then Northwest Territories now part of Nunavut whose purpose was to teach the Inukjuak Inuit skills for survival in the High Arctic 3 9 The methods of recruitment and the reasons for the relocations have been disputed The government stated that volunteer families had agreed to participate in a program to reduce areas of perceived overpopulation and poor hunting in Northern Quebec to reduce their dependency on welfare and to resume a subsistence lifestyle 3 8 10 In contrast the Inuit reported that the relocations were forced and were motivated by a desire to reinforce Canadian sovereignty in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago by creating settlements in the area 5 11 The Inuit were taken on the Eastern Arctic patrol ship CGS C D Howe to areas on Cornwallis and Ellesmere Islands Resolute and Grise Fiord both large barren islands in the hostile polar north 10 While on the boat the families learned that they would not be living together but would be left at three separate locations 9 In Relocation to the High Arctic Alan R Marcus proposes that the relocation of the Inuit not only served as an experiment but as an answer to the Eskimo problem 12 The federal government stressed that the Eskimo problem was linked to the Inuit s reluctance to give up their nomadic ways in areas that were supposedly overpopulated and went so far as to provide detailed accounts of poor hunting seasons and starvation within the Inukjuak area as a direct result of over population However the federal government knew the area in question was in the midst of a low trapping season due to the end of a four year fox cycle 13 New communities edit nbsp Nanook s wife amp child Cape Dufferin QC 1920 21 Robert J Flaherty Ink on paperThe families were left without sufficient supplies of food and caribou skins and other materials for making appropriate clothing and tents 9 As they had been moved about 2 000 km 1 200 mi to a very different ecosystem they were unfamiliar with the wildlife and had to adjust to months of 24 hour darkness during the winter and 24 hour sunlight during the summer something that does not occur in northern Quebec They were told that they would be returned home after two years if they wished but these promises were not honoured by the government 14 The relocatees included Inuit who had been involved in the filming of Robert J Flaherty s film Nanook of the North 1922 and Flaherty s unacknowledged illegitimate son Josephie However Flaherty had died in 1951 prior to the relocation 15 Eventually the Inuit learned the local beluga whale migration routes and were able to survive in the area hunting over a range of 18 000 km2 6 950 sq mi each year 15 Royal Canadian Mounted Police RCMP reports from the time stated that the two colonies were generally successful in terms of morale housing and subsistence living 10 Re evaluation editDuring the 1980s the relocated Inuit and their descendants initiated a claim against the Canadian Government arguing that there is overwhelming evidence to suggest that the central if not the sole reasons for the relocation of Inuit to the High Arctic was the desire by Canada to assert its sovereignty over the Arctic Islands and surrounding area and in 1987 sought 10 million in compensation from the federal government 16 Following public and media pressure the federal government created a program to assist the Inuit to return to the south and in 1989 40 Inuit returned to their former communities leading to a break up of families on generational lines as younger community members often chose to remain in the High Arctic Those that remained are described as being fiercely committed to their home 3 8 nbsp View over Resolute Bay of the modern Inuit community of Resolute 1997 In 1990 the House of Commons of Canada standing committee on Aboriginal affairs asked the government to apologize to the Inuit who had been moved to the high Arctic in 1953 to provide compensation to them and to formally recognize the residents of Resolute and Grise Fiord for their service to Canada s sovereignty 5 14 In response the government commissioned the Hickling Report which absolved them of wrongdoing arguing that the Inuit had volunteered to be moved and that they had been relocated due to the harsh social and economic conditions in Inukjuak The report written by a long time government official was strongly criticized by academics and the media 5 In contrast a Canadian Human Rights Commission report submitted in December 1991 argued that there was clear evidence that there were government concerns about Arctic sovereignty at the time of the relocations and an understanding that the settlements would contribute to Canadian sovereignty The report concluded that the Government of Canada had broken its promise to return the relocatees to Inukjuak after two years if they wished 14 A further report written by Trent University professor Magnus Gunther examined the various claims of academics disputing what had occurred during the relocations It concluded that the government had acted with humane intentions and as a result Tom Siddon Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development stated that it would be inappropriate for the government to apologize or provide compensation 5 nbsp Grise Fiord community 2011 In July 1994 the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples held hearings to investigate the relocation program 14 The Inuit evidence overwhelmingly highlighted that they had been forcibly relocated while government officials argued that they had moved voluntarily The official who had been in charge of the relocation tried to suggest that witnesses had changed their stories in order to claim compensation and that the move had been a success 3 The Commission found that the government of Canada had determined to rehabilitate the Inuit of Port Harrison weaning them from dependency and moral decline by moving them to better lands with abundant game for hunting and that inadequate preparations were made for them 9 The commission recommended an apology and compensation for the survivors as well as acknowledgment of the role the relocatees played in establishing a Canadian presence in the High Arctic 3 9 14 In their report the commission noted that There is therefore no doubt that the presence of Inuit settlements in the High Arctic once established did contribute to the maintenance of Canadian sovereignty 2 Simultaneously the report found that colonizing the High Arctic while before and after the relocation was important to Canadian national sovereignty but that in the period when the decision was taken sovereignty was not in the minds of decision makers 2 Thus in the eyes of the government the maintenance of Canadian sovereignty through the High Arctic Relocation was a convenient by product of what the report considers economic and social concerns In the end however the report concluded that Even if sovereignty is assumed not to be a factor this relocation was an inappropriate solution to the government s economic and social concerns Sovereignty was however a material consideration and the influence of sovereignty on the relocation serves only to reinforce the Commission s conclusions about the inappropriateness of the relocation However the precise extent to which sovereignty influenced the relocation is difficult to determine 2 The claims of the Inuit were therefore at least partially supported by the report The federal government refused to apologize but established a Reconciliation Agreement in March 1996 creating a 10 million CAD trust fund for relocated individuals and their families The government admitted that the Inuit suffered hardship suffering and loss in the initial years of these relocations but required recipients to acknowledge that they understand that in planning the relocation the government officials of the time were acting with honourable intentions in what was perceived to be in the best interests of the Inuit at that time 8 14 nbsp Looty Pijamini s monument of the first Inuit settlers of 1953 and 1955 in Grise FiordAfter nearly five decades an official government apology was given on 18 August 2010 to the relocated families for the inhumane treatment and suffering caused by the relocation John Duncan Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development stated The Government of Canada deeply regrets the mistakes and broken promises of this dark chapter of our history and apologizes for the High Arctic relocation having taken place We would like to pay tribute to the relocatees for their perseverance and courage The relocation of Inuit families to the High Arctic is a tragic chapter in Canada s history that we should not forget but that we must acknowledge learn from and teach our children Acknowledging our shared history allows us to move forward in partnership and in a spirit of reconciliation 17 18 19 Two generations on the term The Relocated remains emotive 4 In the media editCarvers Looty Pijamini of Grise Fiord and the late Simeonie Amagoalik of Resolute were commissioned by Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated to build a monument to commemorate the Inuit who sacrificed so much as a result of the Government relocation of 1953 and 1955 Pijamini s monument located in Grise Fiord depicts a woman with a young boy and a husky with the woman sombrely looking out towards Resolute Bay Amagoalik s monument located in Resolute depicts a lone man looking towards Grise Fiord This was meant to show separated families and depicting them longing to see each other again Pijamini said that he intentionally made them look melancholy because the relocation was not a happy event The monument was unveiled in September 2010 and received praise from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 20 21 The High Arctic relocation is the subject of Zacharias Kunuk s film Exile The film was produced by Isuma 22 who also released Atanarjuat The Fast Runner the first feature film ever to be written directed and acted entirely in Inuktitut 23 The High Arctic relocation is the subject of the film Broken Promises The High Arctic Relocation by Patricia Tassinari NFB 1995 24 The relocation is also the subject of Marquise Lepage s documentary film NFB 2008 Martha of the North Martha qui vient du froid This film tells the story of Martha Flaherty granddaughter of Robert J Flaherty who was relocated at 5 along with her family from Inukjuak to Grise Fiord Ellesmere Island 25 Lepage later released the 2013 web series Iqqaumavara telling the stories of several other affected people 26 Larry Audlaluk was a toddler when his family was relocated from Inukjuak on Hudson Bay to Grise Fiord in 1953 his father died 10 months later His life story What I Remember What I Know The Life of a High Arctic Exile 2020 provides a detailed personal account of the danger and death that they faced 27 See also edit nbsp Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal nbsp Canada portalDislocation of Sami people Environmental inequality in Europe Human migration Human rights in Canada Indian removal Thule relocationReferences edit Makkik Romani Fall 2009 The High Arctic Relocations PDF Naniiliqpita pp 7 11 a b c d Dussault Rene Erasmus George 1994 The High Arctic Relocation A Report on the 1953 55 Relocation PDF Report Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples ISBN 0 660 15544 3 a b c d e f g Porteous J Douglas Smith Sandra E 2001 Domicide The Global Destruction of Home McGill Queen s University Press pp 102 103 ISBN 978 0 7735 2258 9 a b Pope Frank 14 May 2011 Disappearing Arctic The Times Magazine London The Relocated a term still spoken in hushed terms were then planted as human flagpoles in this desolate place a b c d e Tester Frank J Kulchyski Peter 1994 Tammarniit Mistakes Inuit relocation in the eastern arctic 1939 63 Vancouver UBC Press pp 102 104 ISBN 978 0 7748 0452 3 History Grise Fiord Archived from the original on 28 December 2008 Markoosie Patsauq His Story Iqqaumavara com 15 July 2012 a b c d James Matt 2008 Wrestling with the Past Apologies Quasi Apologies and Non Apologies in Canada In Mark Gibney Rhoda E Howard Hassmann Jean Marc Coicaud Niklaus Steiner eds The Age of Apology University of Pennsylvania Press pp 142 144 ISBN 978 0 8122 4033 7 a b c d e MacQueen Ken 16 July 1994 Spare aboriginal people the tyranny of good intentions The Hamilton Spectator p A12 a b c Damas David 2002 Settlement in the 1950s I Arctic Migrants Arctic Villagers The Transformation of Inuit Settlement in the Central Arctic McGill Queen s Press pp 52 57 ISBN 978 0 7735 2405 7 Loukacheva Natalia 2007 The Arctic Promise Legal and Political Autonomy of Greenland and Nunavut University of Toronto Press p 159 ISBN 978 0 8020 9486 5 Marcus Alan Rudolph 1995 Relocating Eden The Image and Politics of Inuit Exile in the Canadian Arctic University Press of New England pp 70 71 Marcus Alan Rudolph 1995 Relocating Eden The Image and Politics of Inuit Exile in the Canadian Arctic University Press of New England p 87 a b c d e f Makivik Corporation High Arctic Relocatees And Government Of Canada Seek Reconciliation Canada NewsWire 28 March 1996 a b McGrath Melanie 2006 The Long Exile A Tale of Inuit Betrayal and Survival in the High Arctic Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 307 53786 7 Tester Frank James Kulchyski Peter 1994 Tammarniit Mistakes Inuit Relocation in the Eastern Arctic 1939 63 UBC Press pp 113 118 ISBN 978 0 7748 4271 6 Apology for the Inuit High Arctic relocation Crown Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada 15 September 2010 Campion Smith Bruce 18 August 2010 Ottawa apologizes to Inuit for using them as human flagpoles Toronto Star Inuit get federal apology for forced relocation CBC News 18 August 2010 High Arctic exiles to be honoured CBC News 6 September 2010 Retrieved 13 May 2011 Resolute monument honours High Arctic exiles CBC News 9 September 2010 Exile Isuma tv 3 February 2009 Archived from the original on 1 April 2009 Atanarjuat The Fast Runner 2001 at IMDb nbsp Broken Promises The High Arctic Relocation National Film Board of Canada Retrieved 15 December 2019 Martha of the North Our Collection National Film Board of Canada 15 August 2017 Watch the 12 Short Films that tell the Story of this Human Tragedy Iqqaumavara com Retrieved 15 December 2019 Emma Tranter Larry Audlaluk tells a story of broken promises healing in new book Nunatsiaq News September 17 2020 Further reading editGrant Shelagh D 2016 Errors Exposed Inuit Relocations to the High Arctic 1953 1960 PDF Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security DCASS Vol 8 Madwar Samia 11 September 2018 Inuit High Arctic Relocations in Canada The Canadian Encyclopedia online ed Historica Canada Sponagle Jane 30 June 2017 We called it Prison Island Inuk man remembers forced relocation to Grise Fiord CBC News Watson Paul 29 November 2009 Inuit were moved 2 000 km in Cold War manoeuvring Toronto Star Qikiqtani Truth Commission Community Histories 1950 1975 Resolute Bay PDF Iqaluit Nunavut Qikiqtani Inuit Association ISBN 978 1 927095 62 1 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title High Arctic relocation amp oldid 1188045514, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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