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The Lower Germanic Limes (Latin: limes ad Germaniam inferiorem, Dutch: Neder-Germaanse Limes, German: Niedergermanischer Limes) is the former frontier between the Roman province of Germania Inferior and Germania Magna. The Lower Germanic Limes separated that part of the Rhineland left of the Rhine as well as the southern part of the Netherlands, which was part of the Roman Empire, from the less tightly controlled regions east of the Rhine.
Frontiers of the Roman Empire -- The Lower German Limes
The Lower Germanic Limes was not a fortified limes with ramparts, ditches, palisades or walls and watchtowers, but a river border (Lat.: ripa), similarly to the limites on the Danube and Euphrates. The Rhine Line was guarded by a chain of castra for auxiliary troops. It was laid out partly by Augustus and his stepson and military commander Drusus, who began to strengthen the natural boundary of the Rhine from the year 15 AD The decision not to conquer the regions east of the Rhine in 16 AD made the Rhine into a fixed frontier of the Roman Empire. For its protection, many estates (villae rusticae) and settlements (vici) were established. The names and locations of several sites have been handed down, mainly through the Tabula Peutingeriana and Itinerarium Antonini.[1]
The Rhine-Meuse delta with the Lower Rhine in the background
As it runs along the Rhine the Lower Germanic Limes passes four landscapes with different topography and natural character. The southernmost and smallest portion, between the Vinxtbach and the area around Bonn still belongs to the Rhenish Massif, through which the river passes in a relatively narrow valley between the heights of the Westerwald and the Eifel Mountains. From roughly the area of Bonn, the Rhine valley opens into the Cologne Bay, which is bounded by the Bergisches Land, which hugs the river on the right-hand side, and the Eifel and High Fens to the southeast and east. The Cologne Bay has fertile loess soils and is characterized by a very mild climate. It is therefore little wonder that most of the rural vici and villae rusticae (farm estates) in Lower Germania were established in this area in Roman times. In the vicinity of the military camp of Novaesium, the Cologne Bay expands further into the Lower Rhine Plain, a river terrace landscape. Only a little west of today's German-Dutch border, roughly in the area of the legion camp of Noviomagus, the Lower Rhine Plain transitions into the watery marshland formed by the Rhine and Meuse and which finally ends at the North Sea in the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.[2]
Referencesedit
^Tilmann Bechert, Willem J. H. Willems: Die römische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseeküste. Stuttgart, 1995, ISBN3-8062-1189-2; Margot Klee: Grenzen des Imperiums. Leben am römischen Limes. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006, ISBN3-8053-3429-X, pp. 33–40.
^Ariw J. Kalis, Sabine Karg, Jutta Meurers-Balke, H. Teunissen-Van Oorschot: Mensch und Vegetation am Unteren Niederrhein während der Eisen- Und Römerzeit. In: Martin Müller, Hans-Joachim Schalles, Norbert Zieling (eds.): Colonia Ulpia Traiana. Xanten und sein Umland in römischer Zeit. Zabern, Mainz, 2008, ISBN978-3-8053-3953-7, pp. 31–48; Renate Gerlach, Thomas Becker, Jutta Meurers-Balke, Irmela Herzog: Das Rhein-Limes-Projekt. Wo lag der Rhein zur Römerzeit? In: Andreas Thiel (ed.): Neue Forschungen am Limes. 4. Fachkolloquium der Deutschen Limeskommission 27/28 February 2007 in Osterburken. Theiss, Stuttgart, 2008, ISBN978-3-8062-2251-7, (= entries on the World Heritage Site of the Limes, 3), pp. 9–17; Tilmann Bechert, Willem J. H. Willems: Die römische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseeküste. Stuttgart, 1995, ISBN3-8062-1189-2.
Literatureedit
Tilmann Bechert: Germania inferior. Eine Provinz an der Nordgrenze des Römischen Reichs. Zabern, Mainz, 2007, ISBN978-3-8053-2400-7.
Tilmann Bechert, Willem J. H. Willems: Die römische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseeküste. Stuttgart, 1995, ISBN3-8062-1189-2.
Tilmann Bechert: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania inferior. (Edition Antike Welt, 4). Hirmer, Munich, 1982, ISBN3-7774-3440-X.
Julianus Egidius Bogaers, Christoph B. Rüger (eds.): Der niedergermanische Limes. Materialien zu seiner Geschichte. Rheinland Verlag, Cologne, 1974, ISBN3-7927-0194-4.
Michael Gechter: Die Anfänge des Niedergermanischen Limes. In: Bonner Jahrbücher. 179, 1979, pp. 1–129.
Michael Gechter: Early Roman military installations and Ubian settlements in the Lower Rhine. In: T. Blagg, M. Millett (eds.): The early Roman empire in the West. 2. Auflage. Oxford Books 2002, ISBN1-84217-069-4, S. 97–102.
Michael Gechter: Die Militärgeschichte am Niederrhein von Caesar bis Tiberius. Eine Skizze. In: T. Grünewald, S. Seibel (eds.): Kontinuität und Diskontinuität. Die Germania inferior am Beginn und am Ende der römischen Herrschaft, Beiträge des deutsch-niederländischen Kolloquiums in der Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, 27. bis 30.6.2001. De Gruyter, Berlin, 2003, pp. 147–159 (Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, Ergänzungsband 35).
Heinz Günter Horn (ed.): Die Römer in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Theiss, Stuttgart 1987; Lizenzausgabe. Nikol, Hamburg, 2002, ISBN3-933203-59-7.
Anne Johnson: Römische Kastelle des 1. und 2. Jahrhunderts n. Chr. in Britannien und in den germanischen Provinzen des Römerreiches. Zabern, Mainz, 1987, ISBN3-8053-0868-X (Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt, Vol. 37).
Margot Klee: Grenzen des Imperiums. Leben am römischen Limes. Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006. ISBN3-8062-2015-8. pp. 33–40.
Hans Schönberger: Die römischen Truppenlager der frühen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn. In: Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission. 66, 1985, pp. 321–495.
External linksedit
Lower Germanic Limes on the website of Dutch historian, Jona Lendering (English)
Vici.org Lower Germanic Limes, interactive map
»www.niedergermanischer-limes.de«
Germania inferior on the private website of author, Peter Lichtenberger (German)
De Limes - Grens van het Romeinse Rijk (Dutch)
(Dutch)
January 01, 1970
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Dutch Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Dutch Wikipedia article at nl Neder Germaanse limes see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated nl Neder Germaanse limes to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Niedergermanischer Limes see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Niedergermanischer Limes to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Lower Germanic Limes Latin limes ad Germaniam inferiorem Dutch Neder Germaanse Limes German Niedergermanischer Limes is the former frontier between the Roman province of Germania Inferior and Germania Magna The Lower Germanic Limes separated that part of the Rhineland left of the Rhine as well as the southern part of the Netherlands which was part of the Roman Empire from the less tightly controlled regions east of the Rhine Frontiers of the Roman Empire The Lower German LimesUNESCO World Heritage SiteMap of the Lower Germanic LimesLocationGermany NetherlandsCriteriaCultural ii iii iv Reference1631Inscription2021 44th Session Southern section of the Lower Germanic Limes between VLPIA NOVIOMAGVS BATAVORVM und RIGOMAGVS on the Tabula Peutingeriana The route of the limes started near the estuary of the Oude Rijn on the North Sea It then followed the course of the Rhine and ended at the Vinxtbach in present day Niederbreisig a quarter in the town of Bad Breisig the border with the province of Germania Superior The Upper Germanic Rhaetian Limes then started on the opposite right hand side of the Rhine with the Roman camp of Rheinbrohl The Lower Germanic Limes was not a fortified limes with ramparts ditches palisades or walls and watchtowers but a river border Lat ripa similarly to the limites on the Danube and Euphrates The Rhine Line was guarded by a chain of castra for auxiliary troops It was laid out partly by Augustus and his stepson and military commander Drusus who began to strengthen the natural boundary of the Rhine from the year 15 AD The decision not to conquer the regions east of the Rhine in 16 AD made the Rhine into a fixed frontier of the Roman Empire For its protection many estates villae rusticae and settlements vici were established The names and locations of several sites have been handed down mainly through the Tabula Peutingeriana and Itinerarium Antonini 1 Together with the Upper Germanic Rhaetian Limes the Lower Germanic Limes forms part of the Limes Germanicus In 2021 the Lower Germanic Limes were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as part of the set of Frontiers of the Roman Empire World Heritage Sites Contents 1 Topography 2 References 3 Literature 4 External linksTopography edit nbsp The Rhine Meuse delta with the Lower Rhine in the background As it runs along the Rhine the Lower Germanic Limes passes four landscapes with different topography and natural character The southernmost and smallest portion between the Vinxtbach and the area around Bonn still belongs to the Rhenish Massif through which the river passes in a relatively narrow valley between the heights of the Westerwald and the Eifel Mountains From roughly the area of Bonn the Rhine valley opens into the Cologne Bay which is bounded by the Bergisches Land which hugs the river on the right hand side and the Eifel and High Fens to the southeast and east The Cologne Bay has fertile loess soils and is characterized by a very mild climate It is therefore little wonder that most of the rural vici and villae rusticae farm estates in Lower Germania were established in this area in Roman times In the vicinity of the military camp of Novaesium the Cologne Bay expands further into the Lower Rhine Plain a river terrace landscape Only a little west of today s German Dutch border roughly in the area of the legion camp of Noviomagus the Lower Rhine Plain transitions into the watery marshland formed by the Rhine and Meuse and which finally ends at the North Sea in the Rhine Meuse Scheldt delta 2 References edit Tilmann Bechert Willem J H Willems Die romische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseekuste Stuttgart 1995 ISBN 3 8062 1189 2 Margot Klee Grenzen des Imperiums Leben am romischen Limes Konrad Theiss Verlag Stuttgart 2006 ISBN 3 8053 3429 X pp 33 40 Ariw J Kalis Sabine Karg Jutta Meurers Balke H Teunissen Van Oorschot Mensch und Vegetation am Unteren Niederrhein wahrend der Eisen Und Romerzeit In Martin Muller Hans Joachim Schalles Norbert Zieling eds Colonia Ulpia Traiana Xanten und sein Umland in romischer Zeit Zabern Mainz 2008 ISBN 978 3 8053 3953 7 pp 31 48 Renate Gerlach Thomas Becker Jutta Meurers Balke Irmela Herzog Das Rhein Limes Projekt Wo lag der Rhein zur Romerzeit In Andreas Thiel ed Neue Forschungen am Limes 4 Fachkolloquium der Deutschen Limeskommission 27 28 February 2007 in Osterburken Theiss Stuttgart 2008 ISBN 978 3 8062 2251 7 entries on the World Heritage Site of the Limes 3 pp 9 17 Tilmann Bechert Willem J H Willems Die romische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseekuste Stuttgart 1995 ISBN 3 8062 1189 2 Literature editTilmann Bechert Germania inferior Eine Provinz an der Nordgrenze des Romischen Reichs Zabern Mainz 2007 ISBN 978 3 8053 2400 7 Tilmann Bechert Willem J H Willems Die romische Reichsgrenze von der Mosel bis zur Nordseekuste Stuttgart 1995 ISBN 3 8062 1189 2 Tilmann Bechert Romisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas Die Provinz Germania inferior Edition Antike Welt 4 Hirmer Munich 1982 ISBN 3 7774 3440 X Julianus Egidius Bogaers Christoph B Ruger eds Der niedergermanische Limes Materialien zu seiner Geschichte Rheinland Verlag Cologne 1974 ISBN 3 7927 0194 4 Michael Gechter Die Anfange des Niedergermanischen Limes In Bonner Jahrbucher 179 1979 pp 1 129 Michael Gechter Early Roman military installations and Ubian settlements in the Lower Rhine In T Blagg M Millett eds The early Roman empire in the West 2 Auflage Oxford Books 2002 ISBN 1 84217 069 4 S 97 102 Michael Gechter Die Militargeschichte am Niederrhein von Caesar bis Tiberius Eine Skizze In T Grunewald S Seibel eds Kontinuitat und Diskontinuitat Die Germania inferior am Beginn und am Ende der romischen Herrschaft Beitrage des deutsch niederlandischen Kolloquiums in der Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen 27 bis 30 6 2001 De Gruyter Berlin 2003 pp 147 159 Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde Erganzungsband 35 Heinz Gunter Horn ed Die Romer in Nordrhein Westfalen Theiss Stuttgart 1987 Lizenzausgabe Nikol Hamburg 2002 ISBN 3 933203 59 7 Anne Johnson Romische Kastelle des 1 und 2 Jahrhunderts n Chr in Britannien und in den germanischen Provinzen des Romerreiches Zabern Mainz 1987 ISBN 3 8053 0868 X Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt Vol 37 Margot Klee Grenzen des Imperiums Leben am romischen Limes Konrad Theiss Verlag Stuttgart 2006 ISBN 3 8062 2015 8 pp 33 40 Hans Schonberger Die romischen Truppenlager der fruhen und mittleren Kaiserzeit zwischen Nordsee und Inn In Bericht der Romisch Germanischen Kommission 66 1985 pp 321 495 External links editLower Germanic Limes on the website of Dutch historian Jona Lendering English Vici org Lower Germanic Limes interactive map www niedergermanischer limes de Germania inferior on the private website of author Peter Lichtenberger German De Limes Grens van het Romeinse Rijk Dutch Romeinen in Nederland Dutch Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lower Germanic Limes amp 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