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Tropical bottlenose whale

January 01, 1970

The tropical bottlenose whale (Indopacetus pacificus), also known as the Indo-Pacific beaked whale or Longman's beaked whale, was considered to be the world's rarest cetacean until recently, but the spade-toothed whale now holds that position. As of 2010, the species is now known from nearly a dozen strandings and over 65 sightings.[3] This is the only species in the genus Indopacetus.

Tropical bottlenose whale
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Ziphiidae
Genus: Indopacetus
Moore, 1968
Species:
I. pacificus
Binomial name
Indopacetus pacificus
(Longman, 1926)
Tropical Bottlenose Whale range
Synonyms

Mesoplodon pacificus Longman, 1926

History of discovery edit

The species has had a long history riddled with misidentifications, which are now mostly resolved. A skull and jaw found on a beach in Mackay, Queensland, in 1882, provided the basis for the initial description of this species by H. A. Longman in 1926.[4] Other researchers were not convinced, and felt this specimen might instead represent a Pacific form of True's beaked whale or a female bottlenose whale. Almost 30 years after Longman's original publication, a second skull was discovered near Danane, Somalia (1955). This specimen likely stranded on the coast, but was subsequently processed into fertilizer. Only the skull survived. Biologist Joseph C. Moore used this skull, together with the original Mackay specimen, to effectively demonstrate that Longman's beaked whale was a unique species and elevated it to its own genus, Indopacetus.

Dalebout et al. (2003) [5] used a combination of genetic and morphological analyses to identify four further specimens, including a complete adult female with a fetus found in the Maldives in January 2000. The other remains consisted of a skull from Kenya collected some time before 1968, and two juvenile males from South Africa from strandings in 1976 and 1992. Based on morphological analyses, Dalebout et al. concluded that the genus Indopacetus was a valid one. The external appearance and colour pattern of this species was also revealed, and a firm connection was established with the mysterious tropical bottlenose whales that had been sighted in the Indian and Pacific Oceans since the 1960s. While this paper was in press, a specimen that was first misidentified as a Baird's beaked whale washed up in Kagoshima, Japan, in July 2002.

Description edit

Longman's beaked whales look rather similar to both mesoplodont beaked whales and bottlenose whales, which led to a great deal of taxonomic confusion. The Maldives female had a robust body like the bottlenoses, although this may be a distortion, since the less-decomposed female specimen from Japan had a laterally compressed body typical of Mesoplodon. The juvenile specimens have a very short beak similar to a bottlenose whale, but the adult females seen so far have had rather long beaks sloping gently into a barely noticeable melon organ. Additionally, the dorsal fins of adult specimens seem unusually large and triangular for beaked whales, whereas in juveniles they are rather small and swept back.

An adult male specimen has yet to wash up, but sightings of the tropical bottlenose whale indicate they have a rather bulbous melon, two teeth located towards the front of the beak, and scars from fighting with the teeth. Scars from cookiecutter sharks are also rather common on the whale. The rather unusual coloration of the juveniles helped connect the Longman's to the tropical bottlenose whale; both have dark backs behind the blowholes, which quickly shade down to a light gray and then white. The blackness from the back extends down to the eye of the whale except for a light spot behind the eye, and then continues on in a line towards the flipper, which is also dark.

Dark markings are also present on the tip of the beak and rostrum. The females have a simpler coloration; the body is typically grayish except for a brown head. The coloration appears to be rather variable in this species. The female specimen from the Maldives was 6 m (20 ft) in length, with a 1 m (3 ft) fetus, and the Japanese female was 6.5 m (22 ft) in length. Reports of tropical beaked whales put them even longer, in the 7 to 9m (23 to 29.5 ft) range,[6] which is larger than any mesoplodont and more typical of a bottlenose whale. No weight estimation or reproductive information is known.

Behavior edit

 
A pod of Longman's beaked whales travelling.

Tropical bottlenose whale observations indicate they travel in larger groups than any other local species of beaked whales. The size of the pods ranges from the tens up to 100, with 15 to 20 being typical, and the groups appear very cohesive.

Their pods are sometimes associated with other species, such as short-finned pilot whales, bottlenose dolphins, spinner dolphins, and humpback whales.[6]

Tropical bottlenose whales have been known to breach the surface,[7] and they normally have visible, but short, blows. Their dives last between 11 and 33 minutes, with one individual diving for least 45 minutes.[8]

Population and distribution edit

Strandings and sightings indicate the species ranges across the Indian Ocean from southern and eastern Africa to the Maldives,[9] Sri Lanka, and east to Myanmar, with a Pacific range extending from Australia to Japan. However, if the sightings of tropical beaked whales are taken into account, the range of this whale is more extensive; they have been sighted from the Arabian Sea including the Gulf of Aden[8] to Guadalupe Island and the Gulf of California (the sightings off Mexico (in 1992 and 1993) are probably extralimital, as they are associated with abnormally warm water during El Niño events). Sightings in the Gulf of Mexico are possible, which may indicate they are present in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, as well. The most frequent observations have occurred off the coasts of Hawaii. Although only a single specimen has washed up in Hawaii, they are apparently rather common; a 2002 survey estimated 766 animals. No other population estimates exist for other locales, although a single individual was apparently identified in the Comoro Islands in the summer of 2002–2003.[10] One whale was observed from a whale-watching vessel off Choshi in December, 2015.[11] Possible sightings were made off Tokara Islands[6] and Bonin Islands, as well.[12] They have also recorded off New Caledonia.[13]

The range of Longman's beaked whales was once considered to be restricted to warmer waters of Pacific, but stranding records in recent years revealed they may migrate further north to sub-Arctic regions such as off Hokkaido. No occurrence has been confirmed in the Sea of Japan, but a possible Longman's beaked whale stranded on a beach near Vladivostok in 2011.[14]

In 2009, the first confirmed sighting was made of tropical bottlenose whales in the southern Bay of Bengal.[15] In the summer and fall of 2010, researchers aboard the NOAA ship McArthur II made two sightings of groups of tropical bottlenose whales off Hawaii. The first sighting consisted of a "large, active group" of over 70 individuals surfacing rapidly and breaching on occasion; the second sighting, late in October, did not last as long, as the group "ran away".[16] Increasingly more sightings and strandings have been recorded in Taiwan and surrounding small islands such as at Yilan[17] the Green Island,[18] and Orchid Island.[19][20] An entangled individual was saved by local fishermen off Pakistan in 2015.[21]

Since Dalebout et al. (2003), additional strandings have been reported in the Philippines (2004), Taiwan and Myanmar (2005),[22] the Andaman Islands (2009), and Maui (2010).[23]

Conservation edit

No records report the whale being hunted, although individuals have been trapped in fishing nets off Sri Lanka and a stranding in Taiwan in 2005 involving a cow-calf pair may have been due to nearby naval exercises.[24] The tropical bottlenose whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).[25]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Pitman, R.L.; Brownell Jr.; R.L. (2020). "Indopacetus pacificus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T40635A50380449. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T40635A50380449.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Pitman, R. L. (2009). "Indo-Pacific beaked whale – Indopacetus pacificus". In Perrin, W. F.; Würsig, B.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 600–602. ISBN 9780123735539.
  4. ^ Reeves, R.; Stewart, B.; Clapham, P. & Powell, J. (2002). Guide to Marine Mammals of the World. New York: A.A. Knopf. p. 266. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  5. ^ "Biology.dal.ca" (PDF). Whitelab.biology.dal.ca. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Pitman, Robert L.; Palacios, Daniel M.; Brennan, Patricia L. R.; Brennan, Bernard J.; Balcomb, Kenneth C.; Miyashita, Tomio (April 1999). "Sightings and possible identity of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific: Indopacetus pacificus?". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (2): 531–549. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00818.x.
  7. ^ "HICEAS 2010: Weekly Blog from NOAA Ship McArthur II". Southwest Fisheries Science Center. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
  8. ^ a b Anderson, R. C.; Clark, R.; Madsen, P. T.; Johnson, C.; Kiszka, J.; Breysse, O. (2006). "Observations of Longman's Beaked Whale (Indopacetus pacificus) in the Western Indian Ocean". Aquatic Mammals. 32 (2): 223–231. doi:10.1578/AM.32.2.2006.223.
  9. ^ "Care for dolphins". Carefordolphins.net. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  10. ^ Kiszka, J., O. Breysse, M. Vely, and K. Boinali. 2006. Marine mammals around the Comoros archipelago (Mozambique Channel): recent records and review of available information 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine. Scientific Committee Report to the International Whaling Commission. SC-58-O6
  11. ^ "銚子の海で感動体験、イルカクジラウォッチング | 時には5,000頭ものイルカの群れに出会うことも！イルカ、クジラ、オットセイ、渡り鳥…どんな生き物に出会えるかはお楽しみ。どこまでも続く水平線、波に揺られながらその時だけの旅が始まります。". Choshi-iruka-watching.co.jp. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  12. ^ "アカボウクジラに 会えるかも！？" (PDF). イルカ通信 2002年９月21日 号外001. The Ogasawara Whale Watching Association. 2002. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  13. ^ "ANIMAUX. Nouvelle-Calédonie : Des baleines d'une espèce rare s'échouent sur une plage". Lejsl.com.
  14. ^ печать Кит-самоубийца найден под Находкой 2017-06-20 at the Wayback Machine. 2011. Deita News Agency. retrieved on 9 June 2014
  15. ^ Afsal, V.V, P. P. Manojkumar, K.S.S.M. Yousuf, B. Anoop and E. Vivekanandan (2009). The first sighting of Longman’s beaked whale, Indopacetus pacificus, in the southern Bay of Bengal. Marine Biodiversity Records, pp. 1–3.
  16. ^ "West Coast | NOAA Fisheries". Fisheries.noaa.gov. 1 March 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  17. ^ Wang J. Y.. Yang S. C.. 2006. Unusual cetacean stranding events of Taiwan in 2004 and 2005. (pdf). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 8. pp.283–292. Retrieved on April 02, 2017
  18. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-06. Retrieved 2016-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "號外！號外！大鯨魚擱淺蘭嶼紅頭灘(11/20 04:54更新) @ 夏天~等我回來 :: 痞客邦 ::". Simagaga1972.pixnet.net. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  20. ^ Syaman L., 2013, 朗氏緣鯨擱淺. YouTube
  21. ^ "Longman's beaked whale successfully released in Pakistani waters". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  22. ^ [1] [dead link]
  23. ^ "Mammals Collections Search". Collections.nmnh.si.edu. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  24. ^ Yang, W.-C.; Chou, L.-S.; Jepson, P. D.; Brownell, R. L.; Cowan, D.; Chang, P.-H.; Chiou, H.-I.; Yao, C.-J.; Yamada, T. K.; Chiu, J.-T.; Wang, P.-J.; Fernandez, A. (2008). "Unusual cetacean mortality event in Taiwan, possibly linked to naval activities". Veterinary Record. 162 (6): 184–185. arXiv:cond-mat/0606434. doi:10.1136/vr.162.6.184. PMID 18263919. S2CID 28719592.
  25. ^ "Pacific Cetaceans". Pacificcetaceans.org. Retrieved 29 March 2022.

Further reading edit

  • Longman's Beaked Whale Hawaiian Stock. Revised 3/15/05. Available: here
  • Appearance, Distribution, and Genetic Distinctiveness of Longman's Beaked Whale, Indopacetus pacificus. Dalebout, Ross, Baker, Anderson, Best, Cockcroft, Hinsz, Peddemors, and Pitman. July 2003, Marine Mammal Science, 19(3):421–461. Available: here
  • National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World Reeves et al., 2002. ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
  • Sightings and possible identification of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo-Pacific: Indopacetus pacificus? Pitman, Palacios, Brennan, Brennan, Balcomb and Miyashita, 1999. Marine Mammal Science Vol 15, pp 531–549.
  • Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Robert L. Pitman, 1998. ISBN 0-12-551340-2
  • Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises Carwardine, 1995. ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
  • More skull characters of the beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus and comparative measurements of austral relatives J.C. Moore 1972. Field Zoology. Vol 62 pp 1–19.
  • Relationships among the living genera of beaked whales with classifications, diagnoses and keys J.C. Moore 1968. Field Zoology. Vol 53, pp 206–298.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indopacetus pacificus.
  • Rare whale washes up in South Africa
  • On an unidentified beaked whale found stranded in Kagoshima
  • Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)

January 01, 1970
tropical, bottlenose, whale, tropical, bottlenose, whale, indopacetus, pacificus, also, known, indo, pacific, beaked, whale, longman, beaked, whale, considered, world, rarest, cetacean, until, recently, spade, toothed, whale, holds, that, position, 2010, speci. The tropical bottlenose whale Indopacetus pacificus also known as the Indo Pacific beaked whale or Longman s beaked whale was considered to be the world s rarest cetacean until recently but the spade toothed whale now holds that position As of 2010 the species is now known from nearly a dozen strandings and over 65 sightings 3 This is the only species in the genus Indopacetus Tropical bottlenose whale Size compared to an average human Conservation status Least Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Infraorder Cetacea Family Ziphiidae Genus IndopacetusMoore 1968 Species I pacificus Binomial name Indopacetus pacificus Longman 1926 Tropical Bottlenose Whale range Synonyms Mesoplodon pacificus Longman 1926 Contents 1 History of discovery 2 Description 3 Behavior 4 Population and distribution 5 Conservation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksHistory of discovery editThe species has had a long history riddled with misidentifications which are now mostly resolved A skull and jaw found on a beach in Mackay Queensland in 1882 provided the basis for the initial description of this species by H A Longman in 1926 4 Other researchers were not convinced and felt this specimen might instead represent a Pacific form of True s beaked whale or a female bottlenose whale Almost 30 years after Longman s original publication a second skull was discovered near Danane Somalia 1955 This specimen likely stranded on the coast but was subsequently processed into fertilizer Only the skull survived Biologist Joseph C Moore used this skull together with the original Mackay specimen to effectively demonstrate that Longman s beaked whale was a unique species and elevated it to its own genus Indopacetus Dalebout et al 2003 5 used a combination of genetic and morphological analyses to identify four further specimens including a complete adult female with a fetus found in the Maldives in January 2000 The other remains consisted of a skull from Kenya collected some time before 1968 and two juvenile males from South Africa from strandings in 1976 and 1992 Based on morphological analyses Dalebout et al concluded that the genus Indopacetus was a valid one The external appearance and colour pattern of this species was also revealed and a firm connection was established with the mysterious tropical bottlenose whales that had been sighted in the Indian and Pacific Oceans since the 1960s While this paper was in press a specimen that was first misidentified as a Baird s beaked whale washed up in Kagoshima Japan in July 2002 Description editLongman s beaked whales look rather similar to both mesoplodont beaked whales and bottlenose whales which led to a great deal of taxonomic confusion The Maldives female had a robust body like the bottlenoses although this may be a distortion since the less decomposed female specimen from Japan had a laterally compressed body typical of Mesoplodon The juvenile specimens have a very short beak similar to a bottlenose whale but the adult females seen so far have had rather long beaks sloping gently into a barely noticeable melon organ Additionally the dorsal fins of adult specimens seem unusually large and triangular for beaked whales whereas in juveniles they are rather small and swept back An adult male specimen has yet to wash up but sightings of the tropical bottlenose whale indicate they have a rather bulbous melon two teeth located towards the front of the beak and scars from fighting with the teeth Scars from cookiecutter sharks are also rather common on the whale The rather unusual coloration of the juveniles helped connect the Longman s to the tropical bottlenose whale both have dark backs behind the blowholes which quickly shade down to a light gray and then white The blackness from the back extends down to the eye of the whale except for a light spot behind the eye and then continues on in a line towards the flipper which is also dark Dark markings are also present on the tip of the beak and rostrum The females have a simpler coloration the body is typically grayish except for a brown head The coloration appears to be rather variable in this species The female specimen from the Maldives was 6 m 20 ft in length with a 1 m 3 ft fetus and the Japanese female was 6 5 m 22 ft in length Reports of tropical beaked whales put them even longer in the 7 to 9m 23 to 29 5 ft range 6 which is larger than any mesoplodont and more typical of a bottlenose whale No weight estimation or reproductive information is known Behavior edit nbsp A pod of Longman s beaked whales travelling Tropical bottlenose whale observations indicate they travel in larger groups than any other local species of beaked whales The size of the pods ranges from the tens up to 100 with 15 to 20 being typical and the groups appear very cohesive Their pods are sometimes associated with other species such as short finned pilot whales bottlenose dolphins spinner dolphins and humpback whales 6 Tropical bottlenose whales have been known to breach the surface 7 and they normally have visible but short blows Their dives last between 11 and 33 minutes with one individual diving for least 45 minutes 8 Population and distribution editStrandings and sightings indicate the species ranges across the Indian Ocean from southern and eastern Africa to the Maldives 9 Sri Lanka and east to Myanmar with a Pacific range extending from Australia to Japan However if the sightings of tropical beaked whales are taken into account the range of this whale is more extensive they have been sighted from the Arabian Sea including the Gulf of Aden 8 to Guadalupe Island and the Gulf of California the sightings off Mexico in 1992 and 1993 are probably extralimital as they are associated with abnormally warm water during El Nino events Sightings in the Gulf of Mexico are possible which may indicate they are present in the tropical Atlantic Ocean as well The most frequent observations have occurred off the coasts of Hawaii Although only a single specimen has washed up in Hawaii they are apparently rather common a 2002 survey estimated 766 animals No other population estimates exist for other locales although a single individual was apparently identified in the Comoro Islands in the summer of 2002 2003 10 One whale was observed from a whale watching vessel off Choshi in December 2015 11 Possible sightings were made off Tokara Islands 6 and Bonin Islands as well 12 They have also recorded off New Caledonia 13 The range of Longman s beaked whales was once considered to be restricted to warmer waters of Pacific but stranding records in recent years revealed they may migrate further north to sub Arctic regions such as off Hokkaido No occurrence has been confirmed in the Sea of Japan but a possible Longman s beaked whale stranded on a beach near Vladivostok in 2011 14 In 2009 the first confirmed sighting was made of tropical bottlenose whales in the southern Bay of Bengal 15 In the summer and fall of 2010 researchers aboard the NOAA ship McArthur II made two sightings of groups of tropical bottlenose whales off Hawaii The first sighting consisted of a large active group of over 70 individuals surfacing rapidly and breaching on occasion the second sighting late in October did not last as long as the group ran away 16 Increasingly more sightings and strandings have been recorded in Taiwan and surrounding small islands such as at Yilan 17 the Green Island 18 and Orchid Island 19 20 An entangled individual was saved by local fishermen off Pakistan in 2015 21 Since Dalebout et al 2003 additional strandings have been reported in the Philippines 2004 Taiwan and Myanmar 2005 22 the Andaman Islands 2009 and Maui 2010 23 Conservation editNo records report the whale being hunted although individuals have been trapped in fishing nets off Sri Lanka and a stranding in Taiwan in 2005 involving a cow calf pair may have been due to nearby naval exercises 24 The tropical bottlenose whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region Pacific Cetaceans MOU 25 See also edit nbsp Cetaceans portal nbsp Mammals portal nbsp Marine life portal List of cetaceansReferences edit Pitman R L Brownell Jr R L 2020 Indopacetus pacificus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020 e T40635A50380449 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2020 3 RLTS T40635A50380449 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 Pitman R L 2009 Indo Pacific beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus In Perrin W F Wursig B Thewissen J G M eds Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals 2nd ed Amsterdam Academic Press pp 600 602 ISBN 9780123735539 Reeves R Stewart B Clapham P amp Powell J 2002 Guide to Marine Mammals of the World New York A A Knopf p 266 ISBN 0 375 41141 0 Biology dal ca PDF Whitelab biology dal ca Retrieved 29 March 2022 a b c Pitman Robert L Palacios Daniel M Brennan Patricia L R Brennan Bernard J Balcomb Kenneth C Miyashita Tomio April 1999 Sightings and possible identity of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo Pacific Indopacetus pacificus Marine Mammal Science 15 2 531 549 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 1999 tb00818 x HICEAS 2010 Weekly Blog from NOAA Ship McArthur II Southwest Fisheries Science Center 24 December 2015 Retrieved 23 November 2015 a b Anderson R C Clark R Madsen P T Johnson C Kiszka J Breysse O 2006 Observations of Longman s Beaked Whale Indopacetus pacificus in the Western Indian Ocean Aquatic Mammals 32 2 223 231 doi 10 1578 AM 32 2 2006 223 Care for dolphins Carefordolphins net Retrieved 29 March 2022 Kiszka J O Breysse M Vely and K Boinali 2006 Marine mammals around the Comoros archipelago Mozambique Channel recent records and review of available information Archived 2014 07 14 at the Wayback Machine Scientific Committee Report to the International Whaling Commission SC 58 O6 銚子の海で感動体験 イルカクジラウォッチング 時には5 000頭ものイルカの群れに出会うことも イルカ クジラ オットセイ 渡り鳥 どんな生き物に出会えるかはお楽しみ どこまでも続く水平線 波に揺られながらその時だけの旅が始まります Choshi iruka watching co jp Retrieved 29 March 2022 アカボウクジラに 会えるかも PDF イルカ通信 2002年９月21日 号外001 The Ogasawara Whale Watching Association 2002 Retrieved 2015 01 16 ANIMAUX Nouvelle Caledonie Des baleines d une espece rare s echouent sur une plage Lejsl com pechat Kit samoubijca najden pod Nahodkoj Archived 2017 06 20 at the Wayback Machine 2011 Deita News Agency retrieved on 9 June 2014 Afsal V V P P Manojkumar K S S M Yousuf B Anoop and E Vivekanandan 2009 The first sighting of Longman s beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus in the southern Bay of Bengal Marine Biodiversity Records pp 1 3 West Coast NOAA Fisheries Fisheries noaa gov 1 March 2022 Retrieved 29 March 2022 Wang J Y Yang S C 2006 Unusual cetacean stranding events of Taiwan in 2004 and 2005 pdf Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 8 pp 283 292 Retrieved on April 02 2017 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2016 10 06 Retrieved 2016 03 02 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link 號外 號外 大鯨魚擱淺蘭嶼紅頭灘 11 20 04 54更新 夏天 等我回來 痞客邦 Simagaga1972 pixnet net Retrieved 29 March 2022 Syaman L 2013 朗氏緣鯨擱淺 YouTube Longman s beaked whale successfully released in Pakistani waters Vimeo com Retrieved 29 March 2022 1 dead link Mammals Collections Search Collections nmnh si edu Retrieved 29 March 2022 Yang W C Chou L S Jepson P D Brownell R L Cowan D Chang P H Chiou H I Yao C J Yamada T K Chiu J T Wang P J Fernandez A 2008 Unusual cetacean mortality event in Taiwan possibly linked to naval activities Veterinary Record 162 6 184 185 arXiv cond mat 0606434 doi 10 1136 vr 162 6 184 PMID 18263919 S2CID 28719592 Pacific Cetaceans Pacificcetaceans org Retrieved 29 March 2022 Further reading editLongman s Beaked Whale Hawaiian Stock Revised 3 15 05 Available here Appearance Distribution and Genetic Distinctiveness of Longman s Beaked Whale Indopacetus pacificus Dalebout Ross Baker Anderson Best Cockcroft Hinsz Peddemors and Pitman July 2003 Marine Mammal Science 19 3 421 461 Available here National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World Reeves et al 2002 ISBN 0 375 41141 0 Sightings and possible identification of a bottlenose whale in the tropical Indo Pacific Indopacetus pacificus Pitman Palacios Brennan Brennan Balcomb and Miyashita 1999 Marine Mammal Science Vol 15 pp 531 549 Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Robert L Pitman 1998 ISBN 0 12 551340 2 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises Carwardine 1995 ISBN 0 7513 2781 6 More skull characters of the beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus and comparative measurements of austral relatives J C Moore 1972 Field Zoology Vol 62 pp 1 19 Relationships among the living genera of beaked whales with classifications diagnoses and keys J C Moore 1968 Field Zoology Vol 53 pp 206 298 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indopacetus pacificus Rare whale washes up in South Africa On an unidentified beaked whale found stranded in Kagoshima Whale amp Dolphin Conservation Society WDCS Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Tropical bottlenose whale amp oldid 1195832926, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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