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List of most luminous stars

October 21, 2023

This article is about intrinsic luminosity of stars (absolute magnitude). For the brightness of stars as seen from Earth (apparent magnitude), see list of brightest stars.

This is a list of stars arranged by their absolute magnitude – their intrinsic stellar luminosity. This cannot be observed directly, so instead must be calculated from the apparent magnitude (the brightness as seen from Earth), the distance to each star, and a correction for interstellar extinction. The entries in the list below are further corrected to provide the bolometric magnitude, i.e. integrated over all wavelengths; this relies upon measurements in multiple photometric filters and extrapolation of the stellar spectrum based on the stellar spectral type and/or effective temperature.

Entries give the bolometric luminosity in multiples of the luminosity of the Sun (L☉) and the bolometric absolute magnitude. As with all magnitude systems in astronomy, the latter scale is logarithmic and inverted i.e. more negative numbers are more luminous.

Most stars on this list are not bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, because of their high distances, high extinction, or because they emit most of their light outside the visible range. For a list of the brightest stars seen from Earth, see the list of brightest stars. There are three stars with over 1 million L☉ and visible to the naked eye: WR 22, WR 24 and Eta Carinae. All of these stars are located in the Carina nebula.

Measurement Edit

Accurate measurement of stellar luminosities is difficult, even when the apparent magnitude is measured accurately, for four reasons:

  1. The distance d to the star must be known, to convert apparent to absolute magnitude. Absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs away from the viewer. Because apparent brightness decreases as the square of the distance (i.e. as 1/d2), a small error (e.g. 10%) in determining d implies an error ~2× as large (thus 20%) in luminosity (see binomial approximation). Stellar distances are only directly measured accurately out to d ~1,000 light years.[citation needed]
  2. The observed magnitudes must be corrected for the absorption or extinction of intervening interstellar or circumstellar dust and gas. This correction can be enormous and difficult to determine precisely. For example, until accurate infrared observations became possible ~50 years ago, the Galactic Center of the Milky Way was totally obscured to visual observations.
  3. The magnitudes at the wavelengths measured must be corrected for those not observed. "Absolute bolometric magnitude" (which term is redundant, practically speaking, since bolometric magnitudes are nearly always "absolute", i.e. corrected for distance) is a measure of the star's luminosity, summing over its emission at all wavelengths, and thus the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second. Bolometric magnitudes can only be estimated by correcting for unobserved portions of the spectrum that have to be modelled, which is always an issue, and often a large correction. The list is dominated by hot blue stars which produce the majority of their energy output in the ultraviolet, but these may not necessarily be the brightest stars at visual wavelengths.
  4. A large proportion of stellar systems discovered with very high luminosity have later been found to be binary. Usually, this results in the total system luminosity being reduced and spread among several components. These binaries are common both because the conditions that produce high mass high luminosity stars also favour multiple star systems, but also because searches for highly luminous stars are inevitably biased towards detecting systems with multiple more normal stars combining to appear luminous.[citation needed]

Because of all these problems, other references may give very different values for the most luminous stars (different ordering or different stars altogether). Data on different stars can be of somewhat different reliability, depending on the attention one particular star has received as well as largely differing physical difficulties in analysis (see the Pistol Star for an example). The last stars in the list are familiar nearby stars put there for comparison, and not among the most luminous known. It may also interest the reader to know that the Sun is more luminous than approximately 95% of all known stars in the local neighbourhood (out to, say, a few hundred light years), due to enormous numbers of somewhat less massive stars that are cooler and often much less luminous. For perspective, the overall range of stellar luminosities runs from dwarfs less than 1/10,000th as luminous as the Sun to supergiants over 1,000,000 times more luminous.

Data Edit

This list is currently limited mostly to objects in our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, but a few stars in other local group galaxies can now be examined in enough detail to determine the luminosities. Some suspected binaries in this magnitude range are excluded because there is insufficient information about the luminosity of the individual components. Selected fainter stars are also shown for comparison. Despite their extreme luminosity, many of these stars are nevertheless too distant to be observed with the naked eye. Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude (6.5 or brighter) highlighted in blue. Thanks to gravitational lensing, stars that are strongly magnified can be seen at much larger distances. The first star in the list, Godzilla[1] - an LBV in the distant Sunburst galaxy - is probably the brightest star ever observed although it is believed to be undergoing a temporary episode of increased luminosity that has lasted at least seven years, in a similar manner to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae that was witnessed in the 19th century.

The first list show a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L☉ or greater, including the stars in open cluster, OB association and H II region. The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete.

The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.

Stars with 1 million L☉ or greater
Star name Bolometric
luminosity
(L☉, Sun = 1) 		Absolute
bolometric
magnitude 		Approx. distance
from earth (ly) 		Apparent
visible magnitude 		Effective
temperature (K) 		Link Reference
Godzilla (in Sunburst galaxy) 134,000,000–255,000,000[a] <-14.0 10,900,000,000 22 15,000–30,000 SIMBAD [2]
V4650 Sagittarii (in Quintuplet cluster) 7,943,000 -12.42 25,000 12.31 (J band) 11,300 SIMBAD [3][4]
NGC 2363-V1 (in NGC 2366) 6,300,000 -12.26 10,800,000 17.88 13,500-26,000 SIMBAD [5]
BAT99-98 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 5,012,000 -12.01 165,000 13.38 45,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
G0.238-0.071 (in Galactic Center) 5,012,000 -12.01 26,000 14.37 (J band) 39,500-44,000 SIMBAD [8][9]
R136a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 4,677,000 -11.94 163,000 12.28 46,000 SIMBAD [10][11]
M33-013406.63 A (in Triangulum Galaxy) 4,677,000 -11.935 3,000,000 16.084 (combined) 30,000 SIMBAD [12][13][b]
η Carinae A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 4,600,000 -11.917 7,500 4.3 (combined) 9,400-35,200 SIMBAD [14][15][c]
HD 38282 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 4,500,000 -11.8 163,000 11.11 47,000 SIMBAD [16]
Westerhout 49-2 (in Westerhout 49) 4,365,000 -11.86 36,200 18.246 (J band) 35,500 SIMBAD [17][18]
Sk -69° 249 A (in NGC 2074 of LMC) 4,130,000 -11.8 160,000 10.68 38,900 SIMBAD [19][20]
V4998 Sagittarii (near Quintuplet Cluster) 3,981,000 -11.76 25,000 12.534 (J band) 12,000 SIMBAD [3][18]
R136c (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,802,000 -11.71 163,000 13.43 51,000 SIMBAD [21][7]
Arches-F7 (WR 102aj in Arches Cluster) 3,802,000 -11.71 25,000 15.74 (J band) 32,900 SIMBAD [22][23]
V1429 Aquilae 3,802,000 -11.71 12,800 9.89 ~30,000 SIMBAD [24]
R136a3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,631,000 -11.66 163,000 12.97 50,000 SIMBAD [10][11]
Melnick 42 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,631,000 -11.66 163,000 12.78 47,300 SIMBAD [25][7]
Mercer 23-2 (WR 125–3 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane) 3,631,000 -11.66 21,200 8.646 (J band) 38,000 SIMBAD [26][18][d]
R136a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,548,000 -11.64 163,000 12.34 50,000 SIMBAD [10][11]
NGC 2403 V14 (in NGC 2403) 3,436,000 -11.6 10,314,000 18.83 7,000 SIMBAD [27]
G0.070+0.025 (in Galactic Center) 3,311,000 -11.56 26,000 14.799 (J band) 45,000 SIMBAD [8]
Pistol Star (V4647 Sagittarii in Quintuplet cluster) 3,300,000 -11.556 25,000 11.79 (J band) 11,800 SIMBAD [28][4]
Mercer 30-1 A (WR 46-3 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 3,236,000 -11.535 40,000 10.33 (J band) 32,200 SIMBAD [29][e]
VFTS 682 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,236,000 -11.535 164,000 16.08 52,200 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 42e (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 3,200,000 -11.523 25,000 14.53 43,000 SIMBAD [30][f]
R99 (in N44 of LMC) 3,162,000 -11.51 163,000 11.52 28,000 SIMBAD [6][31]
VFTS 1022 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 3,020,000 -11.46 164,000 13.47 42,200 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 24 (in Collinder 228 of Carina Nebula) 2,951,000 -11.435 8,200 6.48 50,100 SIMBAD [32][33]
Peony Star (WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center) 2,951,000 -11.435 26,000 12.978 (J band) 25,100 SIMBAD [34]
CXOGC J174528.6-285605 (WR 101–6 in Galactic Center) 2,884,000 -11.41 26,000 14.46 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
G0.059-0.068 (in Galactic Center) 2,884,000 -11.41 26,000 13.337 (J band) 39,500-44,000 SIMBAD [8][9]
HD 97950 B (WR 43b in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 2,884,000 -11.41 24,000 11.33 42,000 SIMBAD [35][36]
Melnick 34 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,692,000 -11.335 163,000 13.09 (combined) 53,000 SIMBAD [37][7]
WR 102hb (in Quintuplet Cluster) 2,630,000 -11.31 26,000 13.9 (J band) 25,100 SIMBAD [38][4]
BAT99-80 A (in NGC 2044 of LMC) 2,512,000 -11.26 165,000 13 (combined) 45,000 SIMBAD [6][39]
R146 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,512,000 -11.26 164,000 13.11 63,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
VFTS 482 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,512,000 -11.26 164,000 12.95 42,200 SIMBAD [25][7]
HD 97950 A1a (WR 43a A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 2,455,000 -11.235 24,000 11.18 (combined) 42,000 SIMBAD [35][36]
WR 102ea (in Quintuplet Cluster) 2,455,000 -11.235 26,000 13.18 (J band) 25,100 SIMBAD [38][4]
CXOGC J174516.1-284909 (WR 101–2 in Galactic Center) 2,399,000 -11.21 26,000 11.49 (J band) 20,000 SIMBAD [23]
CXOGC J174711.4-283006 (WR 102–9 in Galactic Center) 2,399,000 -11.21 26,000 16.56 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
WR 25 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 2,399,000 -11.21 6,800 8.8 (combined) 50,100 SIMBAD [32][31][g]
LGGS J004444.52+412804.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 2,377,000 -11.2 2,500,000 18.1 7,000-18,000 SIMBAD [40][41]
Sk -69° 212 (in NGC 2044 of LMC) 2,377,000 -11.2 160,000 12.416 45,400 SIMBAD [19][42]
WR 93 (in Pismis 24 of NGC 6357) 2,377,000 -11.2 5,700 10.68 71,000 SIMBAD [43][31]
Melnick 34 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,344,000 -11.185 163,000 13.09 (combined) 53,000 SIMBAD [37][7]
VVV CL041-8 (WR 62–2 in VVV CL041) 2,344,000 -11.185 13,700 10.146 (J band) 34,000 SIMBAD [44][18][h]
Cl 1813-178 #16 (in Cl 1813-178 of W33 Complex) 2,291,000 -11.16 15,300 9.428 (J band) 30,200 SIMBAD [45][18][i]
R136a7 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,291,000 -11.16 163,000 13.97 54,000 SIMBAD [46][7]
VVV CL074-12 (in VVV CL074) 2,291,000 -11.16 20,000 12.34 (J band) 22,500 SIMBAD [47][j]
Arches-F6 (WR 102ah in Arches Cluster) 2,239,000 -11.135 25,000 15.75 (J band) 33,900 SIMBAD [22][48]
Arches-F9 (WR 102ae in Arches Cluster) 2,239,000 -11.135 25,000 16.1 (J band) 36,600 SIMBAD [22][48]
HD 5980 A (in NGC 346 of SMC) 2,239,000 -11.135 200,000 11.31 (combined) 21,000-53,000 SIMBAD [49][50][k]
HD 97950 C1 (WR 43c A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 2,239,000 -11.135 24,000 11.89 (combined) 44,000 SIMBAD [35][36][g]
R136b (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,239,000 -11.135 165,000 13.24 35,500 SIMBAD [46][7]
R145 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,239,000 -11.135 163,000 12.04 (combined) 50,000 SIMBAD [51][7]
Var 83 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 2,239,000 -11.135 3,000,000 16.027 18,000-37,000 SIMBAD [52][53]
CXOGC J174712.2-283121 (WR 102–10 in Galactic Center) 2,188,000 -11.11 26,000 17.06 (J band) 35,000 SIMBAD [23]
HD 269810 (in NGC 2032 of LMC) 2,188,000 -11.11 170,000 12.22 52,500 SIMBAD [54][20]
VFTS 1021 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,188,000 -11.11 164,000 13.35 39,800 SIMBAD [25][7]
ST5-31 (in NGC 2074 of LMC) 2,168,000 -11.1 160,000 12.273 50,700 SIMBAD [19][55]
G0.058+0.014 (in Galactic Center) 2,138,000 -11.085 26,000 14.704 (J band) 45,000 SIMBAD [8]
R145 B (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,138,000 -11.085 163,000 12.04 (combined) 43,000 SIMBAD [51][7]
WR 89 (in HM 1) 2,138,000 -11.085 9,500 11.02 39,800 SIMBAD [32][20]
R136a5 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 2,089,000 -11.06 163,000 13.71 48,000 SIMBAD [46][7]
AFGL 2298 (near Galactic plane) 2,000,000 -11.013 33,000 12.164 (J band) 15,500-26,000 SIMBAD [56][18][l]
Arches-F1 (WR 102ad in Arches Cluster) 1,995,000 -11.01 25,000 16.3 (J band) 33,200 SIMBAD [22][48]
Arches-F4 (WR 102al in Arches Cluster) 1,995,000 -11.01 25,000 15.63 (J band) 36,800 SIMBAD [22][48]
CXOGC J174656.3-283232 (WR 102–8 in Galactic Center) 1,995,000 -11.01 26,000 16.74 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
LBV 1806-20 (in G10.0–0.3 of Galactic Center) 1,995,000 -11.01 28,000 13.66 (J band) 18,000-32,000 SIMBAD [57][18][m]
Mercer 81-2 (WR 76–7 in Mercer 81 of G338.4+0.2) 1,995,000 -11.01 35,900 13.25 (J band) 36,000 SIMBAD [58][n]
VFTS 545 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,995,000 -11.01 164,000 13.32 47,300 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 147S (in Cygnus OB2) 1,995,000 -11.01 5,800 13.86 39,800 SIMBAD [32][59]
10584-9-1 (in Messier 81) 1,977,000 -11.0 11,842,000 19.1 18,000 SIMBAD [27]
DBSB 179-15 (WR 84–6 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,950,000 -10.985 25,800 12.5 (J band) 37,000 SIMBAD [60][61][o]
G0.114+0.021 (WR 102–12 in Galactic Center) 1,950,000 -10.985 26,000 16.672 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [8]
AB6 A (in NGC 371 of SMC) 1,905,000 -10.96 197,000 12.3 (combined) 80,000 SIMBAD [49][62]
R136a4 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,905,000 -10.96 163,000 13.41 50,000 SIMBAD [46][7]
Westerhout 49-1 (in Westerhout 49) 1,905,000 -10.96 36,200 15.531 (J band) 44,700 SIMBAD [17][18]
WR 22 A (in Bochum 10 of Carina Nebula) 1,905,000 -10.96 8,200 6.42 (combined) 44,700 SIMBAD [32][31][p]
HSH95-36 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,862,000 -10.935 163,000 14.41 49,500 SIMBAD [46][7]
Hen 3-519 (WR 31a in Blue Bubble Nebula) 1,820,000 -10.91 24,000 10.85 30,200 SIMBAD [63][50][q]
Westerhout 51-57 (in Westerhout 51) 1,820,000 -10.91 20,000 16.958 (J band) 42,700 SIMBAD [64][18]
LGGS J004051.59+403303.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,803,000 -10.9 2,500,000 16.989 18,000-24,000 SIMBAD [40][13]
MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 (in Wray 17-96) 1,800,000 -10.898 15,000 15 13,000 SIMBAD [65][20][r]
HD 5980 B (in NGC 346 of SMC) 1,778,000 -10.885 200,000 11.31 (combined) 45,000 SIMBAD [49][36]
WR 130 (in Cygnus OB3) 1,778,000 -10.885 21,700 12.13 44,700 SIMBAD [32][20]
WR 21a A (Runaway star from Westerlund 2) 1,778,000 -10.885 14,300 12.661 (combined) 45,000 SIMBAD [66][20]
CXOGC J174536.1-285638 (WR 101–1 in Galactic Center) 1,738,000 -10.86 26,000 15.55 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
Mercer 30-7 A (WR 46-5 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,738,000 -10.86 40,000 11.516 (J band) 41,400 SIMBAD [29][e]
R136a6 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,738,000 -10.86 163,000 13.35 52,000 SIMBAD [46][7]
VFTS 506 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,738,000 -10.86 164,000 13.31 47,300 SIMBAD [25][7]
DBSB 179-20 (WR 84–1 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,698,000 -10.835 25,800 12.37 (J band) 35,000 SIMBAD [60][61][o]
R147 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,698,000 -10.835 164,000 13.02 50,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
VFTS 16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,698,000 -10.835 164,000 13.55 53,100 SIMBAD [25][7]
Cygnus OB2 #12 A (in Cygnus OB2) 1,660,000 -10.81 5,000 11.702 (combined) 13,700 SIMBAD [67][68][g]
Sher 18 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,644,000 -10.8 25,000 12.51 39,500 SIMBAD [36][69]
Sher 47 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,644,000 -10.8 25,000 12.67 44,000 SIMBAD [36][69]
Mercer 23-1 (in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane) 1,622,000 -10.785 21,200 10.615 (J band) 35,000 SIMBAD [26][18][d]
VFTS 1017 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,622,000 -10.785 164,000 14.52 50,100 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 87 (in HM 1) 1,622,000 -10.785 9,500 11.83 44,700 SIMBAD [32][20]
AF Andromedae (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,585,000 -10.76 2,500,000 17.325 28,000 SIMBAD [52][13]
Arches-F12 (WR 102af in Arches Cluster) 1,585,000 -10.76 25,000 16.4 (J band) 36,900 SIMBAD [22][48]
HSH95-18 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,585,000 -10.76 163,000 13.87 47,000 SIMBAD [7]
LHO 110 (WR 102df in Quintuplet cluster) 1,585,000 -10.76 26,000 13.87 (J band) 25,100 SIMBAD [38][4]
R140a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,585,000 -10.76 163,000 12.12 (combined) 34,000 SIMBAD [7]
VFTS 457 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,585,000 -10.76 164,000 13.74 39,800 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 107 (in Sagittarius OB1) 1,585,000 -10.76 9,400 13.51 50,100 SIMBAD [32][20]
WR 140 B (in Cygnus OB1) 1,585,000 -10.76 5,300 6.85 (combined) 35,000 SIMBAD [70][31]
WR 148 A (Runaway star from Galactic plane) 1,585,000 -10.76 27,100 10.3 (combined) 39,800 SIMBAD [32][31]
CXOGC J174617.0-285131 (in Galactic Center) 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 14.98 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [23]
CXOGC J174725.3-282709 (in Galactic Center) 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 16.37 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
Sk -68° 137 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,549,000 -10.735 160,000 13.346 55,000 SIMBAD [54][42]
WR 102i (in Quintuplet cluster) 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 14.31 (J band) 31,600 SIMBAD [38][4]
HD 97950 A1b (WR 43a B in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,514,000 -10.71 24,000 11.18 (combined) 40,000 SIMBAD [35][36]
Westerhout 49-3 (in Westerhout 49) 1,514,000 -10.71 36,200 16.689 (J band) 40,700 SIMBAD [17][18]
Brey 21 A (in NGC 1910 of LMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 165,000 11.29 (combined) 71,000 SIMBAD [19][20]
HD 97950 A2 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,500,000 -10.7 24,000 12.53 46,500 SIMBAD [36][69]
HM 1-6 (in HM 1) 1,500,000 -10.7 11,000 11.64 44,700 SIMBAD [43][71]
LGGS J013245.41+303858.3 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,500,000 -10.7 3,000,000 17.612 34,000 SIMBAD [72][13]
NGC 346-W1 (in NGC 346 of SMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 200,000 12.57 43,400 SIMBAD [19][62]
Sk -65° 47 (in NGC 1923 of LMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 160,000 12.466 47,800 SIMBAD [19][42]
Sk 80 (in NGC 346 of SMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 200,000 12.31 38,900 SIMBAD [19][73]
10584-4-1 (in Messier 81) 1,500,000 -10.7 11,842,000 19.68 19,671 SIMBAD [27]
HD 93129 Aa (in Trumpler 14 of Carina Nebula) 1,479,000 -10.685 7,500 6.9 (combined) 42,500 SIMBAD [74][31]
R136a8 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,479,000 -10.685 163,000 14.42 49,500 SIMBAD [46][75]
VFTS 542 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,445,000 -10.66 164,000 13.49 44,700 SIMBAD [25][7]
AB8 A (in NGC 602 of SMC) 1,413,000 -10.635 197,000 12.9 (combined) 141,000 SIMBAD [49][76]
Arches-F15 (in Arches Cluster) 1,413,000 -10.635 25,000 16.12 (J band) 35,600 SIMBAD [22][48]
CXOGC J174550.2-284911 (WR 102–4 in Galactic Center) 1,413,000 -10.635 26,000 15.24 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [23]
DBSB 179-4 (WR 84–7 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,413,000 -10.635 25,800 12.25 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [60][61][o]
LGGS J013235.25+303017.6 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,413,000 -10.635 3,000,000 18.007 33,000 SIMBAD [12][77]
Melnick 33Na A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,413,000 -10.635 164,000 13.79 (combined) 50,000 SIMBAD [78][79]
R134 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,413,000 -10.635 164,000 12.58 47,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
S Doradus (in NGC 1910 of LMC) 1,413,000 -10.635 169,000 10.25 20,000 SIMBAD [80][20]
WR 66 (in Circinus OB1) 1,413,000 -10.635 16,900 11.34 44,700 SIMBAD [32][31]
HD 37974 (in N135 of LMC) 1,400,000 -10.625 163,000 10.99 22,500 SIMBAD [81][20][s]
VFTS 621 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,380,000 -10.61 164,000 15.39 54,000 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 131 (in Cygnus OB3) 1,380,000 -10.61 22,600 12.08 44,700 SIMBAD [32][71]
Sk -69° 104 (in NGC 1910 of LMC) 1,368,000 -10.6 160,000 12.1 39,900 SIMBAD [19][42]
Var A-1 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,368,000 -10.6 2,500,000 17.143 21,700 SIMBAD [82]
Mercer 30-6a A (WR 46-4 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,349,000 -10.585 40,000 10.39 (J band) 29,900 SIMBAD [29][e]
VFTS 427 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,349,000 -10.585 164,000 13.76 39,800 SIMBAD [25][7]
Westerhout 51-3 (in Westerhout 51) 1,349,000 -10.585 20,000 16.998 (J band) 39,800 SIMBAD [64][18]
CXOGC J174502.8-290859 (in Galactic Center) 1,318,000 -10.56 26,000 13.93 (J band) 33,000 SIMBAD [23]
HSH95-49 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,318,000 -10.56 163,000 14.75 58,000 SIMBAD [46][7][t]
Westerhout 49-15 (in Westerhout 49) 1,288,000 -10.535 36,200 18.307 (J band) 43,700 SIMBAD [17][18]
Westerhout 51d (in Westerhout 51) 1,288,000 -10.535 20,000 15.11 (J band) 42,700 SIMBAD [64][18]
WR 18 (in Carina OB1 of Carina Nebula) 1,288,000 -10.535 12,450 10.83 112,200 SIMBAD [32][20]
AB7 A (in NGC 371 of SMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 197,000 13.016 (combined) 105,000 SIMBAD [49][62]
Arches-F3 (WR 102bb in Arches Cluster) 1,259,000 -10.51 25,000 16.06 (J band) 29,600 SIMBAD [22][48]
Arches-F8 (WR 102ag in Arches Cluster) 1,259,000 -10.51 25,000 16.31 (J band) 32,900 SIMBAD [22][48]
HD 50064 (in NGC 2301) 1,259,000 -10.51 9,500 8.21 13,500 SIMBAD [83]
HSH95-16 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 163,000 13.65 42,000 SIMBAD [7]
HSH95-20 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 164,000 13.71 46,000 SIMBAD [7]
HSH95-46 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 163,000 14.56 47,500 SIMBAD [46][7]
R139 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 163,000 11.94 (combined) 34,000 SIMBAD [84][7]
VFTS 259 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 164,000 13.65 37,700 SIMBAD [25][7]
VFTS 1031 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 164,000 13.89 48,000 SIMBAD [7]
Sk -69° 194 (in NGC 2033 of LMC) 1,247,000 -10.5 160,000 12.131 (combined) 45,000 SIMBAD [19][85]
ST2-22 (in NGC 2044 of LMC) 1,247,000 -10.5 160,000 14.3 51,300 SIMBAD [19][39]
Trumpler 27-27 (in Trumpler 27) 1,247,000 -10.5 8,200 13.31 37,000 SIMBAD [43][20]
VFTS 1028 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,230,000 -10.485 164,000 13.84 47,300 SIMBAD [25][7]
LH 10-3601 (in NGC 1763 of LMC) 1,202,000 -10.46 160,000 13.491 55,000 SIMBAD [54][42]
AB1 (in DEM S10 of SMC) 1,175,000 -10.435 197,000 15.238 79,000 SIMBAD [86][62][u]
BI 253 (Runaway star from Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,175,000 -10.435 164,000 13.76 54,000 SIMBAD [21][87]
LGGS J013248.26+303950.4 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,175,000 -10.435 3,000,000 17.25 23,000 SIMBAD [12][88]
Mercer 30-8 (WR 46–6 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,175,000 -10.435 40,000 11.658 (J band) 38,100 SIMBAD [29][e]
NGC 346-W3 (in NGC 346 of SMC) 1,175,000 -10.435 200,000 12.8 52,500 SIMBAD [54][62]
WR 102d (in Quintuplet cluster) 1,175,000 -10.435 26,000 15.18 (J band) 35,100 SIMBAD [38][4]
WR 126 (in Vulpecula OB2) 1,175,000 -10.435 24,680 13.29 63,000 SIMBAD [89][20]
WR 20a A (in Westerlund 2) 1,150,000 -10.412 20,000 13.28 (combined) 43,000 SIMBAD [90]
WR 20a B (in Westerlund 2) 1,150,000 -10.412 20,000 13.28 (combined) 43,000 SIMBAD [90]
GCIRS 16SW A (WR 101k A in Galactic Center) 1,149,000 -10.411 26,000 15.5 (J band) 24,400 SIMBAD [91]
GCIRS 16SW B (WR 101k B in Galactic Center) 1,149,000 -10.411 26,000 15.5 (J band) 23,500 SIMBAD [91]
BAT99-104 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,148,000 -10.41 165,000 14.52 63,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
CXOGC J174516.7-285824 (WR 101–3 in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 16.67 (J band) 35,000 SIMBAD [23]
G0.121-0.099 (WR 102–16 in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 14.972 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [8]
G359.797+0.037 (in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 16.1 (J band) 30,000 SIMBAD [8]
HD 93205 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,148,000 -10.41 7,500 7.75 (combined) 51,300 SIMBAD [92][31]
HSH95-47 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,148,000 -10.41 163,000 14.72 46,500 SIMBAD [46][7][t]
WR 158 (in Cassiopeia OB1) 1,148,000 -10.41 16,300 11.282 44,700 SIMBAD [32][68]
WR 28 (in FSR 1555) 1,148,000 -10.41 18,700 12.98 50,100 SIMBAD [32][20][v]
HD 303308 (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,138,000 -10.4 7,500 8.17 51,300 SIMBAD [43][31]
M33C-15235 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,138,000 -10.4 3,000,000 17.73 29,200 SIMBAD [72][93]
ZH 364 (in Messier 81) 1,138,000 -10.4 11,842,000 19.59 15,860 SIMBAD [27]
AB9 (in DEM S80 of SMC) 1,122,000 -10.385 197,000 15.431 100,000 SIMBAD [86][62][w]
Arches-F18 (in Arches Cluster) 1,122,000 -10.385 25,000 16.7 (J band) 36,900 SIMBAD [22][48]
BAT99-64 A (in NGC 2033 of LMC) 1,122,000 -10.385 165,000 14.073 (combined) 71,000 SIMBAD [6][42]
Var B (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,122,000 -10.385 3,000,000 16.208 9,000 SIMBAD [52][13]
VFTS 562 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,122,000 -10.385 164,000 13.66 42,200 SIMBAD [25][7]
WR 37 (in SFC 27 of G291.27-0.71) 1,122,000 -10.385 21,900 16 100,000 SIMBAD [32][20][x]
VFTS 512 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,096,000 -10.36 164,000 14.28 47,700 SIMBAD [25][7]
Mercer 30-6b (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,072,000 -10.335 40,000 14.25 (J band) 30,500 SIMBAD [29][e]
VFTS 3 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,072,000 -10.335 164,000 11.56 21,000 SIMBAD [21][7]
VFTS 151 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,072,000 -10.335 164,000 14.13 42,200 SIMBAD [25][7]
VFTS 603 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,060,000 -10.323 164,000 13.99 43,400 SIMBAD [94][7]
CXOGC J174532.7-285126 (in Galactic Center) 1,047,000 -10.31 26,000 10.72 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [23]
HD 93403 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,047,000 -10.31 10,000 8.27 (combined) 39,300 SIMBAD [95][20]
Mercer 30-2 (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,047,000 -10.31 40,000 12.63 (J band) 21,200 SIMBAD [29][e]
R133 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,047,000 -10.31 163,000 12.49 37,600 SIMBAD [25][7]
HD 97950 E (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,038,000 -10.3 24,000 13.081 46,500 SIMBAD [36][69]
HD 229059 (in Berkeley 87) 1,038,000 -10.3 3,200 8.7 26,300 SIMBAD [43][31]
M33C-10788 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,038,000 -10.3 3,000,000 17.95 32,000 SIMBAD [72][93]
Sk -69° 200 (in NGC 2033 of LMC) 1,038,000 -10.3 160,000 11.18 26,300 SIMBAD [19][20]
Sk -69° 259 (in NGC 2081 of LMC) 1,038,000 -10.3 160,000 11.93 30,000 SIMBAD [19][20]
WR 77k (in Westerlund 1) 1,038,000 -10.3 11,000 18.86 35,000 SIMBAD [96][97]
10182-pr-6 (in NGC 2403) 1,038,000 -10.3 10,314,000 18.79 8,000 SIMBAD [27]
HD 93250 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,023,000 -10.285 7,500 7.5 (combined) 46,000 SIMBAD [98][31][g]
VFTS 267 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,023,000 -10.285 164,000 13.49 44,700 SIMBAD [25][7]
VFTS 599 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,023,000 -10.285 164,000 13.8 47,300 SIMBAD [21][7]
VVV CL074-9 (WR 75–29 in VVV CL074) 1,023,000 -10.285 20,000 15.22 (J band) 37,000 SIMBAD [47][j]
WR 156 (in Cepheus OB1) 1,023,000 -10.285 13,400 11.01 39,800 SIMBAD [32][50]
Arches-F2 (WR 102aa in Arches Cluster) 1,000,000 -10.26 25,000 17.84 (J band) 33,500 SIMBAD [22][48]
Arches-F14 (WR 102ba in Arches Cluster) 1,000,000 -10.26 25,000 16.38 (J band) 34,500 SIMBAD [22][48]
BAT99-68 (in BSDL 2505 of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.13 45,000 SIMBAD [6][99][y]
CXOGC J174628.2-283920 (in Galactic Center) 1,000,000 -10.26 26,000 16.99 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [23]
CXOGC J174703.1-283119 (in Galactic Center) 1,000,000 -10.26 26,000 16.23 (J band) 40,000 SIMBAD [23]
HSH95-28 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.09 48,000 SIMBAD [7]
HSH95-31 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.12 48,000 SIMBAD [46][7][t]
HSH95-57 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.8 47,000 SIMBAD [7]
R135 A (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 13.48 (combined) 50,000 SIMBAD [6][7]
R140a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 12.12 (combined) 34,000 SIMBAD [7]
R142 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 11.82 (combined) 21,000 SIMBAD [7]
VFTS 64 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 164,000 14.62 39,800 SIMBAD [25][7]
VFTS 591 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 164,000 12.55 27,000 SIMBAD [7]
VFTS 1034 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 164,000 13.36 34,000 SIMBAD [7]
VVV CL074-3 (WR 75–28 in VVV CL074) 1,000,000 -10.26 20,000 14.72 (J band) 31,500 SIMBAD [47][j]
WHL0137-LS 1,000,000 -10.26 12,900,000,000 27.2 >20,000 [100][101][102]

A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million L☉ are kept here for the purpose of comparison.

Star name Bolometric
luminosity
(L☉, Sun = 1) 		Absolute
bolometric
magnitude 		Approx. distance
from earth (ly) 		Apparent
visible magnitude 		Effective
temperature (K) 		Link Reference
ζ1 Scorpii (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 851,000 -10.085 8,210 4.705 17,200 SIMBAD [103][104]
ζ Puppis (Naos in Vela R2 of Vela Molecular Ridge) 813,000 -10.035 1,080 2.25 40,000 SIMBAD [105][31][z]
α Camelopardalis (Runaway star from NGC 1502) 676,000 -9.835 6,000 4.29 29,000 SIMBAD [98][31]
WR 78 (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 631,000 -9.76 4,100 6.48 50,100 SIMBAD [32][33]
λ Cephei (Runaway star from Cepheus OB3) 631,000 -9.76 3,100 5.05 36,000 SIMBAD [105][31]
P Cygni (in IC 4996 of Cygnus OB1) 610,000 -9.723 5,100 4.82 18,700 SIMBAD [106][31][aa]
WR 79a (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 603,000 -9.71 5,600 5.77 35,000 SIMBAD [107][31]
ε Orionis (Alnilam in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 537,000 -9.585 2,000 1.69 27,500 SIMBAD [108][31]
η Carinae B (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 400,000 -9.265 7,500 4.3 (combined) 37,200 SIMBAD [109][15]
μ Normae (in NGC 6169) 339,000 -9.085 3,260 4.91 28,000 SIMBAD [110][31]
κ Cassiopeiae (in Cassiopeia OB14) 302,000 -8.96 4,000 4.16 23,500 SIMBAD [108][31]
τ Canis Majoris Aa (in NGC 2362) 299,000 -8.95 5,120 4.89 32,000 SIMBAD [111][31]
θ Muscae Ab (in Centaurus OB1) 295,000 -8.935 7,400 5.53 (combined) 33,000 SIMBAD [112][31]
γ2 Velorum B (in Vela OB2) 280,000 -8.878 1,230 1.83 (combined) 35,000 SIMBAD [113][31]
ξ Persei (Menkib in California Nebula of Perseus OB2) 263,000 -8.81 1,200 4.04 35,000 SIMBAD [98][31]
ζ Orionis Aa (Alnitak in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 250,000 -8.755 1,260 2.08 29,500 SIMBAD [114]
θ Muscae Aa (WR 48 in Centaurus OB1) 234,000 -8.685 7,400 5.53 (combined) 83,000 SIMBAD [115][31]
ο2 Canis Majoris (in Collinder 121) 219,000 -8.61 2,800 3.043 15,500 SIMBAD [116][31]
θ1 Orionis C1 (in Trapezium Cluster of Orion complex) 204,000 -8.535 1,340 5.13 (combined) 39,000 SIMBAD [117][31]
δ Orionis Aa1 (Mintaka in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 191,000 -8.46 1,200 2.5 (combined) 29,500 SIMBAD [118][119]
γ2 Velorum A (WR 11 in Vela OB2) 170,000 -8.336 1,230 1.83 (combined) 57,000 SIMBAD [113][31]
η Canis Majoris (Aludra in Collinder 121) 151,000 -8.21 2,000 2.45 15,000 SIMBAD [108][31]
κ Crucis (in Jewel Box Cluster of Centaurus OB1) 151,000 -8.21 7,500 5.98 16,300 SIMBAD [120][50]
λ Orionis A (Meissa in Collinder 69 of Orion complex) 150,000 -8.2 1,100 3.54 37,700 SIMBAD [121][122]
β Orionis A (Rigel in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 120,000 -7.96 860 0.13 12,100 SIMBAD [123][31]
θ2 Orionis A (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 107,000 -7.833 1,500 5.02 34,900 SIMBAD [124][125]
Betelgeuse 87,100 -7.61 550 0.50 3,600 SIMBAD [126][127]
ζ Ophiuchi (in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2) 74,100 -7.435 370 2.569 34,000 SIMBAD [98][31]
ι Orionis Aa1 (Hatysa in NGC 1980 of Orion complex) 68,000 -7.341 1,340 2.77 (combined) 32,500 SIMBAD [128][129]
υ Orionis (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 60,000 -7.205 2,900 4.618 33,400 SIMBAD [130][131]
κ Orionis (Saiph in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 57,000 -7.147 650 2.09 26,500 SIMBAD [111][31]
σ Cygni (in Cygnus OB4) 52,000 -7.06 3,260 4.233 10,800 SIMBAD [132][133]
ζ Persei (in Perseus OB2) 47,000 -6.941 750 2.86 20,800 SIMBAD [111][31]
μ Columbae (Runaway star from Trapezium Cluster) 46,000 -6.91 1,300 5.18 33,000 SIMBAD [134][31]
σ Orionis Aa (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 41,700 -6.81 1,260 4.07 (combined) 35,000 SIMBAD [135][136]
δ Scorpii A (Dschubba in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2) 38,000 -6.71 440 2.307 (combined) 27,400 SIMBAD [137][138]
ε Persei A (in α Persei Cluster) 28,300 -6.391 640 2.88 (combined) 26,500 SIMBAD [111][139]
θ Carinae A (in IC 2602 of Scorpius OB2) 25,700 -6.284 460 2.76 (combined) 31,000 SIMBAD [111][140]
β Canis Majoris (Mirzam in Local Bubble of Scorpius OB2) 25,000 -6.26 490 1.985 23,200 SIMBAD [141][142]
σ Orionis Ab (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 18,600 -5.934 1,260 4.07 (combined) 29,000 SIMBAD [135][136]
σ Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 15,800 -5.757 1,260 4.07 (combined) 31,000 SIMBAD [135][136]
θ2 Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 12,300 -5.485 1,500 6.38 29,300 SIMBAD [143]
γ Orionis (Bellatrix in Bellatrix Cluster of Orion complex) 9,210 -5.17 250 1.64 21,800 SIMBAD [144][145]
ι Orionis Aa2 (in NGC 1980 of Orion complex) 8,630 -5.1 1,340 2.77 (combined) 27,000 SIMBAD [128][129]
λ Tauri A (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 5,800 -4.669 480 3.47 (combined) 18,700 SIMBAD [111][146]
ρ Ophiuchi A (in ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex of Scorpius OB2) 4,000 -4.285 360 4.63 (combined) 22,000 SIMBAD [147][31]
δ Persei (in α Persei Cluster) 2,860 -3.901 520 3.01 14,900 SIMBAD [148][140]
α Scorpii B (in Loop I Bubble of Scorpius OB2) 2,820 -3.885 550 5.5 18,500 SIMBAD [149][122]
α Pavonis Aa (Peacock in Tucana-Horologium association) 2,150 -3.593 180 1.94 17,700 SIMBAD [150][129]
η Tauri A (Alcyone in Pleiades) 1,820 -3.409 440 2.87 (combined) 12,300 SIMBAD [151][31]
ο Velorum (in IC 2391 of Scorpius OB2) 1,000 -2.76 490 3.6 16,200 SIMBAD [152][140]
ψ Persei (in α Persei Cluster) 775 -2.483 580 4.31 16,000 SIMBAD [148][31]
γ Canis Majoris (Muliphein in Collinder 121) 715 -2.397 440 4.1 13,600 SIMBAD [148][153]
ο Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 340 -1.589 440 4.71 13,500 SIMBAD [148][154]
φ Eridani (in Tucana-Horologium association) 255 -1.276 150 3.55 13,700 SIMBAD [155][156]
ν Fornacis (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 245 -1.233 370 4.69 13,400 SIMBAD [157][31]
ε Chamaeleontis (in ε Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2) 100 -0.26 360 4.91 10,900 SIMBAD [158][140]
η Chamaeleontis (in η Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2) 95 -0.204 310 5.453 12,500 SIMBAD [148][50]
ε Hydri (in Tucana-Horologium association) 60 0.295 150 4.12 11,000 SIMBAD [159][148]
τ1 Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 50 0.429 320 5.66 10,600 SIMBAD [148][160]
β1 Tucanae (in Tucana-Horologium association) 40 0.735 140 4.37 10,600 SIMBAD [161][122]
Sun (in Solar System) 1 4.739996 0.0000158 -26.744 5,772 IAU [162][163][164]
  1. ^ Derived from model temperatures and radii (30,000 K, 2 AU, 15,000 K, 11 AU)
  2. ^ M33-013406.63, also called LGGS J013406.63+304147.8, was thought of as a star with over 8 million luminosity in the past, but a new reference indicated that M33-013406.63 may be a binary, the primary will be reduced to about 4.5 million luminosity.
  3. ^ Identified as a binary system, or possibly three stars. But the secondary is almost completely swamped by the primary.
  4. ^ a b Mercer 23 is an open cluster near Galactic plane.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
  6. ^ The paper mistakenly lists the bolometric magnitude as -10.5 instead of -11.5.
  7. ^ a b c d This is a binary system but the secondary is much less luminous than the primary.
  8. ^ VVV CL041 is an open cluster.
  9. ^ Cl 1813-178 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud complex W33 Complex.
  10. ^ a b c VVV CL074 is an open cluster.
  11. ^ Variable, luminosity was five times higher at outburst in 1994.
  12. ^ Luminous blue variable, peak luminosity shown.
  13. ^ G10.0-0.3 is a radio nebula in Galactic Center.
  14. ^ Mercer 81 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G338.4+0.2.
  15. ^ a b c DBSB 179 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G347.6+0.2.
  16. ^ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
  17. ^ Blue Bubble Nebula is a Wolf–Rayet nebula around Hen 3-519.
  18. ^ Strictly speaking, MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 is the name of the star, Wray 17-96 is the name of the nebula.
  19. ^ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  20. ^ a b c This parameter is based on the optical-only fits for these stars.
  21. ^ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  22. ^ FSR 1555 is a star cluster.
  23. ^ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  24. ^ SFC 27 is a part of the molecular cloud G291.27-0.71.
  25. ^ BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  26. ^ Vela R2 is a OB association in Vela Molecular Ridge.
  27. ^ IC 4996 is an open cluster in Cygnus OB1.

Note that even the most luminous stars are much less luminous than the more luminous persistent extragalactic objects, such as quasars. For example, 3C 273 has an average apparent magnitude of 12.8 (when observing with a telescope), but an absolute magnitude of −26.7. If this object were 10 parsecs away from Earth it would appear nearly as bright in the sky as the Sun (apparent magnitude −26.744). This quasar's luminosity is, therefore, about 2 trillion (1012) times that of the Sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of average large galaxies like our Milky Way. (Note that quasars often vary somewhat in luminosity.)

In terms of gamma rays, a magnetar (type of neutron star) called SGR 1806−20, had an extreme burst reach Earth on 27 December 2004. It was the brightest event known to have impacted this planet from an origin outside the Solar System; if these gamma rays were visible, with an absolute magnitude of approximately −29, it would have been brighter than the Sun (as measured by the Swift spacecraft).

The gamma-ray burst GRB 971214 measured in 1998 was at the time thought to be the most energetic event in the observable universe, with the equivalent energy of several hundred supernovae. Later studies pointed out that the energy was probably the energy of one supernova which had been "beamed" towards Earth by the geometry of a relativistic jet.

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "Scientists face down 'Godzilla', the most luminous star known". Nature. 610 (7930): 10. 2022-09-28. Bibcode:2022Natur.610T..10.. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03054-3.
  2. ^ Diego, J.M.; Pascale, M.; Kavanagh, B.J.; Kelly, P.; Dai, L.; Frye, B.; Broadhurst, T. (2022). "Godzilla, a monster lurks in the Sunburst galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 665: 134. arXiv:2203.08158. Bibcode:2022A&A...665A.134D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243605. S2CID 247476158.
  3. ^ a b Mauerhan, J. C.; Morris, M. R.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C.; Glass, I. S. (2010). "Discovery of a Luminous Blue Variable with an Ejection Nebula Near the Quintuplet Cluster". The Astrophysical Journal. 713 (1): L33–L36. arXiv:1002.3379. Bibcode:2010ApJ...713L..33M. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/713/1/L33. S2CID 42696538.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Clark, J. S.; Lohr, M. E.; Patrick, L. R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D. F. (2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 618: A2. arXiv:1805.10139. Bibcode:2018A&A...618A...2C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 53501337.
  5. ^ Clark, J. S.; Crowther, P. A.; Larionov, V. M.; Steele, I. A.; Ritchie, B. W.; Arkharov, A. A. (2009). "Bolometric luminosity variations in the luminous blue variable AFGL2298". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 507 (3): 1555. arXiv:0909.4160. Bibcode:2009A&A...507.1555C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912358. S2CID 119187994.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. S2CID 55123954.
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October 21, 2023
list, most, luminous, stars, this, article, about, intrinsic, luminosity, stars, absolute, magnitude, brightness, stars, seen, from, earth, apparent, magnitude, list, brightest, stars, this, list, stars, arranged, their, absolute, magnitude, their, intrinsic, . This article is about intrinsic luminosity of stars absolute magnitude For the brightness of stars as seen from Earth apparent magnitude see list of brightest stars This is a list of stars arranged by their absolute magnitude their intrinsic stellar luminosity This cannot be observed directly so instead must be calculated from the apparent magnitude the brightness as seen from Earth the distance to each star and a correction for interstellar extinction The entries in the list below are further corrected to provide the bolometric magnitude i e integrated over all wavelengths this relies upon measurements in multiple photometric filters and extrapolation of the stellar spectrum based on the stellar spectral type and or effective temperature Entries give the bolometric luminosity in multiples of the luminosity of the Sun L and the bolometric absolute magnitude As with all magnitude systems in astronomy the latter scale is logarithmic and inverted i e more negative numbers are more luminous Most stars on this list are not bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from Earth because of their high distances high extinction or because they emit most of their light outside the visible range For a list of the brightest stars seen from Earth see the list of brightest stars There are three stars with over 1 million L and visible to the naked eye WR 22 WR 24 and Eta Carinae All of these stars are located in the Carina nebula Contents 1 Measurement 2 Data 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksMeasurement EditAccurate measurement of stellar luminosities is difficult even when the apparent magnitude is measured accurately for four reasons The distance d to the star must be known to convert apparent to absolute magnitude Absolute magnitude is the apparent magnitude a star would have if it were 10 parsecs away from the viewer Because apparent brightness decreases as the square of the distance i e as 1 d2 a small error e g 10 in determining d implies an error 2 as large thus 20 in luminosity see binomial approximation Stellar distances are only directly measured accurately out to d 1 000 light years citation needed The observed magnitudes must be corrected for the absorption or extinction of intervening interstellar or circumstellar dust and gas This correction can be enormous and difficult to determine precisely For example until accurate infrared observations became possible 50 years ago the Galactic Center of the Milky Way was totally obscured to visual observations The magnitudes at the wavelengths measured must be corrected for those not observed Absolute bolometric magnitude which term is redundant practically speaking since bolometric magnitudes are nearly always absolute i e corrected for distance is a measure of the star s luminosity summing over its emission at all wavelengths and thus the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second Bolometric magnitudes can only be estimated by correcting for unobserved portions of the spectrum that have to be modelled which is always an issue and often a large correction The list is dominated by hot blue stars which produce the majority of their energy output in the ultraviolet but these may not necessarily be the brightest stars at visual wavelengths A large proportion of stellar systems discovered with very high luminosity have later been found to be binary Usually this results in the total system luminosity being reduced and spread among several components These binaries are common both because the conditions that produce high mass high luminosity stars also favour multiple star systems but also because searches for highly luminous stars are inevitably biased towards detecting systems with multiple more normal stars combining to appear luminous citation needed Because of all these problems other references may give very different values for the most luminous stars different ordering or different stars altogether Data on different stars can be of somewhat different reliability depending on the attention one particular star has received as well as largely differing physical difficulties in analysis see the Pistol Star for an example The last stars in the list are familiar nearby stars put there for comparison and not among the most luminous known It may also interest the reader to know that the Sun is more luminous than approximately 95 of all known stars in the local neighbourhood out to say a few hundred light years due to enormous numbers of somewhat less massive stars that are cooler and often much less luminous For perspective the overall range of stellar luminosities runs from dwarfs less than 1 10 000th as luminous as the Sun to supergiants over 1 000 000 times more luminous Data EditLegend Wolf Rayet starLuminous blue variableO type starB type starA type starF type starThis list is currently limited mostly to objects in our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds but a few stars in other local group galaxies can now be examined in enough detail to determine the luminosities Some suspected binaries in this magnitude range are excluded because there is insufficient information about the luminosity of the individual components Selected fainter stars are also shown for comparison Despite their extreme luminosity many of these stars are nevertheless too distant to be observed with the naked eye Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude 6 5 or brighter highlighted in blue Thanks to gravitational lensing stars that are strongly magnified can be seen at much larger distances The first star in the list Godzilla 1 an LBV in the distant Sunburst galaxy is probably the brightest star ever observed although it is believed to be undergoing a temporary episode of increased luminosity that has lasted at least seven years in a similar manner to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae that was witnessed in the 19th century The first list show a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L or greater including the stars in open cluster OB association and H II region The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L are shown but the list is incomplete The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison This list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items January 2021 Stars with 1 million L or greater Star name Bolometricluminosity L Sun 1 Absolutebolometricmagnitude Approx distancefrom earth ly Apparentvisible magnitude Effectivetemperature K Link ReferenceGodzilla in Sunburst galaxy 134 000 000 255 000 000 a lt 14 0 10 900 000 000 22 15 000 30 000 SIMBAD 2 V4650 Sagittarii in Quintuplet cluster 7 943 000 12 42 25 000 12 31 J band 11 300 SIMBAD 3 4 NGC 2363 V1 in NGC 2366 6 300 000 12 26 10 800 000 17 88 13 500 26 000 SIMBAD 5 BAT99 98 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 5 012 000 12 01 165 000 13 38 45 000 SIMBAD 6 7 G0 238 0 071 in Galactic Center 5 012 000 12 01 26 000 14 37 J band 39 500 44 000 SIMBAD 8 9 R136a1 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 4 677 000 11 94 163 000 12 28 46 000 SIMBAD 10 11 M33 013406 63 A in Triangulum Galaxy 4 677 000 11 935 3 000 000 16 084 combined 30 000 SIMBAD 12 13 b h Carinae A in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 4 600 000 11 917 7 500 4 3 combined 9 400 35 200 SIMBAD 14 15 c HD 38282 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 4 500 000 11 8 163 000 11 11 47 000 SIMBAD 16 Westerhout 49 2 in Westerhout 49 4 365 000 11 86 36 200 18 246 J band 35 500 SIMBAD 17 18 Sk 69 249 A in NGC 2074 of LMC 4 130 000 11 8 160 000 10 68 38 900 SIMBAD 19 20 V4998 Sagittarii near Quintuplet Cluster 3 981 000 11 76 25 000 12 534 J band 12 000 SIMBAD 3 18 R136c in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 802 000 11 71 163 000 13 43 51 000 SIMBAD 21 7 Arches F7 WR 102aj in Arches Cluster 3 802 000 11 71 25 000 15 74 J band 32 900 SIMBAD 22 23 V1429 Aquilae 3 802 000 11 71 12 800 9 89 30 000 SIMBAD 24 R136a3 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 631 000 11 66 163 000 12 97 50 000 SIMBAD 10 11 Melnick 42 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 631 000 11 66 163 000 12 78 47 300 SIMBAD 25 7 Mercer 23 2 WR 125 3 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane 3 631 000 11 66 21 200 8 646 J band 38 000 SIMBAD 26 18 d R136a2 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 548 000 11 64 163 000 12 34 50 000 SIMBAD 10 11 NGC 2403 V14 in NGC 2403 3 436 000 11 6 10 314 000 18 83 7 000 SIMBAD 27 G0 070 0 025 in Galactic Center 3 311 000 11 56 26 000 14 799 J band 45 000 SIMBAD 8 Pistol Star V4647 Sagittarii in Quintuplet cluster 3 300 000 11 556 25 000 11 79 J band 11 800 SIMBAD 28 4 Mercer 30 1 A WR 46 3 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 3 236 000 11 535 40 000 10 33 J band 32 200 SIMBAD 29 e VFTS 682 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 236 000 11 535 164 000 16 08 52 200 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 42e in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 3 200 000 11 523 25 000 14 53 43 000 SIMBAD 30 f R99 in N44 of LMC 3 162 000 11 51 163 000 11 52 28 000 SIMBAD 6 31 VFTS 1022 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 3 020 000 11 46 164 000 13 47 42 200 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 24 in Collinder 228 of Carina Nebula 2 951 000 11 435 8 200 6 48 50 100 SIMBAD 32 33 Peony Star WR 102ka in Peony Nebula near Galactic Center 2 951 000 11 435 26 000 12 978 J band 25 100 SIMBAD 34 CXOGC J174528 6 285605 WR 101 6 in Galactic Center 2 884 000 11 41 26 000 14 46 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 G0 059 0 068 in Galactic Center 2 884 000 11 41 26 000 13 337 J band 39 500 44 000 SIMBAD 8 9 HD 97950 B WR 43b in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 2 884 000 11 41 24 000 11 33 42 000 SIMBAD 35 36 Melnick 34 A in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 692 000 11 335 163 000 13 09 combined 53 000 SIMBAD 37 7 WR 102hb in Quintuplet Cluster 2 630 000 11 31 26 000 13 9 J band 25 100 SIMBAD 38 4 BAT99 80 A in NGC 2044 of LMC 2 512 000 11 26 165 000 13 combined 45 000 SIMBAD 6 39 R146 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 512 000 11 26 164 000 13 11 63 000 SIMBAD 6 7 VFTS 482 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 512 000 11 26 164 000 12 95 42 200 SIMBAD 25 7 HD 97950 A1a WR 43a A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 2 455 000 11 235 24 000 11 18 combined 42 000 SIMBAD 35 36 WR 102ea in Quintuplet Cluster 2 455 000 11 235 26 000 13 18 J band 25 100 SIMBAD 38 4 CXOGC J174516 1 284909 WR 101 2 in Galactic Center 2 399 000 11 21 26 000 11 49 J band 20 000 SIMBAD 23 CXOGC J174711 4 283006 WR 102 9 in Galactic Center 2 399 000 11 21 26 000 16 56 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 WR 25 A in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 2 399 000 11 21 6 800 8 8 combined 50 100 SIMBAD 32 31 g LGGS J004444 52 412804 0 in Andromeda Galaxy 2 377 000 11 2 2 500 000 18 1 7 000 18 000 SIMBAD 40 41 Sk 69 212 in NGC 2044 of LMC 2 377 000 11 2 160 000 12 416 45 400 SIMBAD 19 42 WR 93 in Pismis 24 of NGC 6357 2 377 000 11 2 5 700 10 68 71 000 SIMBAD 43 31 Melnick 34 B in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 344 000 11 185 163 000 13 09 combined 53 000 SIMBAD 37 7 VVV CL041 8 WR 62 2 in VVV CL041 2 344 000 11 185 13 700 10 146 J band 34 000 SIMBAD 44 18 h Cl 1813 178 16 in Cl 1813 178 of W33 Complex 2 291 000 11 16 15 300 9 428 J band 30 200 SIMBAD 45 18 i R136a7 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 291 000 11 16 163 000 13 97 54 000 SIMBAD 46 7 VVV CL074 12 in VVV CL074 2 291 000 11 16 20 000 12 34 J band 22 500 SIMBAD 47 j Arches F6 WR 102ah in Arches Cluster 2 239 000 11 135 25 000 15 75 J band 33 900 SIMBAD 22 48 Arches F9 WR 102ae in Arches Cluster 2 239 000 11 135 25 000 16 1 J band 36 600 SIMBAD 22 48 HD 5980 A in NGC 346 of SMC 2 239 000 11 135 200 000 11 31 combined 21 000 53 000 SIMBAD 49 50 k HD 97950 C1 WR 43c A in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 2 239 000 11 135 24 000 11 89 combined 44 000 SIMBAD 35 36 g R136b in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 239 000 11 135 165 000 13 24 35 500 SIMBAD 46 7 R145 A in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 239 000 11 135 163 000 12 04 combined 50 000 SIMBAD 51 7 Var 83 in Triangulum Galaxy 2 239 000 11 135 3 000 000 16 027 18 000 37 000 SIMBAD 52 53 CXOGC J174712 2 283121 WR 102 10 in Galactic Center 2 188 000 11 11 26 000 17 06 J band 35 000 SIMBAD 23 HD 269810 in NGC 2032 of LMC 2 188 000 11 11 170 000 12 22 52 500 SIMBAD 54 20 VFTS 1021 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 188 000 11 11 164 000 13 35 39 800 SIMBAD 25 7 ST5 31 in NGC 2074 of LMC 2 168 000 11 1 160 000 12 273 50 700 SIMBAD 19 55 G0 058 0 014 in Galactic Center 2 138 000 11 085 26 000 14 704 J band 45 000 SIMBAD 8 R145 B in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 138 000 11 085 163 000 12 04 combined 43 000 SIMBAD 51 7 WR 89 in HM 1 2 138 000 11 085 9 500 11 02 39 800 SIMBAD 32 20 R136a5 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 2 089 000 11 06 163 000 13 71 48 000 SIMBAD 46 7 AFGL 2298 near Galactic plane 2 000 000 11 013 33 000 12 164 J band 15 500 26 000 SIMBAD 56 18 l Arches F1 WR 102ad in Arches Cluster 1 995 000 11 01 25 000 16 3 J band 33 200 SIMBAD 22 48 Arches F4 WR 102al in Arches Cluster 1 995 000 11 01 25 000 15 63 J band 36 800 SIMBAD 22 48 CXOGC J174656 3 283232 WR 102 8 in Galactic Center 1 995 000 11 01 26 000 16 74 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 LBV 1806 20 in G10 0 0 3 of Galactic Center 1 995 000 11 01 28 000 13 66 J band 18 000 32 000 SIMBAD 57 18 m Mercer 81 2 WR 76 7 in Mercer 81 of G338 4 0 2 1 995 000 11 01 35 900 13 25 J band 36 000 SIMBAD 58 n VFTS 545 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 995 000 11 01 164 000 13 32 47 300 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 147S in Cygnus OB2 1 995 000 11 01 5 800 13 86 39 800 SIMBAD 32 59 10584 9 1 in Messier 81 1 977 000 11 0 11 842 000 19 1 18 000 SIMBAD 27 DBSB 179 15 WR 84 6 in DBSB 179 of G347 6 0 2 1 950 000 10 985 25 800 12 5 J band 37 000 SIMBAD 60 61 o G0 114 0 021 WR 102 12 in Galactic Center 1 950 000 10 985 26 000 16 672 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 8 AB6 A in NGC 371 of SMC 1 905 000 10 96 197 000 12 3 combined 80 000 SIMBAD 49 62 R136a4 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 905 000 10 96 163 000 13 41 50 000 SIMBAD 46 7 Westerhout 49 1 in Westerhout 49 1 905 000 10 96 36 200 15 531 J band 44 700 SIMBAD 17 18 WR 22 A in Bochum 10 of Carina Nebula 1 905 000 10 96 8 200 6 42 combined 44 700 SIMBAD 32 31 p HSH95 36 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 862 000 10 935 163 000 14 41 49 500 SIMBAD 46 7 Hen 3 519 WR 31a in Blue Bubble Nebula 1 820 000 10 91 24 000 10 85 30 200 SIMBAD 63 50 q Westerhout 51 57 in Westerhout 51 1 820 000 10 91 20 000 16 958 J band 42 700 SIMBAD 64 18 LGGS J004051 59 403303 0 in Andromeda Galaxy 1 803 000 10 9 2 500 000 16 989 18 000 24 000 SIMBAD 40 13 MSX5C G358 5391 00 1305 in Wray 17 96 1 800 000 10 898 15 000 15 13 000 SIMBAD 65 20 r HD 5980 B in NGC 346 of SMC 1 778 000 10 885 200 000 11 31 combined 45 000 SIMBAD 49 36 WR 130 in Cygnus OB3 1 778 000 10 885 21 700 12 13 44 700 SIMBAD 32 20 WR 21a A Runaway star from Westerlund 2 1 778 000 10 885 14 300 12 661 combined 45 000 SIMBAD 66 20 CXOGC J174536 1 285638 WR 101 1 in Galactic Center 1 738 000 10 86 26 000 15 55 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 Mercer 30 7 A WR 46 5 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 1 738 000 10 86 40 000 11 516 J band 41 400 SIMBAD 29 e R136a6 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 738 000 10 86 163 000 13 35 52 000 SIMBAD 46 7 VFTS 506 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 738 000 10 86 164 000 13 31 47 300 SIMBAD 25 7 DBSB 179 20 WR 84 1 in DBSB 179 of G347 6 0 2 1 698 000 10 835 25 800 12 37 J band 35 000 SIMBAD 60 61 o R147 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 698 000 10 835 164 000 13 02 50 000 SIMBAD 6 7 VFTS 16 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 698 000 10 835 164 000 13 55 53 100 SIMBAD 25 7 Cygnus OB2 12 A in Cygnus OB2 1 660 000 10 81 5 000 11 702 combined 13 700 SIMBAD 67 68 g Sher 18 in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 1 644 000 10 8 25 000 12 51 39 500 SIMBAD 36 69 Sher 47 in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 1 644 000 10 8 25 000 12 67 44 000 SIMBAD 36 69 Mercer 23 1 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane 1 622 000 10 785 21 200 10 615 J band 35 000 SIMBAD 26 18 d VFTS 1017 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 622 000 10 785 164 000 14 52 50 100 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 87 in HM 1 1 622 000 10 785 9 500 11 83 44 700 SIMBAD 32 20 AF Andromedae in Andromeda Galaxy 1 585 000 10 76 2 500 000 17 325 28 000 SIMBAD 52 13 Arches F12 WR 102af in Arches Cluster 1 585 000 10 76 25 000 16 4 J band 36 900 SIMBAD 22 48 HSH95 18 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 585 000 10 76 163 000 13 87 47 000 SIMBAD 7 LHO 110 WR 102df in Quintuplet cluster 1 585 000 10 76 26 000 13 87 J band 25 100 SIMBAD 38 4 R140a1 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 585 000 10 76 163 000 12 12 combined 34 000 SIMBAD 7 VFTS 457 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 585 000 10 76 164 000 13 74 39 800 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 107 in Sagittarius OB1 1 585 000 10 76 9 400 13 51 50 100 SIMBAD 32 20 WR 140 B in Cygnus OB1 1 585 000 10 76 5 300 6 85 combined 35 000 SIMBAD 70 31 WR 148 A Runaway star from Galactic plane 1 585 000 10 76 27 100 10 3 combined 39 800 SIMBAD 32 31 CXOGC J174617 0 285131 in Galactic Center 1 549 000 10 735 26 000 14 98 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 23 CXOGC J174725 3 282709 in Galactic Center 1 549 000 10 735 26 000 16 37 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 Sk 68 137 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 549 000 10 735 160 000 13 346 55 000 SIMBAD 54 42 WR 102i in Quintuplet cluster 1 549 000 10 735 26 000 14 31 J band 31 600 SIMBAD 38 4 HD 97950 A1b WR 43a B in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 1 514 000 10 71 24 000 11 18 combined 40 000 SIMBAD 35 36 Westerhout 49 3 in Westerhout 49 1 514 000 10 71 36 200 16 689 J band 40 700 SIMBAD 17 18 Brey 21 A in NGC 1910 of LMC 1 500 000 10 7 165 000 11 29 combined 71 000 SIMBAD 19 20 HD 97950 A2 in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 1 500 000 10 7 24 000 12 53 46 500 SIMBAD 36 69 HM 1 6 in HM 1 1 500 000 10 7 11 000 11 64 44 700 SIMBAD 43 71 LGGS J013245 41 303858 3 in Triangulum Galaxy 1 500 000 10 7 3 000 000 17 612 34 000 SIMBAD 72 13 NGC 346 W1 in NGC 346 of SMC 1 500 000 10 7 200 000 12 57 43 400 SIMBAD 19 62 Sk 65 47 in NGC 1923 of LMC 1 500 000 10 7 160 000 12 466 47 800 SIMBAD 19 42 Sk 80 in NGC 346 of SMC 1 500 000 10 7 200 000 12 31 38 900 SIMBAD 19 73 10584 4 1 in Messier 81 1 500 000 10 7 11 842 000 19 68 19 671 SIMBAD 27 HD 93129 Aa in Trumpler 14 of Carina Nebula 1 479 000 10 685 7 500 6 9 combined 42 500 SIMBAD 74 31 R136a8 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 479 000 10 685 163 000 14 42 49 500 SIMBAD 46 75 VFTS 542 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 445 000 10 66 164 000 13 49 44 700 SIMBAD 25 7 AB8 A in NGC 602 of SMC 1 413 000 10 635 197 000 12 9 combined 141 000 SIMBAD 49 76 Arches F15 in Arches Cluster 1 413 000 10 635 25 000 16 12 J band 35 600 SIMBAD 22 48 CXOGC J174550 2 284911 WR 102 4 in Galactic Center 1 413 000 10 635 26 000 15 24 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 23 DBSB 179 4 WR 84 7 in DBSB 179 of G347 6 0 2 1 413 000 10 635 25 800 12 25 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 60 61 o LGGS J013235 25 303017 6 in Triangulum Galaxy 1 413 000 10 635 3 000 000 18 007 33 000 SIMBAD 12 77 Melnick 33Na A in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 413 000 10 635 164 000 13 79 combined 50 000 SIMBAD 78 79 R134 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 413 000 10 635 164 000 12 58 47 000 SIMBAD 6 7 S Doradus in NGC 1910 of LMC 1 413 000 10 635 169 000 10 25 20 000 SIMBAD 80 20 WR 66 in Circinus OB1 1 413 000 10 635 16 900 11 34 44 700 SIMBAD 32 31 HD 37974 in N135 of LMC 1 400 000 10 625 163 000 10 99 22 500 SIMBAD 81 20 s VFTS 621 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 380 000 10 61 164 000 15 39 54 000 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 131 in Cygnus OB3 1 380 000 10 61 22 600 12 08 44 700 SIMBAD 32 71 Sk 69 104 in NGC 1910 of LMC 1 368 000 10 6 160 000 12 1 39 900 SIMBAD 19 42 Var A 1 in Andromeda Galaxy 1 368 000 10 6 2 500 000 17 143 21 700 SIMBAD 82 Mercer 30 6a A WR 46 4 A in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 1 349 000 10 585 40 000 10 39 J band 29 900 SIMBAD 29 e VFTS 427 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 349 000 10 585 164 000 13 76 39 800 SIMBAD 25 7 Westerhout 51 3 in Westerhout 51 1 349 000 10 585 20 000 16 998 J band 39 800 SIMBAD 64 18 CXOGC J174502 8 290859 in Galactic Center 1 318 000 10 56 26 000 13 93 J band 33 000 SIMBAD 23 HSH95 49 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 318 000 10 56 163 000 14 75 58 000 SIMBAD 46 7 t Westerhout 49 15 in Westerhout 49 1 288 000 10 535 36 200 18 307 J band 43 700 SIMBAD 17 18 Westerhout 51d in Westerhout 51 1 288 000 10 535 20 000 15 11 J band 42 700 SIMBAD 64 18 WR 18 in Carina OB1 of Carina Nebula 1 288 000 10 535 12 450 10 83 112 200 SIMBAD 32 20 AB7 A in NGC 371 of SMC 1 259 000 10 51 197 000 13 016 combined 105 000 SIMBAD 49 62 Arches F3 WR 102bb in Arches Cluster 1 259 000 10 51 25 000 16 06 J band 29 600 SIMBAD 22 48 Arches F8 WR 102ag in Arches Cluster 1 259 000 10 51 25 000 16 31 J band 32 900 SIMBAD 22 48 HD 50064 in NGC 2301 1 259 000 10 51 9 500 8 21 13 500 SIMBAD 83 HSH95 16 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 163 000 13 65 42 000 SIMBAD 7 HSH95 20 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 164 000 13 71 46 000 SIMBAD 7 HSH95 46 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 163 000 14 56 47 500 SIMBAD 46 7 R139 A in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 163 000 11 94 combined 34 000 SIMBAD 84 7 VFTS 259 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 164 000 13 65 37 700 SIMBAD 25 7 VFTS 1031 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 259 000 10 51 164 000 13 89 48 000 SIMBAD 7 Sk 69 194 in NGC 2033 of LMC 1 247 000 10 5 160 000 12 131 combined 45 000 SIMBAD 19 85 ST2 22 in NGC 2044 of LMC 1 247 000 10 5 160 000 14 3 51 300 SIMBAD 19 39 Trumpler 27 27 in Trumpler 27 1 247 000 10 5 8 200 13 31 37 000 SIMBAD 43 20 VFTS 1028 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 230 000 10 485 164 000 13 84 47 300 SIMBAD 25 7 LH 10 3601 in NGC 1763 of LMC 1 202 000 10 46 160 000 13 491 55 000 SIMBAD 54 42 AB1 in DEM S10 of SMC 1 175 000 10 435 197 000 15 238 79 000 SIMBAD 86 62 u BI 253 Runaway star from Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 175 000 10 435 164 000 13 76 54 000 SIMBAD 21 87 LGGS J013248 26 303950 4 in Triangulum Galaxy 1 175 000 10 435 3 000 000 17 25 23 000 SIMBAD 12 88 Mercer 30 8 WR 46 6 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 1 175 000 10 435 40 000 11 658 J band 38 100 SIMBAD 29 e NGC 346 W3 in NGC 346 of SMC 1 175 000 10 435 200 000 12 8 52 500 SIMBAD 54 62 WR 102d in Quintuplet cluster 1 175 000 10 435 26 000 15 18 J band 35 100 SIMBAD 38 4 WR 126 in Vulpecula OB2 1 175 000 10 435 24 680 13 29 63 000 SIMBAD 89 20 WR 20a A in Westerlund 2 1 150 000 10 412 20 000 13 28 combined 43 000 SIMBAD 90 WR 20a B in Westerlund 2 1 150 000 10 412 20 000 13 28 combined 43 000 SIMBAD 90 GCIRS 16SW A WR 101k A in Galactic Center 1 149 000 10 411 26 000 15 5 J band 24 400 SIMBAD 91 GCIRS 16SW B WR 101k B in Galactic Center 1 149 000 10 411 26 000 15 5 J band 23 500 SIMBAD 91 BAT99 104 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 148 000 10 41 165 000 14 52 63 000 SIMBAD 6 7 CXOGC J174516 7 285824 WR 101 3 in Galactic Center 1 148 000 10 41 26 000 16 67 J band 35 000 SIMBAD 23 G0 121 0 099 WR 102 16 in Galactic Center 1 148 000 10 41 26 000 14 972 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 8 G359 797 0 037 in Galactic Center 1 148 000 10 41 26 000 16 1 J band 30 000 SIMBAD 8 HD 93205 A in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 1 148 000 10 41 7 500 7 75 combined 51 300 SIMBAD 92 31 HSH95 47 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 148 000 10 41 163 000 14 72 46 500 SIMBAD 46 7 t WR 158 in Cassiopeia OB1 1 148 000 10 41 16 300 11 282 44 700 SIMBAD 32 68 WR 28 in FSR 1555 1 148 000 10 41 18 700 12 98 50 100 SIMBAD 32 20 v HD 303308 in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 1 138 000 10 4 7 500 8 17 51 300 SIMBAD 43 31 M33C 15235 in Triangulum Galaxy 1 138 000 10 4 3 000 000 17 73 29 200 SIMBAD 72 93 ZH 364 in Messier 81 1 138 000 10 4 11 842 000 19 59 15 860 SIMBAD 27 AB9 in DEM S80 of SMC 1 122 000 10 385 197 000 15 431 100 000 SIMBAD 86 62 w Arches F18 in Arches Cluster 1 122 000 10 385 25 000 16 7 J band 36 900 SIMBAD 22 48 BAT99 64 A in NGC 2033 of LMC 1 122 000 10 385 165 000 14 073 combined 71 000 SIMBAD 6 42 Var B in Triangulum Galaxy 1 122 000 10 385 3 000 000 16 208 9 000 SIMBAD 52 13 VFTS 562 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 122 000 10 385 164 000 13 66 42 200 SIMBAD 25 7 WR 37 in SFC 27 of G291 27 0 71 1 122 000 10 385 21 900 16 100 000 SIMBAD 32 20 x VFTS 512 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 096 000 10 36 164 000 14 28 47 700 SIMBAD 25 7 Mercer 30 6b in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 1 072 000 10 335 40 000 14 25 J band 30 500 SIMBAD 29 e VFTS 3 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 072 000 10 335 164 000 11 56 21 000 SIMBAD 21 7 VFTS 151 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 072 000 10 335 164 000 14 13 42 200 SIMBAD 25 7 VFTS 603 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 060 000 10 323 164 000 13 99 43 400 SIMBAD 94 7 CXOGC J174532 7 285126 in Galactic Center 1 047 000 10 31 26 000 10 72 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 23 HD 93403 A in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 1 047 000 10 31 10 000 8 27 combined 39 300 SIMBAD 95 20 Mercer 30 2 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula 1 047 000 10 31 40 000 12 63 J band 21 200 SIMBAD 29 e R133 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 047 000 10 31 163 000 12 49 37 600 SIMBAD 25 7 HD 97950 E in HD 97950 of NGC 3603 1 038 000 10 3 24 000 13 081 46 500 SIMBAD 36 69 HD 229059 in Berkeley 87 1 038 000 10 3 3 200 8 7 26 300 SIMBAD 43 31 M33C 10788 in Triangulum Galaxy 1 038 000 10 3 3 000 000 17 95 32 000 SIMBAD 72 93 Sk 69 200 in NGC 2033 of LMC 1 038 000 10 3 160 000 11 18 26 300 SIMBAD 19 20 Sk 69 259 in NGC 2081 of LMC 1 038 000 10 3 160 000 11 93 30 000 SIMBAD 19 20 WR 77k in Westerlund 1 1 038 000 10 3 11 000 18 86 35 000 SIMBAD 96 97 10182 pr 6 in NGC 2403 1 038 000 10 3 10 314 000 18 79 8 000 SIMBAD 27 HD 93250 A in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 1 023 000 10 285 7 500 7 5 combined 46 000 SIMBAD 98 31 g VFTS 267 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 023 000 10 285 164 000 13 49 44 700 SIMBAD 25 7 VFTS 599 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 023 000 10 285 164 000 13 8 47 300 SIMBAD 21 7 VVV CL074 9 WR 75 29 in VVV CL074 1 023 000 10 285 20 000 15 22 J band 37 000 SIMBAD 47 j WR 156 in Cepheus OB1 1 023 000 10 285 13 400 11 01 39 800 SIMBAD 32 50 Arches F2 WR 102aa in Arches Cluster 1 000 000 10 26 25 000 17 84 J band 33 500 SIMBAD 22 48 Arches F14 WR 102ba in Arches Cluster 1 000 000 10 26 25 000 16 38 J band 34 500 SIMBAD 22 48 BAT99 68 in BSDL 2505 of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 14 13 45 000 SIMBAD 6 99 y CXOGC J174628 2 283920 in Galactic Center 1 000 000 10 26 26 000 16 99 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 23 CXOGC J174703 1 283119 in Galactic Center 1 000 000 10 26 26 000 16 23 J band 40 000 SIMBAD 23 HSH95 28 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 14 09 48 000 SIMBAD 7 HSH95 31 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 14 12 48 000 SIMBAD 46 7 t HSH95 57 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 14 8 47 000 SIMBAD 7 R135 A in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 13 48 combined 50 000 SIMBAD 6 7 R140a2 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 12 12 combined 34 000 SIMBAD 7 R142 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 163 000 11 82 combined 21 000 SIMBAD 7 VFTS 64 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 164 000 14 62 39 800 SIMBAD 25 7 VFTS 591 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 164 000 12 55 27 000 SIMBAD 7 VFTS 1034 in Tarantula Nebula of LMC 1 000 000 10 26 164 000 13 36 34 000 SIMBAD 7 VVV CL074 3 WR 75 28 in VVV CL074 1 000 000 10 26 20 000 14 72 J band 31 500 SIMBAD 47 j WHL0137 LS 1 000 000 10 26 12 900 000 000 27 2 gt 20 000 100 101 102 A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million L are kept here for the purpose of comparison Star name Bolometricluminosity L Sun 1 Absolutebolometricmagnitude Approx distancefrom earth ly Apparentvisible magnitude Effectivetemperature K Link Referencez1 Scorpii in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 851 000 10 085 8 210 4 705 17 200 SIMBAD 103 104 z Puppis Naos in Vela R2 of Vela Molecular Ridge 813 000 10 035 1 080 2 25 40 000 SIMBAD 105 31 z a Camelopardalis Runaway star from NGC 1502 676 000 9 835 6 000 4 29 29 000 SIMBAD 98 31 WR 78 in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 631 000 9 76 4 100 6 48 50 100 SIMBAD 32 33 l Cephei Runaway star from Cepheus OB3 631 000 9 76 3 100 5 05 36 000 SIMBAD 105 31 P Cygni in IC 4996 of Cygnus OB1 610 000 9 723 5 100 4 82 18 700 SIMBAD 106 31 aa WR 79a in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1 603 000 9 71 5 600 5 77 35 000 SIMBAD 107 31 e Orionis Alnilam in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 537 000 9 585 2 000 1 69 27 500 SIMBAD 108 31 h Carinae B in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula 400 000 9 265 7 500 4 3 combined 37 200 SIMBAD 109 15 m Normae in NGC 6169 339 000 9 085 3 260 4 91 28 000 SIMBAD 110 31 k Cassiopeiae in Cassiopeia OB14 302 000 8 96 4 000 4 16 23 500 SIMBAD 108 31 t Canis Majoris Aa in NGC 2362 299 000 8 95 5 120 4 89 32 000 SIMBAD 111 31 8 Muscae Ab in Centaurus OB1 295 000 8 935 7 400 5 53 combined 33 000 SIMBAD 112 31 g2 Velorum B in Vela OB2 280 000 8 878 1 230 1 83 combined 35 000 SIMBAD 113 31 3 Persei Menkib in California Nebula of Perseus OB2 263 000 8 81 1 200 4 04 35 000 SIMBAD 98 31 z Orionis Aa Alnitak in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 250 000 8 755 1 260 2 08 29 500 SIMBAD 114 8 Muscae Aa WR 48 in Centaurus OB1 234 000 8 685 7 400 5 53 combined 83 000 SIMBAD 115 31 o2 Canis Majoris in Collinder 121 219 000 8 61 2 800 3 043 15 500 SIMBAD 116 31 81 Orionis C1 in Trapezium Cluster of Orion complex 204 000 8 535 1 340 5 13 combined 39 000 SIMBAD 117 31 d Orionis Aa1 Mintaka in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 191 000 8 46 1 200 2 5 combined 29 500 SIMBAD 118 119 g2 Velorum A WR 11 in Vela OB2 170 000 8 336 1 230 1 83 combined 57 000 SIMBAD 113 31 h Canis Majoris Aludra in Collinder 121 151 000 8 21 2 000 2 45 15 000 SIMBAD 108 31 k Crucis in Jewel Box Cluster of Centaurus OB1 151 000 8 21 7 500 5 98 16 300 SIMBAD 120 50 l Orionis A Meissa in Collinder 69 of Orion complex 150 000 8 2 1 100 3 54 37 700 SIMBAD 121 122 b Orionis A Rigel in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 120 000 7 96 860 0 13 12 100 SIMBAD 123 31 82 Orionis A in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 107 000 7 833 1 500 5 02 34 900 SIMBAD 124 125 Betelgeuse 87 100 7 61 550 0 50 3 600 SIMBAD 126 127 z Ophiuchi in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2 74 100 7 435 370 2 569 34 000 SIMBAD 98 31 i Orionis Aa1 Hatysa in NGC 1980 of Orion complex 68 000 7 341 1 340 2 77 combined 32 500 SIMBAD 128 129 y Orionis in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 60 000 7 205 2 900 4 618 33 400 SIMBAD 130 131 k Orionis Saiph in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 57 000 7 147 650 2 09 26 500 SIMBAD 111 31 s Cygni in Cygnus OB4 52 000 7 06 3 260 4 233 10 800 SIMBAD 132 133 z Persei in Perseus OB2 47 000 6 941 750 2 86 20 800 SIMBAD 111 31 m Columbae Runaway star from Trapezium Cluster 46 000 6 91 1 300 5 18 33 000 SIMBAD 134 31 s Orionis Aa in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 41 700 6 81 1 260 4 07 combined 35 000 SIMBAD 135 136 d Scorpii A Dschubba in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2 38 000 6 71 440 2 307 combined 27 400 SIMBAD 137 138 e Persei A in a Persei Cluster 28 300 6 391 640 2 88 combined 26 500 SIMBAD 111 139 8 Carinae A in IC 2602 of Scorpius OB2 25 700 6 284 460 2 76 combined 31 000 SIMBAD 111 140 b Canis Majoris Mirzam in Local Bubble of Scorpius OB2 25 000 6 26 490 1 985 23 200 SIMBAD 141 142 s Orionis Ab in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 18 600 5 934 1 260 4 07 combined 29 000 SIMBAD 135 136 s Orionis B in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 15 800 5 757 1 260 4 07 combined 31 000 SIMBAD 135 136 82 Orionis B in Orion OB1 of Orion complex 12 300 5 485 1 500 6 38 29 300 SIMBAD 143 g Orionis Bellatrix in Bellatrix Cluster of Orion complex 9 210 5 17 250 1 64 21 800 SIMBAD 144 145 i Orionis Aa2 in NGC 1980 of Orion complex 8 630 5 1 1 340 2 77 combined 27 000 SIMBAD 128 129 l Tauri A in Pisces Eridanus stellar stream 5 800 4 669 480 3 47 combined 18 700 SIMBAD 111 146 r Ophiuchi A in r Ophiuchi cloud complex of Scorpius OB2 4 000 4 285 360 4 63 combined 22 000 SIMBAD 147 31 d Persei in a Persei Cluster 2 860 3 901 520 3 01 14 900 SIMBAD 148 140 a Scorpii B in Loop I Bubble of Scorpius OB2 2 820 3 885 550 5 5 18 500 SIMBAD 149 122 a Pavonis Aa Peacock in Tucana Horologium association 2 150 3 593 180 1 94 17 700 SIMBAD 150 129 h Tauri A Alcyone in Pleiades 1 820 3 409 440 2 87 combined 12 300 SIMBAD 151 31 o Velorum in IC 2391 of Scorpius OB2 1 000 2 76 490 3 6 16 200 SIMBAD 152 140 ps Persei in a Persei Cluster 775 2 483 580 4 31 16 000 SIMBAD 148 31 g Canis Majoris Muliphein in Collinder 121 715 2 397 440 4 1 13 600 SIMBAD 148 153 o Aquarii in Pisces Eridanus stellar stream 340 1 589 440 4 71 13 500 SIMBAD 148 154 f Eridani in Tucana Horologium association 255 1 276 150 3 55 13 700 SIMBAD 155 156 n Fornacis in Pisces Eridanus stellar stream 245 1 233 370 4 69 13 400 SIMBAD 157 31 e Chamaeleontis in e Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2 100 0 26 360 4 91 10 900 SIMBAD 158 140 h Chamaeleontis in h Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2 95 0 204 310 5 453 12 500 SIMBAD 148 50 e Hydri in Tucana Horologium association 60 0 295 150 4 12 11 000 SIMBAD 159 148 t1 Aquarii in Pisces Eridanus stellar stream 50 0 429 320 5 66 10 600 SIMBAD 148 160 b1 Tucanae in Tucana Horologium association 40 0 735 140 4 37 10 600 SIMBAD 161 122 Sun in Solar System 1 4 739996 0 0000158 26 744 5 772 IAU 162 163 164 Derived from model temperatures and radii 30 000 K 2 AU 15 000 K 11 AU M33 013406 63 also called LGGS J013406 63 304147 8 was thought of as a star with over 8 million luminosity in the past but a new reference indicated that M33 013406 63 may be a binary the primary will be reduced to about 4 5 million luminosity Identified as a binary system or possibly three stars But the secondary is almost completely swamped by the primary a b Mercer 23 is an open cluster near Galactic plane a b c d e f Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula The paper mistakenly lists the bolometric magnitude as 10 5 instead of 11 5 a b c d This is a binary system but the secondary is much less luminous than the primary VVV CL041 is an open cluster Cl 1813 178 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud complex W33 Complex a b c VVV CL074 is an open cluster Variable luminosity was five times higher at outburst in 1994 Luminous blue variable peak luminosity shown G10 0 0 3 is a radio nebula in Galactic Center Mercer 81 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G338 4 0 2 a b c DBSB 179 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G347 6 0 2 Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula Blue Bubble Nebula is a Wolf Rayet nebula around Hen 3 519 Strictly speaking MSX5C G358 5391 00 1305 is the name of the star Wray 17 96 is the name of the nebula N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud a b c This parameter is based on the optical only fits for these stars DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud FSR 1555 is a star cluster DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud SFC 27 is a part of the molecular cloud G291 27 0 71 BSDL 2505 is a star cluster in Large Magellanic Cloud Vela R2 is a OB association in Vela Molecular Ridge IC 4996 is an open cluster in Cygnus OB1 Note that even the most luminous stars are much less luminous than the more luminous persistent extragalactic objects such as quasars For example 3C 273 has an average apparent magnitude of 12 8 when observing with a telescope but an absolute magnitude of 26 7 If this object were 10 parsecs away from Earth it would appear nearly as bright in the sky as the Sun apparent magnitude 26 744 This quasar s luminosity is therefore about 2 trillion 1012 times that of the Sun or about 100 times that of the total light of average large galaxies like our Milky Way Note that quasars often vary somewhat in luminosity In terms of gamma rays a magnetar type of neutron star called SGR 1806 20 had an extreme burst reach Earth on 27 December 2004 It was the brightest event known to have impacted this planet from an origin outside the Solar System if these gamma rays were visible with an absolute magnitude of approximately 29 it would have been brighter than the Sun as measured by the Swift spacecraft The gamma ray burst GRB 971214 measured in 1998 was at the time thought to be the most energetic event in the observable universe with the equivalent energy of several hundred supernovae Later studies pointed out that the energy was probably the energy of one supernova which had been beamed towards Earth by the geometry of a relativistic jet See also EditLists of astronomical objects List of stars List of largest known stars List of most massive stars List of hottest stars List of oldest stars List of coolest stars List of brightest stars List of nearest stars Gamma ray burst Quasar Most luminous objectReferences Edit Scientists face down Godzilla the most luminous star known Nature 610 7930 10 2022 09 28 Bibcode 2022Natur 610T 10 doi 10 1038 d41586 022 03054 3 Diego J M 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