AF Andromedae
AF Andromedae (AF And) is a luminous blue variable (LBV), a type of variable star. The star is one of the most luminous variables in M31, the Andromeda Galaxy.
| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Andromeda |
| Right ascension | 00h 43m 33.086s[2] |
| Declination | +41° 49′ 10.31″[2] |
| Characteristics | |
| Spectral type | LBV |
| U−B color index | ~ −0.9[3] |
| B−V color index | ~ +0.1[3] |
| Variable type | LBV[4] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | −152±9[5] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: 0.088[2] mas/yr Dec.: −0.076[2] mas/yr |
| Parallax (π) | −0.0026 ± 0.0674 mas |
| Distance | ~2.5Mly ly (~780kpc pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | −8.2[6] |
| Details | |
| Mass | 50-120[7] M☉ |
| Radius | 63[4] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 1,500,000[6] L☉ |
| Temperature | 33,000±3,000 K (normal) 7,000 (outburst)[8] K |
| Other designations | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
Discovery edit
The star was discovered to be variable in 1927, with a photographic magnitude range of 15.3 to 16.5, at the Harvard College Observatory and designated HV 4013. It was considered to be the brightest variable star in M31[9][10] Two years later it was given the variable star designation AF Andromedae.[11] Between 1917 and 1953, five or six major eruptions were detected and two or three minor ones. More eruptions were observed in 1970-74, 1987-92, 1998-2001, [8] and 2017.[12]
AF And was often referred to as var 19, after its number in a Hubble list of variable stars in M31 and M33. It was identified as one of the five Hubble–Sandage variables: Var A, Var B, Var C, and Var 2 in M33, and Var 19 in M31.[13][14][15] On the basis of color–color comparisons, it was assigned as spectral type B and described as related to the P Cygni variables. Observations from 1960 to 1970 showed irregular variations in the B (blue) magnitude between 15.5 and 17.6, with visual magnitudes somewhat brighter.[13] The first detailed spectrum was published in 1975.[5]
Spectrum edit
AF And in outbursts has a peculiar emission line spectrum described as very much like Eta Carinae, likely due to a dense stellar wind.[5] When quiescent, the spectrum is similar to late Of or WN stars.[16]
AF And has prominent allowed and forbidden FeII and hydrogen lines in its emission spectrum, as well as weaker HeI lines. The variability and lack of absorption lines defy a normal spectral classification, but it was suggested that it may be close to class A.[5]
The 250.7 nm FeII line is unusually strong in emission. The same feature in Eta Carinae's spectrum has been attributed to a UV laser.[16]
Properties edit
AF And was the brightest star in M31 when it was first noticed during an outburst, at an apparent magnitude around 15, over a million times more luminous than the Sun. Newer calculations give a luminosity slightly less than a million times that of the Sun.
The star's mass has not been calculated explicitly, but this type of star is massive, typically 50–120 M☉.[7]
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Joshi, Yogesh C.; Sharma, Kaushal; Gangopadhyay, Anjasha; Gokhale, Rishikesh; Misra, Kuntal (November 2019). "A Long-term Photometric Variability and Spectroscopic Study of Luminous Blue Variable AF And in M31". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5): 175. arXiv:1908.01893. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..175J. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab39e9. S2CID 199452971.
- ^ a b c d Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b Humphreys, R. M.; Blaha, C.; d'Odorico, S.; Gull, T. R.; Benvenuti, P. (1984). "IUE and ground-based observations of the Hubble-Sandage variables in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 278: 124. Bibcode:1984ApJ...278..124H. doi:10.1086/161774.
- ^ a b Szeifert, T.; Humphreys, R. M.; Davidson, K.; Jones, T. J.; Stahl, O.; Wolf, B.; Zickgraf, F.-J. (1996). "HST and groundbased observations of the 'Hubble-Sandage' variables in M 31 and M 33". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 314: 131. Bibcode:1996A&A...314..131S.
- ^ a b c d Humphreys, R. M. (1975). "The spectra of AE Andromedae and the Hubble-Sandage variables in M31 and M33". Astrophysical Journal. 200: 426. Bibcode:1975ApJ...200..426H. doi:10.1086/153806.
- ^ a b Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Hahn, David; Martin, John C.; Weis, Kerstin (2017). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. V. The Upper HR Diagram". The Astrophysical Journal. 844 (1): 40. arXiv:1707.01916. Bibcode:2017ApJ...844...40H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7cef. S2CID 119357524.
- ^ a b Burggraf, B.; Weis, K.; Bomans, D. J. (2006). "LBVs in M33: Their Environments and Ages". Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity: Mass Loss. 353: 245. Bibcode:2006ASPC..353..245B.
- ^ a b Joshi, Yogesh C.; Sharma, Kaushal; Gangopadhyay, Anjasha; Gokhale, Rishikesh; Misra, Kuntal (2019). "A Long-term Photometric Variability and Spectroscopic Study of Luminous Blue Variable AF and in M31". The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5): 175. arXiv:1908.01893. Bibcode:2019AJ....158..175J. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab39e9. S2CID 199452971.
- ^ Luyten, W. J. (1927). "Two New Variables in the Region of the Andromeda Nebula". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. 851: 4. Bibcode:1927BHarO.851R...4L.
- ^ Luyten, W. J. (1928). "A New Variable in the Andromeda Nebula, H.V. 4476". Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. 859 (859): 1. Bibcode:1928BHarO.859....1L.
- ^ Guthnick, P.; Prager, R. (1929). "Benennung von veränderlichen Sternen". Astronomische Nachrichten. 234 (20): 377. Bibcode:1929AN....234..377G. doi:10.1002/asna.19282342002.
- ^ Martin, John C.; Humphreys, Roberta M.; Hornoch, Kamil (2017). "AF and - an LBV/S Dor Variable in Outburst". The Astronomer's Telegram. 10383: 1. Bibcode:2017ATel10383....1M.
- ^ a b Sharov, A. S. (1973). "Bright variable stars in the Andromeda M31 and Triangulum M33 nebulae". Perem. Zvezdy. 19: 3. Bibcode:1973PZ.....19....3S.
- ^ Humphreys, R. M. (1978). "Luminous variable stars in M31 and M33". The Astrophysical Journal. 219: 445. Bibcode:1978ApJ...219..445H. doi:10.1086/155797.
- ^ Hubble, Edwin; Sandage, Allan (1953). "The Brightest Variable Stars in Extragalactic Nebulae. I. M31 and M33". Astrophysical Journal. 118: 353. Bibcode:1953ApJ...118..353H. doi:10.1086/145764.
- ^ a b Humphreys, Roberta M.; Weis, Kerstin; Davidson, Kris; Bomans, D. J.; Burggraf, Birgitta (2014). "Luminous and Variable Stars in M31 and M33. II. Luminous Blue Variables, Candidate LBVs, Fe II Emission Line Stars, and Other Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal. 790 (1): 48. arXiv:1407.2259. Bibcode:2014ApJ...790...48H. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/790/1/48. S2CID 119177378.