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List of kings of Thrace and Dacia

This article lists kings of Thrace and Dacia, and includes Thracian, Paeonian, Celtic, Dacian, Scythian, Persian or Ancient Greek up to the point of its fall to the Roman Empire, with a few figures from Greek mythology.

Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius in 1585

Mythological Edit

Persian Edit

 
The Persian Empire in 490 BC

Tribal kings Edit

 
Triballi habitat

Getic and Dacian Edit

 
Dacia

Paeonian Edit

 
Paeonia, tribes and Environs

Celtic rulers in Thrace Edit

Celtic rulers of Tylis in Thrace[47] Edit

  • Comontorius Celtic military commander, first king of Tylis (c. 277 BC-?)
  • Orsoaltius (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain)
  • Cersibaulus (presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types; order uncertain)
  • Cavarus, last king of Tylis; overthrown by the Thracians (?-212 BC)[48]

Macedonian Edit

 
Map of the territory of Philip II of Macedon

Odrysian Kingdom Edit

 
The Odrysian Kingdom under Sitalces
 
Bronze head of An Odrysian king, most likely Seuthes III

The list below includes the known Odrysian kings of Thrace, but much of it is conjectural, based on incomplete sources, and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries. Various other Thracian kings (some of them non-Odrysian) are included as well.[52] Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace.[53] Control varied according to tribal relationships.[54] Odrysian kings (names are presented in Latin forms):

Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction[61]) Edit

Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace (hypothetical reconstruction[63]) Edit

  • Teres IV, son of Seuthes (III?) (c. 295 BC?)
  • Seuthes IV, son of Teres (IV?)
  • Teres V, son of ? Seuthes IV (c. 255 BC)
  • Rhoegus, son of Seuthes (IV?) (mid-Third Century, buried in the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak)
  • Seuthes V, son of ? Rhoegus
  • Amadocus III, son of ? Seuthes V (c. 184 BC)
  • Cotys IV, son of Seuthes V (by 171-after 166)
  • Teres VI, son of ? Amadocus III (c. 148 BC)
  • Beithys (Bithys), son of Cotys IV (c.146 BC?)
    • The line may have continued as the Odryso-Astaean dynasty listed below

Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC[64] Edit

  • Spartocus, ruler of Cabyle? (c. 295 BC)
  • Scostocus, ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus (c. 280-after 273 BC)
  • Sadalas, ruler near Messembria (c. 275 BC), descendant of Cotys, Medistas, Taruntinus, and Mopsyestis (order and relationships unknown)
  • Odoroes (c. 280-273 BC) (?)
  • Adaeus, Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela (c. 260-c. 240 BC)

Various non-Odrysian rulers in Thrace[65] Edit

  • Abrupolis of the Sapaeans, fought with Antigonid Macedonia (by 197-172 BC)
  • Autlesbis of the ? Caeni, fought with Cotys IV as Roman ally (c. 168 BC)
  • Diegylis of the Caeni (by 150-after 144 BC)
  • Zibelmius of the Caeni, son of Diegylis, murdered (c. 141 BC)
  • Sothimus of the ? Maedi, ally of Mithradates VI, invaded Roman Macedonia (c. 89 BC)

Illyrian rulers[66] Edit

  • Pleuratus I ruler near Skodra (before c. 250 BC)
  • Agron, son of Pleuratus II (c. 250-230 BC)
  • Pinnes, son of Agron (230-212 BC); under regency of stepmother Teuta 230-228 BC and of stepfather Demetrius of Pharos 228-219 BC
  • Scerdilaidas, son of Pleuratus I (212-206 BC)
  • Pleuratus II, son of Scerdilaidas (associated 212, 206-180 BC)[67]
  • Gentius (Genthius), son of Pleuratus II (180-168 BC)
    • 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman Republic

Odryso-Astaean Kingdom Edit

 
Temporary area of some tribes including Sapei and Astae

A possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye (now Vize) in eastern Thrace.[68]

  • Cotys V, son of ? Beithys (?-by 87 BC)
  • Sadalas I, son of Cotys V (by 87–after 79 BC)
    • Amadocus, Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at Chaeronea in 86 BC
  • Cotys VI, son of Sadalas I (by 57–48 BC)[69]
  • Sadalas II, son of Cotys VI (48–42 BC)
  • Sadalas III, kinsman of Sadalas II (42-31 BC)
  • Cotys VII, son of Sadalas II by Polemocratia (31–18 BC)
  • Rhescuporis II (Astaean), son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II, killed by the Bessi (18–11 BC)
    • 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II's maternal uncle, the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I, by the Roman emperor Augustus, thereby uniting Thrace[70]

Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace Edit

 
Thrace and Dacia as Roman provinces

Originally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace, the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and, with Roman blessing, found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46. [71]

Scythian Edit

See also Edit

Notes Edit

  1. ^ Tereus, "Tereus 1 is the cruel Thracian king who helped King Pandion 2 of Athens in his war against King Labdacus 1 of Thebes, and having received one of his daughters seduced the other"
  2. ^ Phineus, "Phineus is the blind king and seer"
  3. ^ Poltys, "Poltys. An Aenian who entertained Heracles when he came to Aenus in Thrace. He was son of Poseidon [Apd.2.5.9]."
  4. ^ Harpalyce(Ἁρπαλύκη)., "1. A daughter of Harpalycus, king of the Amymnaeans in Thrace. As she lost her mother in her infancy, she was brought up by her father with the milk of cows and mares, and was trained in all manly exercises. After the death of her father, whom she had once delivered from the hand of the Myrmidons, she spent her time in the forests as a robber, being so swift in running that horses were unable to overtake her. At length, however, she was caught in a snare by shepherds, who killed her. (Serv. ad Virg. Aen. 1.321; Hyg. Fab. 193.)"
  5. ^ Peiros, Peiros. Thracian leader, son of Imbrasus and father of Rhigmus. He was killed by Thoas, Leader of the Aetolians (Hom.Il.4.520ff., 20.484ff.).
  6. ^ Rhesus Rhesus 2 is chiefly remembered because he came from Thrace to defend Troy with great pomp and circumstance, but died on the night of his arrival, without ever engaging in battle.
  7. ^ , "Orpheus, king of the Ciconians"
  8. ^ Polymestor, "Polymestor 1 (Polymnestor). This is the king of the Bistonians in Thrace"
  9. ^ Carnabon, "Carnabon. King of the Getae in Thrace who came into power when grain was first given to men [see also Lyncus, and CONSTELLATIONS] [Hyg.Ast.2.14]."
  10. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 41: "... Trixae and Sophocles (Triptolem, FR 547) mentions a local king, Charnabon, as a typical anti-hero."
  11. ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, ISBN 0-19-860641-9, page 1515, "The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
  12. ^ The Histories by Herodotus, John M. Marincola, and Aubery de Selincourt, page 373: "... 500 mercenaries, and married Hegesipyle, daughter of the Thracian King Olorus."
  13. ^ Plutarch's Lives by Plutarch, 2008, ISBN 1-4404-1432-7, page 183: "... Danube, and by winning a signal victory over Syrmus, the King of the Triballi. After this, as he heard that the Thebans had revolted, ..."
  14. ^ The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, 2003, page 1515: "... *Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, and *Cicero calls Rabocentus, chief of the Bessi, a faithful ally, although hitherto they had been troublesome ..."
  15. ^ Polyaenus: Stratagems - BOOK 7, The generals of the Cebrenii and Sycaeboae, two Thracian tribes, were chosen from among the priests of Hera. Cosingas, according to the tradition of the country, was elected to be their priest and general; but the army took some objection to him, and refused to obey him. To suppress the rebelliousness that had taken hold of the troops, Cosingas built a number of long ladders, and fastened them one to another. He then put out a report, that he had decided to climb up to heaven, in order to inform Hera of the disobedience of the Thracians. The Thracians, who are notoriously stupid and ridiculous, were terrified by the idea of their general's intended journey, and the resulting wrath of heaven. They implored him not to carry out his plan, and they promised with an oath to obey all of his future commands.
  16. ^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 106
  17. ^ Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings: From Various Collections Principally in Great Britain by James Millingen, 2004, page 42: "... silver mines so renowned in history. A coin of Geta, king of the Edones, with the legend FETAI HAONEON BAIIAEYI of the same types, ..."
  18. ^ Atlas of Classical History by R. Talbert, 1989, page 63, "Getae under Cothelas"
  19. ^ https://revistapontica.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/pontica-3-pag-125-129.pdf Radu Ocheșeanu: Monedele basileului Moskon aflate în colecțiile Muzeului de Arheologie Constanța
  20. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Dromichaetes King of the Getians
  21. ^ McGing B.C.: The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus
  22. ^ Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "..Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
  23. ^ The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M. Burstein, 1985, Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler
  24. ^ Kurt W. Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in “A history of Romania - East European Monographs”, 1996, ISBN 9780880333450, page 17 "Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto-Dacian rulers (Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos) continued to exercise control over that city-state around 200 BC ...."
  25. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index Rubobostes Dacian King
  26. ^ Theodossiev, Nikola (2010). "Thrace". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-19-517072-6. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  27. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 53, "Dacian King Oroles"
  28. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Dicomes of the Getians"
  29. ^ The Roman History: The Reign of Augustus by Cassius Dio, Ian Scott-Kilvert, and John Carter, 1987, page 85: "... Then he completed their destruction with the help of Roles, the king of a tribe of the Getae. When Roles visited Octavian, he was treated as a friend ..."
  30. ^ Cassius Dio. Roman History, Book LI. "While he was thus engaged, Roles, who had become embroiled with Dapyx, himself also king of a tribe of the Getae, sent for him. Crassus went to his aid, and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms. Next he cut off Dapyx, who had taken refuge in a fort, and besieged him. In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek, obtained a conference with him, and arranged to betray the place. The barbarians, thus captured, turned upon one another, and Dapyx was killed along with many others. His brother, however, Crassus took alive, and not only did him no harm but actually released him."
  31. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 146, "Zyraxes who ruled in Dobruja"
  32. ^ Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society by Robin Osborne, 2004, page 128: "... of its citizens, named Akornion, went on an embassy to Burebista, the first and greatest of the kings in Thrace..."
  33. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, Index (Decaeneus/Dekaineus/Dicineus) Dacian High priest"
  34. ^ Berciu 1981, p. 139-140.
  35. ^ Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 48, "The Dacian king Cotiso"
  36. ^ a b Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 72, "At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo/Corilus/Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings"
  37. ^ a b Dacia: Landscape, Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean, 2007, page 47, "Kings Coson (who minted his own coins) and Duras"
  38. ^ De Imperatoribus Romanis [1]. Retrieved 2007-11-08. "In the year 88, the Romans resumed the offensive. The Roman troops were now led by the general Tettius Iulianus. The battle took place again at Tapae but this time the Romans defeated the Dacians. For fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandoned his plans of conquering Sarmizegetuza and, at the same time, Decebalus asked for peace. At first, Domitian refused this request, but after he was defeated in a war in Pannonia against the Marcomanni (a Germanic tribe), the emperor was obliged to accept the peace."
  39. ^ Wilhelm Tomachek in “Les restes de la langue dace” published in “Le Muséon By Société des lettres et des sciences, Louvain, Belgium, page 407 "Pieporus, prince des daces Costoboces..."
  40. ^ Gudmund Schütte in Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, H. Hagerup, 1917 page 82 "historical king Pieporus. The same author Schütte in “Our forefathers” published by University Press, 1929 page 74 "The North Dacian tribes of the Koistobokoi and Karpoi unlike the rest of Dacia escaped the Roman conquest of AD 105..."
  41. ^ Wilhelm Tomachek (1883): “Les restes de la langue dace” published in “Le Muséon By Société des lettres et des sciences, Louvain, Belgium, page 409
  42. ^ Batty, Roger (2007): Rome and the Nomads: the Pontic-Danubian realm in antiquity, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-814936-0, ISBN 978-0-19-814936-1, page 366
  43. ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe (Oxford Illustrated Histories) by Barry Cunliffe, 2001, page 380
  44. ^ Strabo, Geography(7.5.2), "A part of this country was laid waste by the Dacians when they subdued the Boii and Taurisci, Celtic tribes under the rule of Critasirus"
  45. ^ The Ancient Celts by Barry Cunliffe, ISBN 0-14-025422-6, 2000, page 86: "... distinguished suggests that one of the returning groups, led by Bathanatos, finally settled in the Middle Danube region at the confluence ..."
  46. ^ Celts - a History, The by Daithi O HOgain, ISBN 1-905172-20-6, 2006, page 60, "... those who, on their return from Greece under their leader Bathanatos, had settled at the confluence of the Danube and the ..."
  47. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan. Compare Werner 1961: 115, 239
  48. ^ Celts and the Classical World by David Rankin, ISBN 0-415-15090-6, 1996, page 189: "According to Polybius, the last of the kings of Tylis, Cavarus, was a man of magnanimity and regal character" (8.24).
  49. ^ Heckel, Waldemar. Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. Blackwell Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-4051-1210-7, p. 155. "In 306 or 305, he assumed the title of "King", which he held until his death at Corupedium in 282/1."
  50. ^ Heckel, Waldemar. Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire. Blackwell Publishing, 2006, ISBN 1-4051-1210-7, p. 155. "In 323 Lysimachus was assigned control of Thrace, and was probably strategos rather than satrap. The subordinate position of strategos may account for the failure of the sources to mention Lysimachus in the settlement of Triparadeisus; his brother Autodicus was, however, named as a Somatophylax of Philip III at that time
  51. ^ The Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, ISBN 1-84176-329-2, 2001, page 11, "Philip V of Macedon occupied all the cities in Thrace up to the Hellespont, "
  52. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan. Compare Werner 1961: 111-114, 239-240; Topalov 1994.
  53. ^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 105
  54. ^ The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald,1998, ISBN 0-19-815047-4, page 107
  55. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan.
  56. ^ Thrace. The History Files.
  57. ^ Smith, William (1867). "Amadocus (I)". In William Smith. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1
  58. ^ Topalov 1994
  59. ^ Archibald 1998
  60. ^ Topalov 2001: 272-278
  61. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan. Compare Werner 1961: 114-115, 239
  62. ^ Manov 2015 dates the coins and inscription naming "Rhescuporis son of Cotys" to the beginning of the First Century AD and argues that they are the Sapaean Cotys III and his uncle Rhescuporis II/III. While a later date for this Rhescuporis and his father Cotys may be advisable (and therefore this Cotys would be distinct from Cotys son of Rhaezdus), Manov's hypothesis contradicts the father-son relationship between Cotys and Rhescuporis in the sources.
  63. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan, who also gives an alternative sequence should Rhoegus be placed in the early Third Century BC: "But if Roigos is dated to the early 3rd century and was a son of Seuthēs III (e.g., Kojčev 2008), the pedigree and succession could be restored as follows: Seuthēs III–Roigos–Seuthēs IV–Tērēs IV–Seuthēs V; our Tērēs VI would become Tērēs V." Compare Werner 1961: 114-117, 239.
  64. ^ Jurukova 1992: 105-152.
  65. ^ Werner 1961: 115-119, 239.
  66. ^ Werner 1961: 90-93, 241.
  67. ^ The History Of Rome by Livy, 2004, ISBN 1-4191-6629-8, page 27: "Pleuratus and Scerdilaedus might be included in the treaty. Attalus was king of Pergamum in Asia Minor; Pleuratus, king of the Thracians;
  68. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan; Werner 1961: 117-119, 239, 242; Sullivan 1990: 25-30, 145-151, stemma 1.
  69. ^ Kessler, P L. "Kingdoms of Greece - Sapes (Thrace)". www.historyfiles.co.uk.
  70. ^ Tačeva 1997: 83-95, 246-247, develops an alternative to the long-dominant reconstruction of the political, chronological, and genealogical relationships reflected in this list (established by Dessau in 1913 and widely accepted, e.g., Sullivan 1990), having the Odrysian-Astaean line end with Sadalas II in 42 BC, making Cotys VII the brother (not brother-in-law) of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I, and identifying Cotys VII's son Rhescuporis II (not Rhoemetalces I's brother, the Sapaean Rhescuporis II) as the father of Rhoemetalces II. Despite some improbabilities, this reconstruction has gained some acceptance at least as a viable alternative. A variation on this reconstruction by Delev 2016b accepts ending the Odrysian-Astaean line with Sadalas II (whom he combines with Sadalas III to end c. 31 BC), followed by Cotys VII, older brother (not brother-in-law) of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I, and father of Rhescuporis II, but not grandfather of Rhoemetalces II (who would remain son of the Sapaean Rhescuporis II/III, the younger brother of Rhoemetalces I). In Delev 2016a, the same author posits that Cotys VII need not have reigned.
  71. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan; Werner 1961: 118-120, 239, 242; Sullivan 1990: 25-30, 145-151, stemma 1.
  72. ^ Mladjov, Thracian Kings, University of Michigan, "On the death of the last Astaean king in 11 BC, the Roman emperor Augustus conferred all of Thrace on the dead king’s Sapaean uncle Roimētalkēs I. In AD 46, on the murder of Roimētalkēs III by his wife, the kingdom of Thrace was annexed as a province by the Roman emperor Claudius I."
  73. ^ Tačeva 1997: 83-95, 246-247, develops an alternative to the long-dominant reconstruction of the political, chronological, and genealogical relationships reflected in this list (established by Dessau in 1913 and widely accepted, e.g., Sullivan 1990), having the Odrysian-Astaean line end with Sadalas II in 42 BC, making Cotys VII the brother (not brother-in-law) of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I, and identifying Cotys VII's son Rhescuporis II (not Rhoemetalces I's brother, the Sapaean Rhescuporis II) as the father of Rhoemetalces II. Despite some improbabilities, this reconstruction has gained some acceptance at least as a viable alternative. A variation on this reconstruction by Delev 2016b accepts ending the Odrysian-Astaean line with Sadalas II (whom he combines with Sadalas III to end c. 31 BC), followed by Cotys VII, older brother (not brother-in-law) of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I, and father of Rhescuporis II, but not grandfather of Rhoemetalces II (who would remain son of the Sapaean Rhescuporis II/III, the younger brother of Rhoemetalces I). In Delev 2016a, the same author posits that Cotys VII need not have reigned. If Delev's reconstruction is correct, the Sapaean unification of Thrace would be under Cotys II in 31 BC, and he would be followed by his grandson Rhescuporis II, then the latter's uncle and guardian (Cotys II's son) Rhoemetalces I, the remaining relationships remaining unchanged from the ones indicated in this list, except perhaps for the numeration of rulers named Cotys and Rhescuporis.
  74. ^ "Antonia Tryphaena". British Museum. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  75. ^ Miszczak, Izabela (2021-03-10). Edirne: Gateway to the Balkans. ASLAN Izabela Sobota-Miszczak. ISBN 978-83-956540-6-0.
  76. ^ Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations by D. Brendan Nagle and Stanley M. Burstein, ISBN 0-19-517825-4, 2006, page 26: "... Ariapeithes, the Scythian king, had several sons, among them, ... by Spargapeithes, king of the Agathyrsi; whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne, and married one of ..."

References Edit

  • The Histories, translated by G. C. Macaulay, Barnes & Noble, Inc., 2004.
  • Z. Archibald, The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace, Oxford, 1998.
  • Berciu, Dumitru (1981). Buridava dacica, Volume 1. Editura Academiei.
  • P. Delev, "Cotys son of Rhascuporis," in: M. Slavova, N. Šarankov (eds.), Studia Classica Serdicensia V. Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond. Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov (1915-1991), Sofia, 2016a: 119-129.
  • P. Delev, "Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija" in: P. Delev (ed.), Symposion. Studies in memory of prof. Dimitar Popov, Sofia, 2016b: 148-173.
  • H. Dessau, "Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto," Ephemeris Epigraphica 9 (1913) 696-706.
  • J. Jurukova, Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli, vol. 1., Sofia, 1992.
  • M. Manov, "Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane," Numizmatika, Sfragistika i Epigrafika 11 (2015) 167-173.
  • R. D. Sullivan, Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100-30 BC, Toronto, 1990.
  • M. Tačeva, Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinističeskata i rimskata epoha, Sofia, 1997.
  • S. Topalov, The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid-4th C. B.C., Sofia, 1994.
  • S. Topalov, Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C. B.C. to the end of the 3rd C. B.C., Sofia, 2001.
  • R. Werner, in: W.-D. von Barloewen (ed.), Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen, Munich, 1961: 83-150, 239-242.

list, kings, thrace, dacia, this, article, lists, kings, thrace, dacia, includes, thracian, paeonian, celtic, dacian, scythian, persian, ancient, greek, point, fall, roman, empire, with, figures, from, greek, mythology, ancient, thrace, made, abraham, ortelius. This article lists kings of Thrace and Dacia and includes Thracian Paeonian Celtic Dacian Scythian Persian or Ancient Greek up to the point of its fall to the Roman Empire with a few figures from Greek mythology Map of Ancient Thrace made by Abraham Ortelius in 1585 Contents 1 Mythological 2 Persian 3 Tribal kings 4 Getic and Dacian 5 Paeonian 6 Celtic rulers in Thrace 6 1 Celtic rulers of Tylis in Thrace 47 7 Macedonian 8 Odrysian Kingdom 8 1 Odrysian rulers in eastern Thrace hypothetical reconstruction 61 8 2 Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace hypothetical reconstruction 63 8 3 Various Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC 64 8 4 Various non Odrysian rulers in Thrace 65 8 5 Illyrian rulers 66 8 6 Odryso Astaean Kingdom 8 7 Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace 9 Scythian 10 See also 11 Notes 12 ReferencesMythological EditHaemus became a mountain Haemus Mons Thrax son of Ares Tegyrios mortal Eumolpus inherited a kingdom from Tegyrios Tereus the king that was turned into a hoopoe 1 Phineus Phoenician son of Agenor blind king and seer 2 Poltys son of Poseidon 3 Pyreneus died trying to harm the Muses Harpalykos 4 king of the Amymnaeans Thoas founder of Thoana Mopsus killed Myrine an amazon queen Peirous a Thracian war leader 5 killed by Thoas the Aetolian Rhesus of Thrace died in the Trojan war 6 Cisseus father of Theano the wife of Antenor Diomedes of Thrace Giant that ruled over the Bistones Lycurgus of the Edoni Oeagrus father of Orpheus and Linus Orpheus 7 of the Cicones Polymestor of the Bistonians 8 Zalmoxis of the Getae Charnabon of the Getae who came into power when grain was first given to men 9 mentioned by Sophocles 10 Pyraechmes of the Paeonians Asteropaios of the PaeoniansPersian Edit nbsp The Persian Empire in 490 BCDarius I Persian Satrapy named Skudra by 516 BC 11 Darius I Thrace is resubjucated by Mardonius at 492 BC Xerxes I retains Thrace from 486 BC to 479 BCTribal kings Edit nbsp Triballi habitatOlorus 5th century BC 12 Syrmus king of the Triballi 13 4th century BC Bergaios petty king of Pangaeum Dromichaetes of the Getae 300 BC Langarus of the Agrianes Pleuratus a Thracian or Illyrian king that attacked Tylis 213 208 BC Diegylis chieftain of the Caeni extremely bloodthirsty 145 BC Ziselmius Diegylis son Mostis of the Caeni king 130 90 BC Abrupolis of the Sapaeans 2nd century BC Rabocentus 14 of the Bessi mentioned by Cicero Cosingas 15 chieftain and priest of Hera to the tribes of Cebrenii and Sucaeboae Getas king 16 17 of the EdonesGetic and Dacian Edit nbsp DaciaCharnabon king of the Getae as mentioned by Sophocles in Triptolemus 5th century BC Cothelas 18 father of Meda of Odessa 4th century BC Rex Histrianorum ruler in Histria mentioned by Trogus Pompeius and Justinus 339 BC citation needed Dual 3rd century BC citation needed Moskon 19 3rd century BC Dromichaetes 20 3rd century BC Zalmodegicus 21 around 200 BC 22 Rhemaxos around 200 BC 23 24 Rubobostes 25 around 200 BC Zoltes 200 BC 26 Oroles 27 2nd century BC Dicomes 28 1st century BC Rholes 29 1st century BC Dapyx 30 1st century BC Zyraxes 31 1st century BC Burebista 32 82 44 BC Deceneus 33 44 BC around 27 BC High Priest Thiamarkos 1st century BC 1st century AD Dacian king inscription Basileys Thiamarkos epoiei 34 Cotiso 35 c 40 BC c 9 BC Comosicus 36 9 BC 30 AD Scorilo 36 c 30 70 AD Coson 37 Duras 37 c 69 87 Decebalus 38 87 106 106 AD Dacia becomes a province of the Roman Empire conquered by Trajan Pieporus king of Dacian Costoboci 2nd century AD inscription 39 40 Tarbus 2nd century AD Dio Cassius mentioned him without specifying his origin Some authors consider a possible Dacian ethnicity 41 42 Paeonian Edit nbsp Paeonia tribes and EnvironsSee List of Paeonian kingsCeltic rulers in Thrace EditCerethrius 43 Critasirus a Celt 44 Bathanatos 45 46 of the ScordisciCeltic rulers of Tylis in Thrace 47 Edit Comontorius Celtic military commander first king of Tylis c 277 BC Orsoaltius presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types order uncertain Cersibaulus presumed Celtic on the basis of coin types order uncertain Cavarus last king of Tylis overthrown by the Thracians 212 BC 48 Macedonian Edit nbsp Map of the territory of Philip II of MacedonPhilip II of Macedon annexed Thrace 341 336 BC Alexander the Great retains Thrace and suppresses rebellion 335 323 BC Lysimachus one of the Diadochi includes Thrace in his kingdom 323 281 BC 49 50 Philip V of Macedon controls all cities of Thrace up to the hellespont 51 238 179 BC Perseus of Macedon continues controlling the part of Thrace his father left him 212 166 BCOdrysian Kingdom Edit nbsp The Odrysian Kingdom under Sitalces nbsp Bronze head of An Odrysian king most likely Seuthes IIIThe list below includes the known Odrysian kings of Thrace but much of it is conjectural based on incomplete sources and the varying interpretation of ongoing numismatic and archaeological discoveries Various other Thracian kings some of them non Odrysian are included as well 52 Odrysian kings though called Kings of Thrace never exercised sovereignty over all of Thrace 53 Control varied according to tribal relationships 54 Odrysian kings names are presented in Latin forms Teres I son of Odryses 480 55 450 430 BC 56 Sparatocus son of Teres I c 465 by 431 BC Sitalces son of Teres I by 431 424 BC Seuthes I son of Sparatocus 424 396 BC Maesades father of Seuthes II local ruler in eastern Thrace Teres II local ruler in eastern Thrace Saratocus Sadocus son of Sitalces local ruler in western Thrace Metocus Amadocus I son of Sitalces Amadocus I son of Metocus unless identical to him or of Sitalces by 405 57 after 390 BC Seuthes II son of Maesades descendant of Teres I local ruler in eastern Thrace by 405 after 387 BC Hebryzelmis son or brother of Seuthes I c 386 BC Cotys I son of Seuthes I 58 or Seuthes II 59 by 384 360 or 359 BC Cersobleptes son of Cotys I king in eastern Thrace 360 or 359 341 BC Berisades rival of Cersobleptes king in western Thrace in Strimos 359 352 BC Amadocus II son of Amadocus I and rival of Cersobleptes king in central Thrace in Chersonese and Maroneia 359 351 BC Cetriporis son of Berisades king in western Thrace in Strimos 358 347 BC Teres III son of Amadocus II king in central Thrace in Chersonese and Maroneia 351 342 BC The kings of Thrace are forced to submit to Macedonian rule or overlordship by 341 BC Seuthes III son of Teres III 60 or Cotys I opposed Macedonian rule by 324 after 312 BC The succession to Seuthes III is unclear the area was partitioned among Thracian dynasts and Macedonian kings after 277 also by the Celts of TylisOdrysian rulers in eastern Thrace hypothetical reconstruction 61 Edit Cotys II son of Seuthes III attested 330 BC while still prince if son of Seuthes III Rhaezdus Rhoegus son of Cotys II Cotys III son of Rhaezdus c 270 BC Rhescuporis I son of Cotys III by 212 BC 62 Odrysian rulers originally in inner Thrace hypothetical reconstruction 63 Edit Teres IV son of Seuthes III c 295 BC Seuthes IV son of Teres IV Teres V son of Seuthes IV c 255 BC Rhoegus son of Seuthes IV mid Third Century buried in the Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak Seuthes V son of Rhoegus Amadocus III son of Seuthes V c 184 BC Cotys IV son of Seuthes V by 171 after 166 Teres VI son of Amadocus III c 148 BC Beithys Bithys son of Cotys IV c 146 BC The line may have continued as the Odryso Astaean dynasty listed belowVarious Thracian local rulers attested in the Third Century BC 64 Edit Spartocus ruler of Cabyle c 295 BC Scostocus ruler in southern Thrace near Aenus and Sestus c 280 after 273 BC Sadalas ruler near Messembria c 275 BC descendant of Cotys Medistas Taruntinus and Mopsyestis order and relationships unknown Odoroes c 280 273 BC Adaeus Thracian or Macedonian ruler near Cypsela c 260 c 240 BC Various non Odrysian rulers in Thrace 65 Edit Abrupolis of the Sapaeans fought with Antigonid Macedonia by 197 172 BC Autlesbis of the Caeni fought with Cotys IV as Roman ally c 168 BC Diegylis of the Caeni by 150 after 144 BC Zibelmius of the Caeni son of Diegylis murdered c 141 BC Sothimus of the Maedi ally of Mithradates VI invaded Roman Macedonia c 89 BC Illyrian rulers 66 Edit Pleuratus I ruler near Skodra before c 250 BC Agron son of Pleuratus II c 250 230 BC Pinnes son of Agron 230 212 BC under regency of stepmother Teuta 230 228 BC and of stepfather Demetrius of Pharos 228 219 BC Scerdilaidas son of Pleuratus I 212 206 BC Pleuratus II son of Scerdilaidas associated 212 206 180 BC 67 Gentius Genthius son of Pleuratus II 180 168 BC 168 BC Illyria annexed by the Roman RepublicOdryso Astaean Kingdom Edit nbsp Temporary area of some tribes including Sapei and AstaeA possible continuation of the earlier Odrysian monarchy under a line of kings reigning from Bizye now Vize in eastern Thrace 68 Cotys V son of Beithys by 87 BC Sadalas I son of Cotys V by 87 after 79 BC Amadocus Odrysian royal sent to the aid of Sulla at Chaeronea in 86 BC Cotys VI son of Sadalas I by 57 48 BC 69 Sadalas II son of Cotys VI 48 42 BC Sadalas III kinsman of Sadalas II 42 31 BC Cotys VII son of Sadalas II by Polemocratia 31 18 BC Rhescuporis II Astaean son of Cotys VII by daughter of the Sapaean king Cotys II killed by the Bessi 18 11 BC 11 BC Astaean Thrace conferred on Rhescuporis II s maternal uncle the Sapaean king Rhoemetalces I by the Roman emperor Augustus thereby uniting Thrace 70 Sapaean Kingdom and unified Thrace Edit nbsp Thrace and Dacia as Roman provincesOriginally a local power in the Rhodope area of southern Thrace the Sapaean kings increased in power and influence and with Roman blessing found themselves masters of a unified kingdom of Thrace from 11 BC until the Roman annexation in AD 46 71 Cotys I son of Rhoemetalces 57 by 48 BC Rhescuporis I son of Cotys I by 48 BC 41 BC Rhascus son of Cotys I associate ruler c 42 BC Cotys II son of Rhescuporis I 42 BC 31 BC Thrace becomes a unitary client state of Rome in 11 BC 72 Rhoemetalces I son of Cotys II 31 BC AD 12 monarch of all Thrace from 11 BC 73 Rhescuporis II son of Cotys II in western Thrace deposed by the Roman emperor Tiberius I 12 19 Cotys III son of Rhoemetalces I in eastern Thrace killed by his uncle Rhescuporis II 12 19 married Antonia Tryphaena Rhoemetalces II son of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena 19 38 Antonia Tryphaena Queen co ruler of her son Rhoemetalces II 74 The last client rulers of Thrace Pythodoris II Queen and Rhoemetalces III 75 Rhoemetalces III son of Rhescuporis II 38 46 married his cousin s daughter Pythodoris II daughter of Cotys III and Antonia Tryphaena murdered by wife 46 annexation by the Roman Empire by the Roman emperor Claudius IScythian EditSpargapeithes 76 king of the AgathyrsiSee also EditOdrysian kingdom Sapaeans Paeonia List of ancient Cities in Thrace List of ancient tribes in Thrace List of rulers of Illyria List of ancient Cities in Illyria List of ancient tribes in IllyriaNotes Edit Tereus Tereus 1 is the cruel Thracian king who helped King Pandion 2 of Athens in his war against King Labdacus 1 of Thebes and having received one of his daughters seduced the other Phineus Phineus is the blind king and seer Poltys Poltys An Aenian who entertained Heracles when he came to Aenus in Thrace He was son of Poseidon Apd 2 5 9 Harpalyce Ἁrpalykh 1 A daughter of Harpalycus king of the Amymnaeans in Thrace As she lost her mother in her infancy she was brought up by her father with the milk of cows and mares and was trained in all manly exercises After the death of her father whom she had once delivered from the hand of the Myrmidons she spent her time in the forests as a robber being so swift in running that horses were unable to overtake her At length however she was caught in a snare by shepherds who killed her Serv ad Virg Aen 1 321 Hyg Fab 193 Peiros Peiros Thracian leader son of Imbrasus and father of Rhigmus He was killed by Thoas Leader of the Aetolians Hom Il 4 520ff 20 484ff Rhesus Rhesus 2 is chiefly remembered because he came from Thrace to defend Troy with great pomp and circumstance but died on the night of his arrival without ever engaging in battle Carlos Parada Orpheus king of the Ciconians Polymestor Polymestor 1 Polymnestor This is the king of the Bistonians in Thrace Carnabon Carnabon King of the Getae in Thrace who came into power when grain was first given to men see also Lyncus and CONSTELLATIONS Hyg Ast 2 14 Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 41 Trixae and Sophocles Triptolem FR 547 mentions a local king Charnabon as a typical anti hero The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth ISBN 0 19 860641 9 page 1515 The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516 The Histories by Herodotus John M Marincola and Aubery de Selincourt page 373 500 mercenaries and married Hegesipyle daughter of the Thracian King Olorus Plutarch s Lives by Plutarch 2008 ISBN 1 4404 1432 7 page 183 Danube and by winning a signal victory over Syrmus the King of the Triballi After this as he heard that the Thebans had revolted The Oxford Classical Dictionary by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth 2003 page 1515 Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Cicero calls Rabocentus chief of the Bessi a faithful ally although hitherto they had been troublesome Polyaenus Stratagems BOOK 7 The generals of the Cebrenii and Sycaeboae two Thracian tribes were chosen from among the priests of Hera Cosingas according to the tradition of the country was elected to be their priest and general but the army took some objection to him and refused to obey him To suppress the rebelliousness that had taken hold of the troops Cosingas built a number of long ladders and fastened them one to another He then put out a report that he had decided to climb up to heaven in order to inform Hera of the disobedience of the Thracians The Thracians who are notoriously stupid and ridiculous were terrified by the idea of their general s intended journey and the resulting wrath of heaven They implored him not to carry out his plan and they promised with an oath to obey all of his future commands The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace Orpheus Unmasked Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology by Z H Archibald 1998 ISBN 0 19 815047 4 page 106 Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings From Various Collections Principally in Great Britain by James Millingen 2004 page 42 silver mines so renowned in history A coin of Geta king of the Edones with the legend FETAI HAONEON BAIIAEYI of the same types Atlas of Classical History by R Talbert 1989 page 63 Getae under Cothelas https revistapontica files wordpress com 2012 02 pontica 3 pag 125 129 pdf Radu Ocheșeanu Monedele basileului Moskon aflate in colecțiile Muzeului de Arheologie Constanța Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 Index Dromichaetes King of the Getians McGing B C The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator King of Pontus Kurt W Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in A history of Romania East European Monographs 1996 ISBN 9780880333450 page 17 Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto Dacian rulers Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos continued to exercise control over that city state around 200 BC The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII by Stanley M Burstein 1985 Index Rhemaxos Getic or Scythian ruler Kurt W Treptow and Ioan Bolovan in A history of Romania East European Monographs 1996 ISBN 9780880333450 page 17 Two inscriptions discovered at Histria indicate that Geto Dacian rulers Zalmodegikos and later Rhemaxos continued to exercise control over that city state around 200 BC Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 Index Rubobostes Dacian King Theodossiev Nikola 2010 Thrace In Gagarin Michael ed The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome Vol 1 Oxford University Press p 55 ISBN 978 0 19 517072 6 Retrieved 22 December 2013 Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 53 Dacian King Oroles Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 47 Dicomes of the Getians The Roman History The Reign of Augustus by Cassius Dio Ian Scott Kilvert and John Carter 1987 page 85 Then he completed their destruction with the help of Roles the king of a tribe of the Getae When Roles visited Octavian he was treated as a friend Cassius Dio Roman History Book LI While he was thus engaged Roles who had become embroiled with Dapyx himself also king of a tribe of the Getae sent for him Crassus went to his aid and by hurling the horse of his opponents back upon their infantry he so thoroughly terrified the latter also that what followed was no longer a battle but a great slaughter of fleeing men of both arms Next he cut off Dapyx who had taken refuge in a fort and besieged him In the course of the siege someone hailed him from the walls in Greek obtained a conference with him and arranged to betray the place The barbarians thus captured turned upon one another and Dapyx was killed along with many others His brother however Crassus took alive and not only did him no harm but actually released him Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 146 Zyraxes who ruled in Dobruja Studies in Ancient Greek and Roman Society by Robin Osborne 2004 page 128 of its citizens named Akornion went on an embassy to Burebista the first and greatest of the kings in Thrace Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 Index Decaeneus Dekaineus Dicineus Dacian High priest Berciu 1981 p 139 140 Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 48 The Dacian king Cotiso a b Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 72 At least two of his successors Comosicus and Scorillo Corilus Scoriscus became high priests and eventually Dacian kings a b Dacia Landscape Colonization and Romanization by Ioana A Oltean 2007 page 47 Kings Coson who minted his own coins and Duras De Imperatoribus Romanis 1 Retrieved 2007 11 08 In the year 88 the Romans resumed the offensive The Roman troops were now led by the general Tettius Iulianus The battle took place again at Tapae but this time the Romans defeated the Dacians For fear of falling into a trap Iulianus abandoned his plans of conquering Sarmizegetuza and at the same time Decebalus asked for peace At first Domitian refused this request but after he was defeated in a war in Pannonia against the Marcomanni a Germanic tribe the emperor was obliged to accept the peace Wilhelm Tomachek in Les restes de la langue dace published in Le Museon By Societe des lettres et des sciences Louvain Belgium page 407 Pieporus prince des daces Costoboces Gudmund Schutte in Ptolemy s maps of northern Europe H Hagerup 1917 page 82 historical king Pieporus The same author Schutte in Our forefathers published by University Press 1929 page 74 The North Dacian tribes of the Koistobokoi and Karpoi unlike the rest of Dacia escaped the Roman conquest of AD 105 Wilhelm Tomachek 1883 Les restes de la langue dace published in Le Museon By Societe des lettres et des sciences Louvain Belgium page 409 Batty Roger 2007 Rome and the Nomads the Pontic Danubian realm in antiquity Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 814936 0 ISBN 978 0 19 814936 1 page 366 The Oxford Illustrated History of Prehistoric Europe Oxford Illustrated Histories by Barry Cunliffe 2001 page 380 Strabo Geography 7 5 2 A part of this country was laid waste by the Dacians when they subdued the Boii and Taurisci Celtic tribes under the rule of Critasirus The Ancient Celts by Barry Cunliffe ISBN 0 14 025422 6 2000 page 86 distinguished suggests that one of the returning groups led by Bathanatos finally settled in the Middle Danube region at the confluence Celts a History The by Daithi O HOgain ISBN 1 905172 20 6 2006 page 60 those who on their return from Greece under their leader Bathanatos had settled at the confluence of the Danube and the Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Compare Werner 1961 115 239 Celts and the Classical World by David Rankin ISBN 0 415 15090 6 1996 page 189 According to Polybius the last of the kings of Tylis Cavarus was a man of magnanimity and regal character 8 24 Heckel Waldemar Who s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great Prosopography of Alexander s Empire Blackwell Publishing 2006 ISBN 1 4051 1210 7 p 155 In 306 or 305 he assumed the title of King which he held until his death at Corupedium in 282 1 Heckel Waldemar Who s Who in the Age of Alexander the Great Prosopography of Alexander s Empire Blackwell Publishing 2006 ISBN 1 4051 1210 7 p 155 In 323 Lysimachus was assigned control of Thrace and was probably strategos rather than satrap The subordinate position of strategos may account for the failure of the sources to mention Lysimachus in the settlement of Triparadeisus his brother Autodicus was however named as a Somatophylax of Philip III at that time The Thracians 700 BC AD 46 by Christopher Webber ISBN 1 84176 329 2 2001 page 11 Philip V of Macedon occupied all the cities in Thrace up to the Hellespont Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Compare Werner 1961 111 114 239 240 Topalov 1994 The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace Orpheus Unmasked Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology by Z H Archibald 1998 ISBN 0 19 815047 4 page 105 The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace Orpheus Unmasked Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology by Z H Archibald 1998 ISBN 0 19 815047 4 page 107 Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Thrace The History Files Smith William 1867 Amadocus I In William Smith Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology 1 Topalov 1994 Archibald 1998 Topalov 2001 272 278 Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Compare Werner 1961 114 115 239 Manov 2015 dates the coins and inscription naming Rhescuporis son of Cotys to the beginning of the First Century AD and argues that they are the Sapaean Cotys III and his uncle Rhescuporis II III While a later date for this Rhescuporis and his father Cotys may be advisable and therefore this Cotys would be distinct from Cotys son of Rhaezdus Manov s hypothesis contradicts the father son relationship between Cotys and Rhescuporis in the sources Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan who also gives an alternative sequence should Rhoegus be placed in the early Third Century BC But if Roigos is dated to the early 3rd century and was a son of Seuthes III e g Kojcev 2008 the pedigree and succession could be restored as follows Seuthes III Roigos Seuthes IV Teres IV Seuthes V our Teres VI would become Teres V Compare Werner 1961 114 117 239 Jurukova 1992 105 152 Werner 1961 115 119 239 Werner 1961 90 93 241 The History Of Rome by Livy 2004 ISBN 1 4191 6629 8 page 27 Pleuratus and Scerdilaedus might be included in the treaty Attalus was king of Pergamum in Asia Minor Pleuratus king of the Thracians Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Werner 1961 117 119 239 242 Sullivan 1990 25 30 145 151 stemma 1 Kessler P L Kingdoms of Greece Sapes Thrace www historyfiles co uk Taceva 1997 83 95 246 247 develops an alternative to the long dominant reconstruction of the political chronological and genealogical relationships reflected in this list established by Dessau in 1913 and widely accepted e g Sullivan 1990 having the Odrysian Astaean line end with Sadalas II in 42 BC making Cotys VII the brother not brother in law of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I and identifying Cotys VII s son Rhescuporis II not Rhoemetalces I s brother the Sapaean Rhescuporis II as the father of Rhoemetalces II Despite some improbabilities this reconstruction has gained some acceptance at least as a viable alternative A variation on this reconstruction by Delev 2016b accepts ending the Odrysian Astaean line with Sadalas II whom he combines with Sadalas III to end c 31 BC followed by Cotys VII older brother not brother in law of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I and father of Rhescuporis II but not grandfather of Rhoemetalces II who would remain son of the Sapaean Rhescuporis II III the younger brother of Rhoemetalces I In Delev 2016a the same author posits that Cotys VII need not have reigned Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan Werner 1961 118 120 239 242 Sullivan 1990 25 30 145 151 stemma 1 Mladjov Thracian Kings University of Michigan On the death of the last Astaean king in 11 BC the Roman emperor Augustus conferred all of Thrace on the dead king s Sapaean uncle Roimetalkes I In AD 46 on the murder of Roimetalkes III by his wife the kingdom of Thrace was annexed as a province by the Roman emperor Claudius I Taceva 1997 83 95 246 247 develops an alternative to the long dominant reconstruction of the political chronological and genealogical relationships reflected in this list established by Dessau in 1913 and widely accepted e g Sullivan 1990 having the Odrysian Astaean line end with Sadalas II in 42 BC making Cotys VII the brother not brother in law of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I and identifying Cotys VII s son Rhescuporis II not Rhoemetalces I s brother the Sapaean Rhescuporis II as the father of Rhoemetalces II Despite some improbabilities this reconstruction has gained some acceptance at least as a viable alternative A variation on this reconstruction by Delev 2016b accepts ending the Odrysian Astaean line with Sadalas II whom he combines with Sadalas III to end c 31 BC followed by Cotys VII older brother not brother in law of the Sapaean Rhoemetalces I and father of Rhescuporis II but not grandfather of Rhoemetalces II who would remain son of the Sapaean Rhescuporis II III the younger brother of Rhoemetalces I In Delev 2016a the same author posits that Cotys VII need not have reigned If Delev s reconstruction is correct the Sapaean unification of Thrace would be under Cotys II in 31 BC and he would be followed by his grandson Rhescuporis II then the latter s uncle and guardian Cotys II s son Rhoemetalces I the remaining relationships remaining unchanged from the ones indicated in this list except perhaps for the numeration of rulers named Cotys and Rhescuporis Antonia Tryphaena British Museum Retrieved 2022 09 01 Miszczak Izabela 2021 03 10 Edirne Gateway to the Balkans ASLAN Izabela Sobota Miszczak ISBN 978 83 956540 6 0 Readings in Greek History Sources and Interpretations by D Brendan Nagle and Stanley M Burstein ISBN 0 19 517825 4 2006 page 26 Ariapeithes the Scythian king had several sons among them by Spargapeithes king of the Agathyrsi whereupon Scylas succeeded to the throne and married one of References EditThe Histories translated by G C Macaulay Barnes amp Noble Inc 2004 Z Archibald The Odrysian kingdom of Thrace Oxford 1998 Berciu Dumitru 1981 Buridava dacica Volume 1 Editura Academiei P Delev Cotys son of Rhascuporis in M Slavova N Sarankov eds Studia Classica Serdicensia V Monuments and Texts in Antiquity and beyond Essays for the Centenary of Georgi Mihailov 1915 1991 Sofia 2016a 119 129 P Delev Za genealogijata na Sapejskata dinastija in P Delev ed Symposion Studies in memory of prof Dimitar Popov Sofia 2016b 148 173 H Dessau Reges Thraciae qui fuerint imperante Augusto Ephemeris Epigraphica 9 1913 696 706 J Jurukova Monetite na trakijskite plemena i vladeteli vol 1 Sofia 1992 M Manov Dekret na Apolonija s novo datirane Numizmatika Sfragistika i Epigrafika 11 2015 167 173 R D Sullivan Near Eastern Royalty and Rome 100 30 BC Toronto 1990 M Taceva Istorija na bălgarskite zemi v drevnostta prez elinisticeskata i rimskata epoha Sofia 1997 S Topalov The Odrysian Kingdom from the Late 5th to the Mid 4th C B C Sofia 1994 S Topalov Contributions to the Study of the Coinage and History in the Lands of Eastern Thrace from the End of the 4th C B C to the end of the 3rd C B C Sofia 2001 R Werner in W D von Barloewen ed Abriss der Geschichte antiker Randkulturen Munich 1961 83 150 239 242 nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ancient Thrace and Ancient Thracians Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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