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Triballi

January 17, 2023

The Triballi (Ancient Greek: Τριβαλλοί, romanized: Triballoí, Latin: Triballi) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age. The Triballi lived between Thracians to the east, Illyrians the west and Celts to the north and were influenced by them. As such in contemporary sources, they are variably described as an independent, Thracian, Illyrian or Celtic tribe. As an existing people, the Triballi are mentioned for the last time by Roman historian Appian (2nd century CE). According to Appian, the Triballi were reduced in numbers through their wars against the Scordisci and fled among the Getae, north of the Danube before they went extinct as a distinct people.[1]

History

The Triballi (Ancient Greek: Τριβαλλοί, romanized: Triballoí) are mentioned for the first in history by ancient Greek authors of Classical period: Aristotle and Demosthenes, both of whom lived in the 4th century BCE. Among ancient Greeks, the Triballi had a reputation of being a "wild people" and Greek authors write in a similar vein about them. Aristotle writes that among the Triballi "it is honorable to sacrifice one’s father", while Demosthenes notes the gangs of "lawless youths" of ancient Athens were known as Triballoi.[2][3]

In 424 BC, they were attacked by Sitalkes, king of the Odrysae, who was defeated and lost his life in the engagement.[4] They were pushed to the east by the invading Autariatae, an Illyrian tribe; the date of this event is uncertain.[5]

In 376 BC, a large band of Triballi under King Hales crossed Mount Haemus and advanced as far as Abdera; they had backing from Maroneia and were preparing to besiege the city when Chabrias appeared off the coast, with the Athenian fleet,[5] and organized a reconciliation.[4]

In 339 BC, when Philip II of Macedon was returning from his expedition against the Scythians, the Triballi refused to allow him to pass the Haemus unless they received a share of the booty. Hostilities took place, in which Philip was defeated[5] and wounded by a spear in his right thigh, but the Triballi appear to have been subsequently subdued by him.[6][5]

After the death of Philip, Alexander the Great passed through the lands of the Odrysians in 335-334 BC, crossed the Haemus ranges and after three encounters (Battle of Haemus, Battle at Lyginus River, Battle at Peuce Island) defeated and drove the Triballians to the junction of the Lyginus at the Danube.[5] 3,000 Triballi were killed, the rest fled. Their king Syrmus (eponymous to Roman Sirmium) took refuge on the Danubian island of Peukê, where most of the remnants of the defeated Thracians were exiled. The successful Macedonian attacks terrorized the tribes around the Danube; the autonomous Thracian tribes sent tributes for peace, Alexander was satisfied with his operations and accepted peace because of his greater wars in Asia.

They were attacked by Autariatae and Celts in 295 BC.[7]

The punishment inflicted by Ptolemy Keraunos on the Getae, however, induced the Triballi to sue for peace. About 279 BC, a host of Gauls (Scordisci[8]) under Cerethrius defeated the Triballi with an army of 3,000 horsemen and 15,000 foot soldiers. The defeat pushed the Triballi further to the east.[9] Nevertheless, they continued to cause trouble to the Roman governors of Macedonia[5] for fifty years (135 BC–84 BC).

Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) registers them as one of the tribes of Moesia.[10]

In the time of Ptolemy (90–168 AD), their territory was limited to the district between the Ciabrus (Tzibritza) and Utus (Vit) rivers, part of what is now Bulgaria; their chief town was Oescus.[5]

Under Tiberius, mention is made of Triballia in Moesia; and the Emperor Maximinus Thrax (reigned 235–237) had been a commander of a squadron of Triballi. The name occurs for the last time during the reign of Diocletian, who dates a letter from Triballis.[5][11]

Archaeology

The research of the Triballi began with Fanula Papazoglu's book The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times (1968 in Serbian, 1978 in English). Other historians and archaeologists who wrote on the Triballi include Milutin Garašanin [sr], Dragoslav Srejović, Nikola Tasić, Rastko Vasić, Miloš Jevtić and, especially, Milorad Stojić (Tribali u arheologiji i istorijskim izvorima, 2017).[12]

Based on the work of Fanula Papazoglou, several archeological findings in the Morava Valley (Great Morava and South Morava) region in the Iron Age have been linked to the Triballi.[13] In 2005, several possibly Triballi graves were found at the Hisar Hill in Leskovac, southeastern Serbia.[14] In June 2008, a Triballi grave was found together with ceramics (urns) in Požarevac, central-eastern Serbia.[15] A tomb labeled as "Triballian" was unearthed at Ljuljaci, west of Kragujevac, central Serbia.[16] In Bulgaria, a male grave at Vratsa dated to the 4th century BCE has been unearthed; the royal tomb contains beautiful goldwork, like pitchers and wreaths.[12] These findings are labeled as "Triballian" in Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav archaeology based on the definitions of Triballian territory by Fanula Papazoglu (1978) who constructed a Triballian area which in reality is undeterminable via available data. In turn, archaeologists of that era in Yugoslavia began to categorize all finds in the area defined as Triballian by Papazoglu as artifacts of the Triballi tribe.[17] Based on Papazoglu, a periodization of Triballian finds was proposed: Proto-Triballian (1300–800 BC), Early Triballian (800-600 BC), Triballian (600–335 BC) and period from 335 BC until Roman conquest.[12]


Legacy

Exonym of Serbs

See also: Coat of arms of Triballia
 
The Seal of the Serbian Government, 1805
 
Golden pitcher from Vratsa

The term "Triballians" appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages, referring to Serbs, as the Byzantines sought to create an ancient name for the Serbs.[18][19][20][21][22][23] Some of these authors clearly explain that "Triballian" is synonym to "Serbian".[24][25][26][27][28] For example, Niketas Choniates (or Acominatus, 1155–1215 or-16) in his history about Emperor Ioannes Komnenos: "... Shortly after this, he campaigned against the nation of Triballians (whom someone may call Serbians as well) ..."[29] or the much later Demetrios Chalkokondyles (1423–1511), referring to an Islamized Christian noble: "... This Mahmud, son of Michael, is Triballian, which means Serbian, by his mother, and Greek by his father."[30] or Mehmed the Conqueror when referring to the plundering of Serbia.[31]

Mihailo Vojislavljević succeeded as Knez of "Duklja" in 1046, or as his realm was called by contemporary Cedrenus: "Triballorum ac Serborum principatum".[32] According to George Kedrenos (fl. 1050s) and John Skylitzes (fl. 1057), he was the Prince of Triballians and Serbs (Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων...αρχηγός[33]/ Τριβαλλῶν καὶ Σέρβων...ἀρχηγός).[34]

In the 15th century, a coat of arms of "Tribalia", depicting a wild boar with an arrow pierced through the head (see Boars in heraldry), appeared in the supposed Coat of Arms of Emperor Stefan Dušan 'the Mighty' (r. 1331–1355).[35] The motif had, in 1415, been used as the Coat of Arms of the Serbian Despotate and is recalled in one of Stefan Lazarević's personal Seals, according to the paper Сабор у Констанци.[36] Pavao Ritter Vitezović also depicts "Triballia" with the same motif in 1701[37] and Hristofor Zhefarovich again in 1741.[38]

Marin Barleti (1450–1513), wrote in his biography of Skanderbeg (published between 1508–10), that father of Skanderbeg's mother Voisava was a "Triballian nobleman" (pater nobilissimus Triballorum princeps).[39] In another chapter, when talking about the inhabitants of Upper Debar that defended Svetigrad, he calls them "Bulgarians or Triballi" (Bulgari sive Tribali habitant).[40]

With the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising, the Parliament adopted the Serbian Coat of Arms in 1805, their official seal depicted the heraldic emblems of Serbia and Tribalia.[41]

Even though the two names were used as synonyms by some Byzantine sources and certain heraldic inheritance, Serbian official historiography does not equalate the Serbs and the Triballi, nor does it fabricate a cultural continuity between the two.[12]

Tribals and Tribalia are often identified in a historical context with Serbs and Serbia, as these interpretations refer only to Laonikos Chalkokondyles of the 15th century, who often resorted to archaisms in his historical writings that have come down to us (Mizi, Illyrians, etc.) to indicate the subjects of the individual rulers, without attaching ethnic meaning to their content.

Romanian geographic name

In Romania, "Tribalia" refers to the Timok Valley region split between Serbia and Bulgaria in which a Romanian population (often not regarded as such in Serbia) lives.[42]

References

  1. ^ Appian, Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book LCL 3: 304-305
  2. ^ Demosthenes, Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault, LCL 351: 156-157
  3. ^ Aristotle, Topica, LCL 391: 378-379
  4. ^ a b The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h   One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Triballi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 261.
  6. ^ Interpreting a Classic: Demosthenes and His Ancient Commentators at Google Books
  7. ^ The Thracians by Ralph F. Hoddinott, 1981, ISBN 0-500-02099-X, Chapter "South and para-Dunavian Thrace", "Thracian art in the valley of the Lower Danube", page 197
  8. ^ Appianus
  9. ^ "Theodossiev" (PDF). Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  10. ^ The Cambridge Ancient History at Google Books
  11. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 22, (1956) p. 465
  12. ^ a b c d Sofija Petković, Milorad Stojić (20 January 2018). "Tribali - najstariji stanovnici Srbije" [Triballi - the oldest inhabitants of Serbia]. Politika-Kulturni dodatak (in Serbian). pp. 06–07.
  13. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2010-07-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "Praistorijska kopča". b92.net. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2009-02-08. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  16. ^ Srejović, D (1989). "Tribalski grobovi u Ljuljacima" [Tribal graves in Ljulaci]. Starinar (in Croatian) (40–41): 141–153. INIST:6505462.
  17. ^ Mihailović 2021, pp. 101–106.
  18. ^ Stuck Whilhelm (Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus), Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus, Lugduni, 1577, p. 51
  19. ^ John Foxe (1517–1587) Acts and Monuments, Published by R.B. Seeley & W. Burnside, London, 1837, vol. 4, p. 27
  20. ^ "Balkan history - Thracian tribes". eliznik.org.uk. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  21. ^ The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus at Google Books
  22. ^ Fanula Papazoglu (1978). The Central Balkan Tribe in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Hakkert. ISBN 978-90-256-0793-7. The Triballi lived deep in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula, between the lower course of the Southern Morava and the ... many centuries later, learned Byzantine writers, seeking the ancient name for the Serbs, chose the term Triballi as the ...
  23. ^ Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta. Vol. 44. Naučno delo. 2007. The Serbs were often called Triballi by Byzantine authors.
  24. ^ Potter, G. R. (1938). "Reviews of Books". The English Historical Review. 53 (209): 129–131. doi:10.1093/ehr/LIII.CCIX.129. JSTOR 554790.
  25. ^ Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks Page 65, 77: "Triballians = Serbs"
  26. ^ The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus, p. 48, at Google Books: "The Triballians are the Serbs"
  27. ^ The Journal of Hellenic studies Page 48: "Byzantine historians [...] calling [...] Serbs Triballians"
  28. ^ Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography, p. 228, at Google Books: "Serbs (were) Triballians"
  29. ^ Historia ed J. van Dieten, Nicetae Choniatae historia ..., Berlin, DeGruyter, 1975, chapter "Reign of Lord Ioannes Komnenos", pp. 4-47 (in medieval Greek language)
  30. ^ D. Chalkocondyles (Chalkondyles) cited in C. Paparrigopoulos History of the Greek nation, Athens, 1874, vol. 5, p. 489, in Greek language.
  31. ^ History of Mehmed the Conqueror, p. 115, at Google Books
  32. ^ Cedrenus II, col. 338
  33. ^ Georgius (Cedrenus.); Jacques Paul Migne (1864). Synopsis historiōn. Migne. p. 338. Τριβαλλών και Σέρβων
  34. ^ Skylitzes 475.13-14
  35. ^ The first Serbian uprising and the restoration of the Serbian state, p. 164
  36. ^ "- О грбу Града :: Званичан сајт града Крагујевца". kragujevac.rs. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  37. ^ Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio, descriptio et restitutio, 1701
  38. ^ Balkanika, Issue 28, p. 216
  39. ^ Noli 1947, p. 189: "writes: "Uxori Voisavae nomen erat, non indignam eo viro, tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps ...""; Barletius, l. I, fo 2: "... Triballorum princeps"
  40. ^ Barletius (1537). De vita, moribus ac rebus. pp. 139–140.; Barletius, l. V, fo. 62: "Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera, ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate, tum similitudine morum contingens. Bulgari sive Tribali habitant"
  41. ^ East European quarterly, Volume 6, p. 346
  42. ^ Sandu Timoc, Cristea (2007). Poezii populare de la românii din Timoc: nord-estul Serbiei și nord-vestul Bulgariei (in Romanian). Editura Ager. ISBN 9789737961426.

Sources

Primary

  • Aristotle, Topica, LCL 391: 378-379
  • Demosthenes, Orations 54. Ariston against Conon, an Action for Assault, LCL 351: 156-157
  • Appian, Roman History 9.2. The Illyrian Book LCL 3: 304-305

Modern

  • Mihailović, Vladimir (2014). "Tracing Ethnicity Backwards: the case of the "Central Balkan Tribes"". In Popa, Catalin; Stoddart, Simon (eds.). Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the debate. Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-1782976783.
  • Bouzek, J. and Ondřejová, I., 1990. The Rogozen treasure and the art of the Triballoi. Eirene, 27, pp. 81–91.
  • Jevtic, Milos (2006). "Sacred groves of the tribali on Miroc mountain". Starinar (56): 271–290. doi:10.2298/STA0656271J.
  • Jevtic, Milos; Pekovic, Mirko (2007). "Mihajlov ponor on Miroc: Tribal cult places". Starinar (57): 191–219. doi:10.2298/STA0757191P.
  • Noli, Fan S. (1947), George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468), New York: International Universities Press, OCLC 732882
  • Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Amsterdam: Hakkert. ISBN 9789025607937.
  • Stojić, M. (2001). "Kulturne tradicije na prostoru na kome će se formirati i razvijati Tribali". Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini. 31: 253–264.
  • Vasić, Rastko (1972). "Notes on the Autariatae and Triballi". Balcanica (III).
  • Vasić, Rastko (1992). "Pages from the history of the Autoriatae and Triballoi". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triballi.

January 17, 2023
triballi, ancient, greek, Τριβαλλοί, romanized, triballoí, latin, were, ancient, people, lived, northern, bulgaria, region, roman, oescus, southeastern, serbia, possibly, near, territory, morava, valley, late, iron, lived, between, thracians, east, illyrians, . The Triballi Ancient Greek Triballoi romanized Triballoi Latin Triballi were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age The Triballi lived between Thracians to the east Illyrians the west and Celts to the north and were influenced by them As such in contemporary sources they are variably described as an independent Thracian Illyrian or Celtic tribe As an existing people the Triballi are mentioned for the last time by Roman historian Appian 2nd century CE According to Appian the Triballi were reduced in numbers through their wars against the Scordisci and fled among the Getae north of the Danube before they went extinct as a distinct people 1 Contents 1 History 2 Archaeology 3 Legacy 3 1 Exonym of Serbs 3 2 Romanian geographic name 4 References 5 Sources 5 1 Primary 5 2 Modern 6 External linksHistory EditThe Triballi Ancient Greek Triballoi romanized Triballoi are mentioned for the first in history by ancient Greek authors of Classical period Aristotle and Demosthenes both of whom lived in the 4th century BCE Among ancient Greeks the Triballi had a reputation of being a wild people and Greek authors write in a similar vein about them Aristotle writes that among the Triballi it is honorable to sacrifice one s father while Demosthenes notes the gangs of lawless youths of ancient Athens were known as Triballoi 2 3 In 424 BC they were attacked by Sitalkes king of the Odrysae who was defeated and lost his life in the engagement 4 They were pushed to the east by the invading Autariatae an Illyrian tribe the date of this event is uncertain 5 In 376 BC a large band of Triballi under King Hales crossed Mount Haemus and advanced as far as Abdera they had backing from Maroneia and were preparing to besiege the city when Chabrias appeared off the coast with the Athenian fleet 5 and organized a reconciliation 4 In 339 BC when Philip II of Macedon was returning from his expedition against the Scythians the Triballi refused to allow him to pass the Haemus unless they received a share of the booty Hostilities took place in which Philip was defeated 5 and wounded by a spear in his right thigh but the Triballi appear to have been subsequently subdued by him 6 5 After the death of Philip Alexander the Great passed through the lands of the Odrysians in 335 334 BC crossed the Haemus ranges and after three encounters Battle of Haemus Battle at Lyginus River Battle at Peuce Island defeated and drove the Triballians to the junction of the Lyginus at the Danube 5 3 000 Triballi were killed the rest fled Their king Syrmus eponymous to Roman Sirmium took refuge on the Danubian island of Peuke where most of the remnants of the defeated Thracians were exiled The successful Macedonian attacks terrorized the tribes around the Danube the autonomous Thracian tribes sent tributes for peace Alexander was satisfied with his operations and accepted peace because of his greater wars in Asia They were attacked by Autariatae and Celts in 295 BC 7 The punishment inflicted by Ptolemy Keraunos on the Getae however induced the Triballi to sue for peace About 279 BC a host of Gauls Scordisci 8 under Cerethrius defeated the Triballi with an army of 3 000 horsemen and 15 000 foot soldiers The defeat pushed the Triballi further to the east 9 Nevertheless they continued to cause trouble to the Roman governors of Macedonia 5 for fifty years 135 BC 84 BC Pliny the Elder 23 79 AD registers them as one of the tribes of Moesia 10 In the time of Ptolemy 90 168 AD their territory was limited to the district between the Ciabrus Tzibritza and Utus Vit rivers part of what is now Bulgaria their chief town was Oescus 5 Under Tiberius mention is made of Triballia in Moesia and the Emperor Maximinus Thrax reigned 235 237 had been a commander of a squadron of Triballi The name occurs for the last time during the reign of Diocletian who dates a letter from Triballis 5 11 Archaeology EditThe research of the Triballi began with Fanula Papazoglu s book The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre Roman Times 1968 in Serbian 1978 in English Other historians and archaeologists who wrote on the Triballi include Milutin Garasanin sr Dragoslav Srejovic Nikola Tasic Rastko Vasic Milos Jevtic and especially Milorad Stojic Tribali u arheologiji i istorijskim izvorima 2017 12 Based on the work of Fanula Papazoglou several archeological findings in the Morava Valley Great Morava and South Morava region in the Iron Age have been linked to the Triballi 13 In 2005 several possibly Triballi graves were found at the Hisar Hill in Leskovac southeastern Serbia 14 In June 2008 a Triballi grave was found together with ceramics urns in Pozarevac central eastern Serbia 15 A tomb labeled as Triballian was unearthed at Ljuljaci west of Kragujevac central Serbia 16 In Bulgaria a male grave at Vratsa dated to the 4th century BCE has been unearthed the royal tomb contains beautiful goldwork like pitchers and wreaths 12 These findings are labeled as Triballian in Yugoslav and post Yugoslav archaeology based on the definitions of Triballian territory by Fanula Papazoglu 1978 who constructed a Triballian area which in reality is undeterminable via available data In turn archaeologists of that era in Yugoslavia began to categorize all finds in the area defined as Triballian by Papazoglu as artifacts of the Triballi tribe 17 Based on Papazoglu a periodization of Triballian finds was proposed Proto Triballian 1300 800 BC Early Triballian 800 600 BC Triballian 600 335 BC and period from 335 BC until Roman conquest 12 Legacy EditExonym of Serbs Edit See also Coat of arms of Triballia The Seal of the Serbian Government 1805 Golden pitcher from Vratsa The term Triballians appears frequently in Byzantine and other European works of the Middle Ages referring to Serbs as the Byzantines sought to create an ancient name for the Serbs 18 19 20 21 22 23 Some of these authors clearly explain that Triballian is synonym to Serbian 24 25 26 27 28 For example Niketas Choniates or Acominatus 1155 1215 or 16 in his history about Emperor Ioannes Komnenos Shortly after this he campaigned against the nation of Triballians whom someone may call Serbians as well 29 or the much later Demetrios Chalkokondyles 1423 1511 referring to an Islamized Christian noble This Mahmud son of Michael is Triballian which means Serbian by his mother and Greek by his father 30 or Mehmed the Conqueror when referring to the plundering of Serbia 31 Mihailo Vojislavljevic succeeded as Knez of Duklja in 1046 or as his realm was called by contemporary Cedrenus Triballorum ac Serborum principatum 32 According to George Kedrenos fl 1050s and John Skylitzes fl 1057 he was the Prince of Triballians and Serbs Triballwn kai Serbwn arxhgos 33 Triballῶn kaὶ Serbwn ἀrxhgos 34 In the 15th century a coat of arms of Tribalia depicting a wild boar with an arrow pierced through the head see Boars in heraldry appeared in the supposed Coat of Arms of Emperor Stefan Dusan the Mighty r 1331 1355 35 The motif had in 1415 been used as the Coat of Arms of the Serbian Despotate and is recalled in one of Stefan Lazarevic s personal Seals according to the paper Sabor u Konstanci 36 Pavao Ritter Vitezovic also depicts Triballia with the same motif in 1701 37 and Hristofor Zhefarovich again in 1741 38 Marin Barleti 1450 1513 wrote in his biography of Skanderbeg published between 1508 10 that father of Skanderbeg s mother Voisava was a Triballian nobleman pater nobilissimus Triballorum princeps 39 In another chapter when talking about the inhabitants of Upper Debar that defended Svetigrad he calls them Bulgarians or Triballi Bulgari sive Tribali habitant 40 With the beginning of the First Serbian Uprising the Parliament adopted the Serbian Coat of Arms in 1805 their official seal depicted the heraldic emblems of Serbia and Tribalia 41 Even though the two names were used as synonyms by some Byzantine sources and certain heraldic inheritance Serbian official historiography does not equalate the Serbs and the Triballi nor does it fabricate a cultural continuity between the two 12 Tribals and Tribalia are often identified in a historical context with Serbs and Serbia as these interpretations refer only to Laonikos Chalkokondyles of the 15th century who often resorted to archaisms in his historical writings that have come down to us Mizi Illyrians etc to indicate the subjects of the individual rulers without attaching ethnic meaning to their content Romanian geographic name Edit In Romania Tribalia refers to the Timok Valley region split between Serbia and Bulgaria in which a Romanian population often not regarded as such in Serbia lives 42 References Edit Appian Roman History 9 2 The Illyrian Book LCL 3 304 305 Demosthenes Orations 54 Ariston against Conon an Action for Assault LCL 351 156 157 Aristotle Topica LCL 391 378 379 a b The Greek Settlements in Thrace Until the Macedonian Conquest at Google Books a b c d e f g h One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Triballi Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 27 11th ed Cambridge University Press p 261 Interpreting a Classic Demosthenes and His Ancient Commentators at Google Books The Thracians by Ralph F Hoddinott 1981 ISBN 0 500 02099 X Chapter South and para Dunavian Thrace Thracian art in the valley of the Lower Danube page 197 Appianus Theodossiev PDF Retrieved 2015 09 13 The Cambridge Ancient History at Google Books Encyclopaedia Britannica a new survey of universal knowledge Volume 22 1956 p 465 a b c d Sofija Petkovic Milorad Stojic 20 January 2018 Tribali najstariji stanovnici Srbije Triballi the oldest inhabitants of Serbia Politika Kulturni dodatak in Serbian pp 06 07 Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 07 05 Retrieved 2010 07 05 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Praistorijska kopca b92 net Retrieved 2015 09 13 www jasatomic org yu Katastrofalna poplava u mestu Jasa Tomic opstina Secanj BANAT Archived from the original on 2009 02 08 Retrieved 2015 09 13 Srejovic D 1989 Tribalski grobovi u Ljuljacima Tribal graves in Ljulaci Starinar in Croatian 40 41 141 153 INIST 6505462 Mihailovic 2021 pp 101 106 sfn error no target CITEREFMihailovic2021 help Stuck Whilhelm Guilielmus Stukius Tigurinus Comments on Arriani historici et philosophi Ponti Euxini et maris Erythraei Periplus Lugduni 1577 p 51 John Foxe 1517 1587 Acts and Monuments Published by R B Seeley amp W Burnside London 1837 vol 4 p 27 Balkan history Thracian tribes eliznik org uk Retrieved 2015 09 13 The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus at Google Books Fanula Papazoglu 1978 The Central Balkan Tribe in Pre Roman Times Triballi Autariatae Dardanians Scordisci and Moesians Hakkert ISBN 978 90 256 0793 7 The Triballi lived deep in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula between the lower course of the Southern Morava and the many centuries later learned Byzantine writers seeking the ancient name for the Serbs chose the term Triballi as the Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta Vol 44 Naucno delo 2007 The Serbs were often called Triballi by Byzantine authors Potter G R 1938 Reviews of Books The English Historical Review 53 209 129 131 doi 10 1093 ehr LIII CCIX 129 JSTOR 554790 Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks Page 65 77 Triballians Serbs The letters of Manuel II Palaeologus p 48 at Google Books The Triballians are the Serbs The Journal of Hellenic studies Page 48 Byzantine historians calling Serbs Triballians Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography p 228 at Google Books Serbs were Triballians Historia ed J van Dieten Nicetae Choniatae historia Berlin DeGruyter 1975 chapter Reign of Lord Ioannes Komnenos pp 4 47 in medieval Greek language D Chalkocondyles Chalkondyles cited in C Paparrigopoulos History of the Greek nation Athens 1874 vol 5 p 489 in Greek language History of Mehmed the Conqueror p 115 at Google Books Cedrenus II col 338 Georgius Cedrenus Jacques Paul Migne 1864 Synopsis historiōn Migne p 338 Triballwn kai Serbwn Skylitzes 475 13 14 The first Serbian uprising and the restoration of the Serbian state p 164 O grbu Grada Zvanichan saјt grada Kraguјevca kragujevac rs Retrieved 2015 09 13 Stemmatographia sive armorum Illyricorum delineatio descriptio et restitutio 1701 Balkanika Issue 28 p 216 Noli 1947 p 189 writes Uxori Voisavae nomen erat non indignam eo viro tum pater nobilissimus Tribalorum princeps Barletius l I fo 2 Triballorum princeps Barletius 1537 De vita moribus ac rebus pp 139 140 Barletius l V fo 62 Superior Dibra montuosa est et aspera ferax tarnen et Macedoniam tum ipsa loci vicinitate tum similitudine morum contingens Bulgari sive Tribali habitant East European quarterly Volume 6 p 346 Sandu Timoc Cristea 2007 Poezii populare de la romanii din Timoc nord estul Serbiei și nord vestul Bulgariei in Romanian Editura Ager ISBN 9789737961426 Sources EditPrimary Edit Aristotle Topica LCL 391 378 379 Demosthenes Orations 54 Ariston against Conon an Action for Assault LCL 351 156 157 Appian Roman History 9 2 The Illyrian Book LCL 3 304 305Modern Edit Mihailovic Vladimir 2014 Tracing Ethnicity Backwards the case of the Central Balkan Tribes In Popa Catalin Stoddart Simon eds Fingerprinting the Iron Age Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age Integrating South Eastern Europe into the debate Oxbow Books ISBN 978 1782976783 Bouzek J and Ondrejova I 1990 The Rogozen treasure and the art of the Triballoi Eirene 27 pp 81 91 Jevtic Milos 2006 Sacred groves of the tribali on Miroc mountain Starinar 56 271 290 doi 10 2298 STA0656271J Jevtic Milos Pekovic Mirko 2007 Mihajlov ponor on Miroc Tribal cult places Starinar 57 191 219 doi 10 2298 STA0757191P Noli Fan S 1947 George Castrioti Scanderbeg 1405 1468 New York International Universities Press OCLC 732882 Papazoglu Fanula 1978 The Central Balkan Tribes in pre Roman Times Triballi Autariatae Dardanians Scordisci and Moesians Amsterdam Hakkert ISBN 9789025607937 Stojic M 2001 Kulturne tradicije na prostoru na kome ce se formirati i razvijati Tribali Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Pristini 31 253 264 Vasic Rastko 1972 Notes on the Autariatae and Triballi Balcanica III Vasic Rastko 1992 Pages from the history of the Autoriatae and Triballoi a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triballi Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Triballi amp oldid 1130273258, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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