Glencairn's rising was a Royalist revolt in Scotland against the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1654. It was led by William Cunningham, 9th Earl of Glencairn (1610–1664), who was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II. Initially successful it began to suffer divisions when John Middleton arrived to replace Glencairn as commander, resulting in a series of duels between officers. It was defeated when Thomas Morgan caught Middleton's army at Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654. Although the rising was unsuccessful it forced a change of policy by the Cromwellian regime, which now looked for a reconciliation with former Royalists and Engagers.
Although it gained recruits, the rising began to suffer from internal divisions, particularly between the Highlanders who made up the bulk of the forces and the Lowland nobles and officers who were their commanders. In early 1654, nine months into the revolt, John Middleton (1608–1674), a Lowland officer and a veteran of the Battle of Worcester, arrived with a commission to command from Charles II.[3] Despite objections from his followers, Glencairn surrendered control over his forces, which had now reached 3,500 foot and 1,500 horse. Divisions were largely due to petty disputes between Glencairn's and Middleton's respective forces. That evening Sir George Munro, Middleton's aide, insulted Glencairn's forces and the result was a duel between Glencairn and Munro in which the latter was wounded. Glencairn was arrested. He would eventually be released and retire from the conflict. The following day two junior officers from the two camps had a duel of their own in which one was killed and the other was later arrested and hanged. A series of other disputes and duels undermined the leadership of the campaign for the remainder of the rising.[1]
DefeatEdit
Middleton adopted a strategy of raid and harrying. Although successful in distracting the Commonwealth forces and causing disruption, it soon began to prove counter-productive, as growing unpopularity led to a drying up of recruitment.[1] With his return to Scotland after his brief naval command against the Dutch, Monck began a campaign against the rising, making forced marches of between 12 and 20 miles a day in difficult terrain.[3] On 19 July 1654 a force from Monck's command under Thomas Morgan caught Middleton's army at Dalnaspidal. In the resulting battle the royalists were scattered and a wounded Middleton was forced to escape to the Highlands.[1] The end of the Dutch War meant there was no possibility of foreign aid and government reinforcements were now available to combat the rising. As a result the Royalist military effort petered out.[3] Eventually, Glencairn surrendered to Monck and Middleton escaped to the continent to join the court in exile.[1]
ConsequencesEdit
Although the rising was unsuccessful it forced a change of policy by the regime, which instead of attempting to replace the landholding classes now looked for a reconciliation with former Royalists and Engagers. This resulted in the Act of Grace and Pardon, proclaimed in Edinburgh on 5 May 1654. Instead of a blanket forfeiture among those implicated in resistance, it named 24 persons (mainly from the nobility) whose lands would be seized, and 73 other landholders who could retain their estates after paying a fine. Even then most of those names were treated with leniency and fines were remitted for confiscations, or were reduced, and some were abandoned.[4]
^ abcdefS. C. Manganiello, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660 (Scarecrow Press, 2004), ISBN0-8108-5100-8, pp. 223–5.
^B. Coward, The Cromwellian Protectorate (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ISBN0-7190-4317-4, p. 148.
^ abcM. Lynch, Scotland: a New History (London: Random House, 1991), ISBN1-4464-7563-8, pp. 284–5.
^D. L. Smith, Cromwell and the Interregnum: The Essential Readings (John Wiley & Sons, 2008), ISBN1405143142, p. 203.
ReferencesEdit
Firth, C. H., ed. (1899), "LXVIII Col. Lilburne to the Protector", Scotland and the protectorate : letters and papers relating to the military government of Scotland from January 1654 to June 1659, vol. 31, Edinburgh: Scottish history society, pp. 88–89
Manganiello, Stephen C. (2004), "Glencairn's rising", The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England, Scotland, and Ireland, 1639–1660, Scarecrow Press, pp. 222–223, ISBN978-0-8108-5100-9
Further readingEdit
Baker, Helen, The Glencairn Uprising, 1653–54(PDF), Department of Linguistics, Lancaster University for their Newsbooks at Lancaster project {{citation}}: External link in |publisher= (help).
October 25, 2023
glencairn, rising, part, wars, three, kingdomsdate1653, 1654locationscottish, highlandsresultprotectorate, victorybelligerentsscottish, royalists, loyal, charles, iithe, protectoratecommanders, leadersearl, glencairn, john, middleton, ewen, cameron, lochielrob. Glencairn s risingPart of Wars of the Three KingdomsDate1653 1654LocationScottish HighlandsResultProtectorate victoryBelligerentsScottish Royalists loyal to Charles IIThe ProtectorateCommanders and leadersEarl of Glencairn John Middleton Sir Ewen Cameron of LochielRobert Lilburne George Monck Sir Thomas MorganStrength3 500 foot and 1 500 horseUnknownCasualties and lossesUnknownUnknown Glencairn s rising was a Royalist revolt in Scotland against the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1654 It was led by William Cunningham 9th Earl of Glencairn 1610 1664 who was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II Initially successful it began to suffer divisions when John Middleton arrived to replace Glencairn as commander resulting in a series of duels between officers It was defeated when Thomas Morgan caught Middleton s army at Dalnaspidal on 19 July 1654 Although the rising was unsuccessful it forced a change of policy by the Cromwellian regime which now looked for a reconciliation with former Royalists and Engagers Contents 1 Origins 2 Divisions 3 Defeat 4 Consequences 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingOrigins EditWilliam Cunningham 9th Earl of Glencairn was given command of the Royalist forces in Scotland by Charles II He convened a meeting of Scottish notables at Lochearn in August 1653 Among those present were John Murray 1st Marquess of Atholl Archibald Campbell eldest son of the Marquis of Argyll Lord Loin Donald MacDonell of Glengarry Ewen Cameron of Lochiel John Graham of Duchray and Colonel Blackadder of Tullyallan These notables then mustered their vassals and supporters to form a small army of about 60 horse and a force of foot made up of 60 80 Lowlanders and 150 Highlanders 1 The governor of Stirling Castle Colonel Kidd sallied out to suppress this force but was defeated at Aberfoyle 1 This victory boosted morale and the rising gained some support from Lowland Scottish lords forcing the Commonwealth government to adopt a more conciliatory attitude to these groups 2 Divisions Edit nbsp William Cunningham 9th Earl of Glencairn leader of the major armed resistance to the Commonwealth regime in ScotlandAlthough it gained recruits the rising began to suffer from internal divisions particularly between the Highlanders who made up the bulk of the forces and the Lowland nobles and officers who were their commanders In early 1654 nine months into the revolt John Middleton 1608 1674 a Lowland officer and a veteran of the Battle of Worcester arrived with a commission to command from Charles II 3 Despite objections from his followers Glencairn surrendered control over his forces which had now reached 3 500 foot and 1 500 horse Divisions were largely due to petty disputes between Glencairn s and Middleton s respective forces That evening Sir George Munro Middleton s aide insulted Glencairn s forces and the result was a duel between Glencairn and Munro in which the latter was wounded Glencairn was arrested He would eventually be released and retire from the conflict The following day two junior officers from the two camps had a duel of their own in which one was killed and the other was later arrested and hanged A series of other disputes and duels undermined the leadership of the campaign for the remainder of the rising 1 Defeat EditMiddleton adopted a strategy of raid and harrying Although successful in distracting the Commonwealth forces and causing disruption it soon began to prove counter productive as growing unpopularity led to a drying up of recruitment 1 With his return to Scotland after his brief naval command against the Dutch Monck began a campaign against the rising making forced marches of between 12 and 20 miles a day in difficult terrain 3 On 19 July 1654 a force from Monck s command under Thomas Morgan caught Middleton s army at Dalnaspidal In the resulting battle the royalists were scattered and a wounded Middleton was forced to escape to the Highlands 1 The end of the Dutch War meant there was no possibility of foreign aid and government reinforcements were now available to combat the rising As a result the Royalist military effort petered out 3 Eventually Glencairn surrendered to Monck and Middleton escaped to the continent to join the court in exile 1 Consequences EditAlthough the rising was unsuccessful it forced a change of policy by the regime which instead of attempting to replace the landholding classes now looked for a reconciliation with former Royalists and Engagers This resulted in the Act of Grace and Pardon proclaimed in Edinburgh on 5 May 1654 Instead of a blanket forfeiture among those implicated in resistance it named 24 persons mainly from the nobility whose lands would be seized and 73 other landholders who could retain their estates after paying a fine Even then most of those names were treated with leniency and fines were remitted for confiscations or were reduced and some were abandoned 4 See also EditChronology of the Wars of the Three KingdomsNotes Edit a b c d e f S C Manganiello The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England Scotland and Ireland 1639 1660 Scarecrow Press 2004 ISBN 0 8108 5100 8 pp 223 5 B Coward The Cromwellian Protectorate Manchester Manchester University Press 2002 ISBN 0 7190 4317 4 p 148 a b c M Lynch Scotland a New History London Random House 1991 ISBN 1 4464 7563 8 pp 284 5 D L Smith Cromwell and the Interregnum The Essential Readings John Wiley amp Sons 2008 ISBN 1405143142 p 203 References EditFirth C H ed 1899 LXVIII Col Lilburne to the Protector Scotland and the protectorate letters and papers relating to the military government of Scotland from January 1654 to June 1659 vol 31 Edinburgh Scottish history society pp 88 89 Manganiello Stephen C 2004 Glencairn s rising The concise encyclopedia of the revolutions and wars of England Scotland and Ireland 1639 1660 Scarecrow Press pp 222 223 ISBN 978 0 8108 5100 9Further reading EditBaker Helen The Glencairn Uprising 1653 54 PDF Department of Linguistics Lancaster University for their Newsbooks at Lancaster project a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a External link in code class cs1 code publisher code help Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Glencairn 27s rising amp oldid 1170797167, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
