Wikipedia
List of monarchs of Sindh
This is a list of known rulers of Sindh, in present-day Sindh, Pakistan. This list starts from the establishment of the Rai dynasty around 489 AD until the conquest of the Sindh from Talpur dynasty by East India Company in 1843 AD.
Sultan (Arabic: سلطان Sulṭān) is a title used by Muslim Sindhi dynasties in Sindh, modern day Pakistan.
Rai dynasty (480 – 632 AD)
Known rulers of the Rai dynasty are:
Coinage of Sind of the mid-6th century CE, on the model of the Sasanian coinage of Sindh. Obverse: Crowned bust right; sun-wheel symbol to right. Reverse: Fire altar; Ranadityasatya in Brahmi around. [1][2]
| Rule (CE) | Raja |
|---|---|
| 480 AD – Unknown | Ranaditya Satya |
| Unknown | Rai Diwaji |
| Unknown | Rai Sahiras II |
| Unknown – 632 AD | Rai Sahasi II |
Brahmin dynasty (632 – 712 AD)
The known rulers of the Brahmin dynasty are:[3]
Sindh in 700 CE, under Raja Dahir.
Under the Umayyad Caliphate:
- Dahirsiya (r. c. 679 – c. 709– from Brahmanabad)
- Hullishāh (r. c. 712 – c. 724– )
- Shishah (r. 724– )
Vilayet As-Sindh (caliphate)
In 712, Sind was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate. The emirs appointed by the caliphate are as below;
| Name | Years | Nature of termination | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi | 711–715 | Dismissed | Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi[4] |
| Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi | 715–717 | Dismissed(?) | Appointed either by the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik or by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman[5] |
| Abd al-Malik ibn Misma | from 717 | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari[6] |
| Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili | to 720 | Overthrown | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn Artah[7] |
| Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulami | from 721 | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari[8] |
| Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri | to 726 | Dismissed | Appointed by Umar ibn Hubayra[9] |
| Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi | from 726 | Died(?) | Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri[10] |
| Al-Hakam ibn Awana | to 740 | Killed | Appointed by Khalid ibn Abdallah[11] |
| Amr ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi | 740–744 | Dismissed | Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi[12] |
| Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi(?) | 740s | Overthrown | Name and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this note[13] |
| Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi | 747–751 | Revolted | Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the Abbasids[14] |
| Mughallis al-Abdi | 751(?) | Killed | Appointed either by the caliph al-Saffah or by the governor of Khurasan, Abu Muslim[15] |
| Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi | 752–754 | Resigned | Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu Muslim[16] |
| 'Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi | 754–760 | Revolted | Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed him[17] |
| Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard | 760–768 | Dismissed | Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mansur[18] |
| Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi | 768–774 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Mansur[19] |
| Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi | 774(?) | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed him[20] |
| Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi | 774-775/6 | Died | Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-Mansur[21] |
| Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi | 775(?) | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governor[22] |
| Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi | 776–778 | Dismissed | Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mahdi[23] |
| Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i | 778–781 | Died | Appointed by al-Mahdi[24] |
| Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas | 781(?) | Dismissed | Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-Mahdi[25] |
| Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi(?) | 781–782 | Dismissed | Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-Mahdi[26] |
| Layth ibn Tarif | 782–785 | Dismissed | Appointed by al-Mahdi[27] |
| Muhammad ibn Layth | 785–786 | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of al-Hadi[28] |
| Layth ibn Tarif | from 786 | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph al-Rashid[29] |
| Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi | 780s | Died | Salim's nisbah is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid[30] |
| Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi | 780s | Dismissed | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governor[31] |
| Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi | from 790 | Dismissed | First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him[32] |
| Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari(?) | 790s | Dismissed | Name given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid[33] |
| Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili | 790s | Dismissed | Grandson of Qutayba ibn Muslim. Deputy governor for his brother Sa'id ibn Salm[34] |
| Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi | 790s | Resigned | Nephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, 'Isa ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi[35] |
| Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman | 790s | Resigned | Appointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn Adi[36] |
| Abdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi | 790s | Unspecified | Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman[31] |
| Ayyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi | to 800 | Died | Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him[36] |
| Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi | 800–820 | Died | Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-Rashid[37] |
| Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi | 820–826 | Revolted | Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph al-Ma'mun[38] |
| Hajib ibn Salih | 826 | Expelled | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[39] |
| Ghassan ibn Abbad | 828–831 | Resigned | Appointed by al-Ma'mun[40] |
| Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki | 831–836 | Died | Member of the Barmakid family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn Abbad[41] |
| Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki | from 836 | Killed | Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governor[42] |
| Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi | 840s | Dismissed | Deputy governor for Itakh al-Turki[43] |
| Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhi | to 854 | Killed | Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil[44] |
| Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari | 854–861 (as autonomous Governor 861–884) | He became autonomous during decline of Abbasids and established Habbari dynasty after al-Mutawakkil assassination on 861. Died in 884 | Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil |
Habbari dynasty (855 – 1010 AD)
The Habbari rulers stylised themselves as Emirs. Note: the dates below are only approximate.[45]
- Umar ibn'Abd al-Aziz al'Habbari (855–884)
- Abdullah ibn Umar (884–913)
- Umar ibn-Abdullah (913–943)
- Muhammad ibn Abdullah (943–973)
- Ali ibn Umar (973–987)
- Isa ibn Ali
- Manbi ibn Ali ibn Umar (987–1010)
Soomra dynasty (1011 – 1336 AD)
The list of Soomra rulers is as follows;
1011 – 1026: Khafif I bin Rao Soomar Parmar Soomra
1026 – 1053: Soomar bin Rao Soomar Parmar
1053 – 1068: Bhungar I bin Khafif I Soomro
1068 – 1092: Dodo I bin Bhungar Soomro
1092 – 1098: Zenav Tari Sultana bint Dodo I Soomro (d/o Sardar Dodo I)
1098 – 1107: Sanghar bin Dodo I Soomro
1107 – 1107 : Hamun Sultana (w/o Sardar Sanghar)
1107 – 1142: Khafif II bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro
1142 – 1181: Umar I bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro
1181 – 1195: Dodo II Bin Khafif II Soomro
1195 – 1222: Bhungar II bin Chanesar bin Hamir bin Dodo I Soomro
1222 – 1228: Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (first reign)
1228 – 1236: Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (first reign)
1236 – 1237: Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (second reign)
1237 – 1241: Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro (second reign)
1241 – 1256: Muhammad Tur bin Ganhwar I Soomro
1256 – 1259: Ganhwar II bin Muhammad Tur Soomro
1259 – 1273: Dodo III bin Ganhwar II Soomro
1273 – 1283: Tai bin Dodo III Soomro
1283 – 1300: Chanesar II bin Dodo III Soomro
1300 – 1315: Bhungar III bin Chanesar II Soomro
1315 – 1333: Khafif III bin Chanesar II Soomro[46]
Samma dynasty (1336–1527)
The Samma dynasty which was a Muslim dynasty of Sindh who succeeded Soomras took the title Jam, the equivalent of Sultan. The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl, Firishta and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology[47] is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed:[48]
Jam Nizamuddin II's tomb features a jharoka that displays Gujarati influences.[49]
| Rule (CE) | Jam | aka | Descent |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1335–1339 | Unar | Founder of dynasty | |
| 1339–1352 | Junan | Junan | Brother of 'Unar |
| 1352–1367 | Banhbina | Babinho Sadr al-Din | Son of 'Unar |
| 1367–1379 | Tamachi | Tamachi Rukn al-Din | |
| 1379–1389 | Salah-ud-din | Saláhuddín | Son of Tamachi (usurper) |
| 1389–1391 | Nizam-ud-din | Nizámuddín | Son of Salah-ud-din |
| 1391–1398 | Ali Sher | Son of Tamachi | |
| 1398 | Karn | Karan | |
| 1398–1414 | Fath Khan | Fateh Khán bin Sikandar | Nephew of Karn |
| 1414–1442 | Tughluq | Taghlak bin Sikandar | Brother of Fath Khan |
| 1442 | Mubarak | (usurper) | |
| 1442–1444 | Sikandar | Son of Tughluq | |
| 1444–1453 | Raidhan | ||
| 1453–1461 | Sanjar | Sanjar (Radhan) Sadr al-Din | |
| 1461–1508 | Nizamuddin II | Nizámuddín | |
| 1508–1527 | Firuz | Son of Nizamuddin II |
| Jam | Titular name | Reign | Descent | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| From | Until | |||
| Unar | Jam Feroz Shah Unar | 1336 | 1340 | Founder of Dynasty |
| Junan | Jam Junan ibn Babinah | 1340 | 1352 | Brother of 'Unar |
| Banhabina | Jam Babinoh Sadr al-Din | 1352 | 1367 | Son of 'Unar |
| Tamachi | Jam Khair al-Din Tamachi | 1367 | 1379 | Son of 'Unar |
| Salahuddin | Jam Salah-ad-Din | 1379 | 1389 | Son of Jam Tamachi |
| Nizamuddin | Jam Nizam al-Din I | 1389 | 1391 | Son of Jam Salahuddin |
| Ali Sher | Jam Ali Sher | 1391 | 1398 | Son of Jam Tamachi |
| Karn | Karan | 1398 | 1398 | |
| Fath Khan | Jam Fateh Khan bin Sikandar | 1398 | 1415 | Nephew of Karan |
| Tughlaq | Jam Tughlaq bin Sikandar | 1415 | 1442 | Brother of Fath Khan |
| Mubarak | 1442 | 1442 | (usurper) | |
| Sikandar | 1442 | 1444 | Son of Jam Tughlaq | |
| Raidhan | 1444 | 1453 | ||
| Sanjar | Jam Sanjar Sadr al-Din | 1453 | 1461 | |
| Nizamuddin II | Jam Nizam al-Din II | 1461 | 1508 | |
| Ferozuddin | Jam Nasir al-Din Firuz Shah | 1508 | 1527 | Son of Jam Nizamuddin II |
Arghun dynasty (1520 – 1554 AD)
| Rule (CE) | Shah | Descent |
|---|---|---|
| 1520–1524 | Shah Beg Arghun | Founder of dynasty |
| 1524–1554 | Shah Husayn | Son |
Tarkhan dynasty (1554 – 1591 AD)
Coinage of the Tarkhan dynasty, from the time of Mirza Muhammad Baqi (1567–1585). Thatta mint. Dated AH 985 (1577–8).
| Title | Personal Name | Reign |
|---|---|---|
| After civil war in Sindh between the King Shah Husayn Arghun and his nobles under Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan the Tarkhan dynasty was victorious and began to rule over Sindh. | ||
| Mirza میرزا | Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan محمد عیسیٰ ترخان | 1554–1567 AD |
| Mirza میرزا | Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan محمد بقی ترخان | 1567–1585 AD |
| Mirza میرزا | Jani Beg Tarkhan جانی بیگ ترخان | 1585–1599 AD |
| Mirza میرزا | Ghazi Beg Tarkhan غازی بیگ ترخان | 1599–1612 AD |
| Mirza میرزا | Abul-Qasim Sultan Tarkhan ابوالقاسم سلطان ترخان | 1612–? AD |
| Sindh was conquered by the Mughal Empire in 1591 AD. by the general Abdul-Rahim Khan better known as Khan-e-Khanan (Khan of Khans). The green rows signify Mughal Rule. | ||
Thatta Subah (Mughal Empire)
- Mirza Ghazi Beg Trakhan 1591–1612 AD
- Mirza Abdul Qasim Sultan Trakhan 1612–? AD
- Aurangzeb 1649–1653 AD
- Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro 1657–1692 AD [50]
- Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro 1692–1701 AD
Kalhora dynasty (1701 – 1783 AD)
- Mian Nasir Muhammad Kalhoro 1657–1692
- Mian Deen Muhammad Kalhoro 1692–1699
- Mian Yar Muhammad 1701–1719
- Mian Noor Muhammad 1719–1755
- Muhammad Muradyab Khan 1755–1757
- Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro 1757–1772
- Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro (Khudayar Khan) 1772–1775
- Mian Haji Abdul Nabi Kalhoro 1775–1783
Talpur dynasty (1783 – 1843 AD)
- Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur 1783–1801
- Mir ghulam Ali khan (1801–1811)
- Mir karam ali (1811–1828)
- Mir murad ali (1828–1833)
- Mir noor Muhammad (1833–1841)
- Mir Muhammad Naseer khan (1841–1843)
See also
References
- ^ Senior, R.C. (1991). "The Coinage of Sind from 250 AD up to the Arab Conquest" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter. 129: 3–4.
- ^ Senior, R.C. (1996). "Some new coins from Sind" (PDF). Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter. 149: 6.
- ^ Wink, André (1991). Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2. BRILL. pp. 152–153. ISBN 9004095098.
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his nisbah as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200
- ^ In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)
- ^ al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446
- ^ Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194
- ^ a b Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168
- ^ a b Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)
- ^ Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219
- ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2014-01-27.
- ^ Siddiqui, Dr. Habibullah. "The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule" (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
- ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (1960). The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. VI: The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 224.
- ^ [History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed (p240), 2005 ISBN 81-261-1830-X, 9788126118304]
- ^ Ephrat, Daphna; Wolper, Ethel Sara; Pinto, Paulo G. (7 December 2020). Saintly Spheres and Islamic Landscapes: Emplacements of Spiritual Power across Time and Place. BRILL. p. 276. ISBN 978-90-04-44427-0.
- ^ "Hunters, saints, nobles and lovers". The Friday Times. Retrieved 2019-05-26.
External links
- Islamic culture – Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
- A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, by William Erskine
- The Ṭabaqāt-i-Akbarī of K̲h̲wājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: a history of India, by Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Muqīm, Brajendranath De, Baini Prashad
- Bibliotheca Indica – Page 778, by Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
- Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
- The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar,