Flood myths are common across a wide range of cultures, extending back into Bronze Age and Neolithic prehistory. These accounts depict a flood, sometimes global in scale, usually sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution.
Floods were seen as beneficial in Ancient Egypt, and similar to the case with Japan, Ancient Egypt did not have any cataclysmic flood myths picturing it as destructive rather than fertile force. One "flood myth" in Egyptian mythology involves the god Ra and his daughter Sekhmet. Ra sent Sekhmet to destroy part of humanity for their disrespect and unfaithfulness which resulted in the gods overturning wine jugs to simulate a great flood of blood, so that by getting her drunk on the wine and causing her to pass out her slaughter would cease. This is commemorated in a wine drinking festival during the annual Nile flood.[6]
Orowignarak (Alaska): "A great inundation, together with an earthquake, swept the land so rapidly that only a few people escaped in their skin canoes to the tops of the highest mountains."[12]
Sumerian creation myth (The Flood Narrative was written during the Old Babylonian Period and added into existing texts such as the Sumerian King List[16])
The Videvdad mentions that Ahura Mazda warns Yima that there will come a harsh winter storm followed by melted snow.[18] Ahura Mazda advises Yima to construct a Vara (Avestan: enclosure). This he is to populate with the fittest of men and women; and with two of every animal, bird and plant; and supply with food and water gathered the previous summer.[19] Norbert Oettinger argues that the story of Yima and the Vara was originally a flood myth, and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran, as floods didn't have as much of an effect as harsh winters. He has argued that the Videvdad 2.24's mention of melted water flowing is a remnant of the flood myth.[20]
Manu and Matsya: The legend first appears in Shatapatha Brahmana (700–300 BCE), and is further detailed in Matsya Purana (250–500 CE). Matsya (the incarnation of Lord Vishnu as a fish) forewarns Manu (a human) about an impending catastrophic flood and orders him to collect all the grains of the world in a boat; in some forms of the story, all living creatures are also to be preserved in the boat. When the flood destroys the world, Manu – in some versions accompanied by the seven great sages – survives by boarding the ark, which Matsya pulls to safety. Norbert Oettinger argues that the story originally was about Yama, but that he was replaced by his brother Manu due to the social context of the authorship of the Shatapatha Brahmana.[20]
Pūluga, the creator god in the religion of the indigenous inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, sends a devastating flood to punish people who have forgotten his commands. Only four people survive this flood: two men and two women.[21]
Indonesia
Watuwe the Mystic Crocodile
Japan
Japan lacks a major flood myth. The namazu is considered a creature that brings earthquakes, which in turn bring tsunamis, but they do not count as floods in a strict mythological sense. Japanese scholars in the 19th century such as Hirata Atsutane and Motoori Norinaga have used the global flood myths of other cultures to argue for the supremacy of Shinto and promote Japanese nationalism.[22] They claimed that the fact that Japan has no flood myth showed that it was both the centre and highest point on Earth, making it the closest place on Earth to the heavens. As such, to them this demonstrates the veracity of the Japanese creation myth, where Japan comes first and foremost.
Ifugao: One year, when the rainy season should have come, it did not. When the river dried up, the people dug into its grave, hoping to find the soul of the river. They struck a great spring, which angered the river gods. It began to rain and the river overflowed its banks. The resulting flood wiped out all of humanity save for two survivors, Wigan and Bugan, who repopulated the earth once the waters receded.[24]
Igorot: Once upon a time, when the world was flat and there were no mountains, there lived two brothers, sons of Lumawig, the Great Spirit. The brothers were fond of hunting, and since no mountains had formed there was no good place to catch wild pig and deer, and the older brother said: "Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it, and then mountains will rise up."[25]
Thailand
The Origin of Humans from A Massive Magical Gourd, by Suradej Kaewthamai
There are many folktales among Tai peoples, included Zhuang, Thai, Shan and Lao, talking about the origin of them and the deluge from their Thean (แถน), supreme being object of faith.
Pu Sangkasa-Ya Sangkasi (Thai: ปู่สังกะสา-ย่าสังกะสี) or Grandfather Sangkasa and Grandmother Sangkasi, according to the creation myth of those Tai people folktales, were the first man and woman created by the supreme god, Phu Ruthua (ผู้รู้ทั่ว). A thousand years passed, their descendants were wicked and crude as well as not interested in worshiping the supreme god. The god got angry and punished them with a great flood. Fortunately, some descendants survived because they fled into an enormous magical gourd. Many months passed, the supreme god had compassion on the humans that had to live in the difficult period of their life, so he had two deities Khun Luang and Khun Lai climbed down a massive vine linking an island heaven that floated in the sky to the earth in order to drill the enormous gourd and take the surviving humans to a new land. The water levels had been come down already and there was the dry land. The deities helped the surviving people and led them to the new land. When everyone arrived in the land called Mueang Thaen, the two deities taught the humans how to cultivate rice, farming and building structures.[26]
Taiwan's Saisiat Tribe
An old white-haired man came to Oppehnaboon in a dream and told him that a great storm would soon come. Oppehnaboon built a boat. Only Oppehnaboon and his sister survived. They had a child, they cut the child into pieces and each piece became a new person. Oppehnaboon taught the new people their names and they went forth to populate the earth.[citation needed]
Virtually every Southeast Asian ethnic group in Vietnam tells a story of a great flood that leaves only 2 survivors who must consummate the marriage.[citation needed] Sometimes they are siblings, sometimes a woman and dog, but from this incestuous abnormality is born a gourd or a gourd-shaped lump of flesh, and the gourd becomes the source for various ethnic groups, according to Dang Nghiem Van, who explored the flood myths of Southeast Asia by collecting 307 flood myths in a field research in Vietnam in the early 90s, describing how they all have varying versions of essentially a similar story.[27]
Siberia
In the mythology of the Ket people of Northern Eurasia, there have been many floods in the past. People and animals survived by grabbing on to pieces of floating turf. In the future, a final flood will bring back ancient Ket heroes.[28]
Tiddalik: A water-holding frog awoke one morning with an extreme thirst, and began to drink until all the freshwater was consumed. Creatures and plant life everywhere began to die due to lack of moisture. Other animals devised a plan for him to release all of the water he had consumed by making him laugh. As Tiddalik laughed, the water rushed out of him to replenish the lakes, swamps and rivers.
Lizards vs Platypuses: The world became overpopulated with birds, reptiles, and other animals. Therefore, a meeting took place in the Blue Mountains to mitigate this. Tiger Snake planned that birds and animals who have good mobility should migrate to a new country. The lizards, who knew about rainmaking, decided to rid the world of the platypuses, whereby instructing all of their family to perform the rain ceremony. The lizards fled to mountain tops, before a deluge covered the land below, destroying most of the world. The flood eventually ended and there were no platypuses. After some time Carpet Snake observed the existence of platypus. The animals discovered that they were all related to the platypuses, who were then invited back and treated as ancient value. Eventually the head platypus married into the bandicoot family, although platypuses were never comfortable with other animals.[29][30]
^Witzel, E.J. Michael (2012). The Origins of the World's Mythologies. Oxford University Press. p. 345. ISBN978-0-19971-015-7.
^Witzel, E.J. Michael (2012). The Origins of the World's Mythologies. Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN978-0-19971-015-7.
^Martinez, Susan B. (2016). The Lost Continent of Pan: The Oceanic Civilization at the Origin of World Culture. Simon and Schuster. p. 220. ISBN978-1-59143-268-5.
^Gerland, Georg (1912). Der Mythus von der Sintflut. Bonn: A. Marcus und E. Webers Verlag. p. 209. ISBN978-3-95913-784-3.
^Lynch, Patricia (2010). African Mythology, A to Z. Chelsea House. p. 45. ISBN978-1-60413-415-5.
^McDonald, Logan (2018). "Worldwide Waters: Laurasian Flood Myths and Their Connections". georgiasouthern.edu. Retrieved 2020-09-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ abcdefghij"Native American Indian Flood Myths". www.native-languages.org. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
^(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2015-11-06., Grand Council Treaty #3, The Government of the Anishinaabe Nation in Treaty #3
^"Jipohan é gente como você". Povos Indígenas no Brasil (in Portuguese). 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2020-11-11.
^Crépeau, Robert R. (October 1997). "Mito e ritual entre os índios Kaingang do Brasil meridional". Horizontes Antropológicos. 3 (6): 173–186. doi:10.1590/s0104-71831997000200009.
^Chen, Yi Samuel. The Primeval Flood Catastrophe: Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions. Oxford University Press, 2013.[ISBN missing][page needed]
^ abN. Oettinger, "Before Noah: Possible Relics of the Flood myth in Proto-Indo-Iranian and Earlier", [in:] Proceedings of the 24th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference, ed. S.W. Jamison, H.C. Melchert, B. Vine, Bremen 2013, pp. 169–183
^Gaster, Theodor Herzl. The oldest stories in the world: Originally translated and retold, with comments. New York: Viking Press, 1958 [1952][ISBN missing][page needed]
^Through Japanese Eyes by Richard H. Minear & Leon E. Clark (1994). A Cite Book, 3rd ed. ISBN 0938960369. page 61.
^Beyer, Henry Otley (1913). Origin Myths among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines. Philippine journal of science – Vol. 8, sec. D Manila: Science and Technology Information Institute. p. 113. ISBN978-1-31808-686-3.
^"Philippine Folk Tales: Igorot: The Flood Story". www.sacred-texts.com.
^Van, Dang Nghiem (1993). "The Flood Myth and the Origin of Ethnic Groups in Southeast Asia". The Journal of American Folklore. 106 (421): 304–337. doi:10.2307/541423. JSTOR 541423.
^Vajda, Edward (2011). Jordan, Peter (ed.). "Siberian Landscapes in Ket Traditional Culture" (PDF). Landscape and Culture in Northern Eurasia.
^Are there Australian flood myths? Oceanic Mythologies: Australian Aborigine and Polynesian Australian Creations and Floods
^Australian Aborigines and the Dreamtime When the World was Created By The Handy Mythology Answer Book (Visible Ink Press), adapted by Newsela staff
January 06, 2023
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Flood myths are common across a wide range of cultures extending back into Bronze Age and Neolithic prehistory These accounts depict a flood sometimes global in scale usually sent by a deity or deities to destroy civilization as an act of divine retribution Contents 1 Africa 2 Americas 2 1 North America 2 2 Mesoamerica 2 2 1 Aztec Mexica 2 2 2 Maya 2 3 South America 2 3 1 Canari 2 3 2 Inca 2 3 3 Mapuche 2 3 4 Muisca 2 3 5 Tupi 3 Asia 3 1 Ancient Near East 3 1 1 Mesopotamian 3 1 2 Abrahamic religions 3 2 China 3 3 Iran 3 4 India 3 5 Indonesia 3 6 Japan 3 7 Korea 3 8 Malaysia 3 9 Philippines 3 10 Thailand 3 11 Taiwan s Saisiat Tribe 3 12 Vietnam 3 13 Siberia 4 Europe 4 1 Classical Antiquity 4 2 Medieval Europe 4 2 1 Baltic area 4 2 2 Breton 4 2 3 Cornish 4 2 4 Irish 4 2 5 Welsh 4 2 6 Norse 4 2 7 Bashkir 4 3 Modern era folklore 4 3 1 Finnish 5 Oceania 5 1 Australia 5 2 Polynesia 6 ReferencesAfrica EditAlthough the continent has relatively few flood legends 1 2 3 4 African cultures preserving an oral tradition of a flood include the Kwaya Mbuti Maasai Mandin and Yoruba peoples 5 EgyptFloods were seen as beneficial in Ancient Egypt and similar to the case with Japan Ancient Egypt did not have any cataclysmic flood myths picturing it as destructive rather than fertile force One flood myth in Egyptian mythology involves the god Ra and his daughter Sekhmet Ra sent Sekhmet to destroy part of humanity for their disrespect and unfaithfulness which resulted in the gods overturning wine jugs to simulate a great flood of blood so that by getting her drunk on the wine and causing her to pass out her slaughter would cease This is commemorated in a wine drinking festival during the annual Nile flood 6 Americas EditNorth America Edit This section s use of external links may not follow Wikipedia s policies or guidelines Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message Algonquian peoples some Manabozho Stories 7 Anishinaabe Flood Myth an Algonquin Story 7 Anishinaabe Turtle Island 8 Choctaw A Choctaw Flood Story 9 Comox people Legend of Queneesh citation needed Cree Cree Flood Story 7 Cree Knisteneaux Knisteneaux Flood Myth citation needed Hopi mythology Entrance into the Fourth World citation needed Inuit flood myth 10 Menomini Manabozho and the Flood 7 Miꞌkmaq Two Creators and their Conflicts 7 Nipmuc Cautanowwit 7 Nisqually In the beginning of the Nisqually world 11 Ojibwe Great Serpent and the Great Flood 7 Ojibwe Manabozho and the Muskrat 7 Ojibwe Waynaboozhoo and the Great Flood 7 Orowignarak Alaska A great inundation together with an earthquake swept the land so rapidly that only a few people escaped in their skin canoes to the tops of the highest mountains 12 Ottawa The Great Flood 7 W SANEC people flood myth 13 Mesoamerica Edit Aztec Mexica Edit CoxcoxMaya Edit Popol Vuh Huracan caused the fall of the wooden people by way of a great flood South America Edit Jipohan flood legend 14 Kaingang flood legend 15 Canari Edit UrcocariInca Edit Unu PachakutiMapuche Edit Legend of Trentren Vilu and Caicai ViluMuisca Edit BochicaTupi Edit SumeAsia EditAncient Near East Edit Mesopotamian Edit Sumerian creation myth The Flood Narrative was written during the Old Babylonian Period and added into existing texts such as the Sumerian King List 16 Atra Hasis Gilgamesh flood mythAbrahamic religions Edit The Deluge c 1896 1902 by James Jacques Joseph Tissot Genesis flood narrative retold in Gnostic texts such as the Secret Book of John and Hypostasis of the Archons 17 Noah s Ark Islamic view of NoahChina Edit Yu the Great Nuwa Great Flood China Iran Edit The Videvdad mentions that Ahura Mazda warns Yima that there will come a harsh winter storm followed by melted snow 18 Ahura Mazda advises Yima to construct a Vara Avestan enclosure This he is to populate with the fittest of men and women and with two of every animal bird and plant and supply with food and water gathered the previous summer 19 Norbert Oettinger argues that the story of Yima and the Vara was originally a flood myth and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran as floods didn t have as much of an effect as harsh winters He has argued that the Videvdad 2 24 s mention of melted water flowing is a remnant of the flood myth 20 India Edit The Matsya avatar comes to the rescue of Manu Manu and Matsya The legend first appears in Shatapatha Brahmana 700 300 BCE and is further detailed in Matsya Purana 250 500 CE Matsya the incarnation of Lord Vishnu as a fish forewarns Manu a human about an impending catastrophic flood and orders him to collect all the grains of the world in a boat in some forms of the story all living creatures are also to be preserved in the boat When the flood destroys the world Manu in some versions accompanied by the seven great sages survives by boarding the ark which Matsya pulls to safety Norbert Oettinger argues that the story originally was about Yama but that he was replaced by his brother Manu due to the social context of the authorship of the Shatapatha Brahmana 20 Puluga the creator god in the religion of the indigenous inhabitants of the Andaman Islands sends a devastating flood to punish people who have forgotten his commands Only four people survive this flood two men and two women 21 Indonesia Edit Watuwe the Mystic CrocodileJapan Edit Japan lacks a major flood myth The namazu is considered a creature that brings earthquakes which in turn bring tsunamis but they do not count as floods in a strict mythological sense Japanese scholars in the 19th century such as Hirata Atsutane and Motoori Norinaga have used the global flood myths of other cultures to argue for the supremacy of Shinto and promote Japanese nationalism 22 They claimed that the fact that Japan has no flood myth showed that it was both the centre and highest point on Earth making it the closest place on Earth to the heavens As such to them this demonstrates the veracity of the Japanese creation myth where Japan comes first and foremost Korea Edit Mokdoryung Namu doryeong 23 Malaysia Edit Temuan Orang SeletarPhilippines Edit Ifugao One year when the rainy season should have come it did not When the river dried up the people dug into its grave hoping to find the soul of the river They struck a great spring which angered the river gods It began to rain and the river overflowed its banks The resulting flood wiped out all of humanity save for two survivors Wigan and Bugan who repopulated the earth once the waters receded 24 Igorot Once upon a time when the world was flat and there were no mountains there lived two brothers sons of Lumawig the Great Spirit The brothers were fond of hunting and since no mountains had formed there was no good place to catch wild pig and deer and the older brother said Let us cause water to flow over all the world and cover it and then mountains will rise up 25 Thailand Edit The Origin of Humans from A Massive Magical Gourd by Suradej Kaewthamai There are many folktales among Tai peoples included Zhuang Thai Shan and Lao talking about the origin of them and the deluge from their Thean aethn supreme being object of faith Pu Sangkasa Ya Sangkasi Thai pusngkasa yasngkasi or Grandfather Sangkasa and Grandmother Sangkasi according to the creation myth of those Tai people folktales were the first man and woman created by the supreme god Phu Ruthua phuruthw A thousand years passed their descendants were wicked and crude as well as not interested in worshiping the supreme god The god got angry and punished them with a great flood Fortunately some descendants survived because they fled into an enormous magical gourd Many months passed the supreme god had compassion on the humans that had to live in the difficult period of their life so he had two deities Khun Luang and Khun Lai climbed down a massive vine linking an island heaven that floated in the sky to the earth in order to drill the enormous gourd and take the surviving humans to a new land The water levels had been come down already and there was the dry land The deities helped the surviving people and led them to the new land When everyone arrived in the land called Mueang Thaen the two deities taught the humans how to cultivate rice farming and building structures 26 Taiwan s Saisiat Tribe Edit An old white haired man came to Oppehnaboon in a dream and told him that a great storm would soon come Oppehnaboon built a boat Only Oppehnaboon and his sister survived They had a child they cut the child into pieces and each piece became a new person Oppehnaboon taught the new people their names and they went forth to populate the earth citation needed Vietnam Edit Sơn Tinh Thủy Tinh Virtually every Southeast Asian ethnic group in Vietnam tells a story of a great flood that leaves only 2 survivors who must consummate the marriage citation needed Sometimes they are siblings sometimes a woman and dog but from this incestuous abnormality is born a gourd or a gourd shaped lump of flesh and the gourd becomes the source for various ethnic groups according to Dang Nghiem Van who explored the flood myths of Southeast Asia by collecting 307 flood myths in a field research in Vietnam in the early 90s describing how they all have varying versions of essentially a similar story 27 Siberia Edit In the mythology of the Ket people of Northern Eurasia there have been many floods in the past People and animals survived by grabbing on to pieces of floating turf In the future a final flood will bring back ancient Ket heroes 28 Europe EditClassical Antiquity Edit Ancient Greek flood mythsMedieval Europe Edit Baltic area Edit VinetaBreton Edit YsCornish Edit LyonesseIrish Edit Lebor Gabala Erenn CessairWelsh Edit Dwyfan and Dwyfach Cantre r GwaelodNorse Edit BergelmirBashkir Edit Ural batyrModern era folklore Edit Finnish Edit Finnish flood mythOceania EditAustralia Edit Tiddalik A water holding frog awoke one morning with an extreme thirst and began to drink until all the freshwater was consumed Creatures and plant life everywhere began to die due to lack of moisture Other animals devised a plan for him to release all of the water he had consumed by making him laugh As Tiddalik laughed the water rushed out of him to replenish the lakes swamps and rivers Lizards vs Platypuses The world became overpopulated with birds reptiles and other animals Therefore a meeting took place in the Blue Mountains to mitigate this Tiger Snake planned that birds and animals who have good mobility should migrate to a new country The lizards who knew about rainmaking decided to rid the world of the platypuses whereby instructing all of their family to perform the rain ceremony The lizards fled to mountain tops before a deluge covered the land below destroying most of the world The flood eventually ended and there were no platypuses After some time Carpet Snake observed the existence of platypus The animals discovered that they were all related to the platypuses who were then invited back and treated as ancient value Eventually the head platypus married into the bandicoot family although platypuses were never comfortable with other animals 29 30 Polynesia Edit Nu u Ruatapu TawhakiReferences Edit Witzel E J Michael 2012 The Origins of the World s Mythologies Oxford University Press p 345 ISBN 978 0 19971 015 7 Witzel E J Michael 2012 The Origins of the World s Mythologies Oxford University Press p 284 ISBN 978 0 19971 015 7 Martinez Susan B 2016 The Lost Continent of Pan The Oceanic Civilization at the Origin of World Culture Simon and Schuster p 220 ISBN 978 1 59143 268 5 Gerland Georg 1912 Der Mythus von der Sintflut Bonn A Marcus und E Webers Verlag p 209 ISBN 978 3 95913 784 3 Lynch Patricia 2010 African Mythology A to Z Chelsea House p 45 ISBN 978 1 60413 415 5 McDonald Logan 2018 Worldwide Waters Laurasian Flood Myths and Their Connections georgiasouthern edu Retrieved 2020 09 01 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint url status link a b c d e f g h i j Native American Indian Flood Myths www native languages org Retrieved 2020 02 18 The Creation Story Turtle Island PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 06 11 Retrieved 2015 11 06 Grand Council Treaty 3 The Government of the Anishinaabe Nation in Treaty 3 Choctaw Legends Retrieved 2020 07 18 Flood Stories from Around the World www talkorigins org In The Beginning of the Nisqually World Orowignarak flood myth at talkorigins org SENCOŦENStory ȽAUWELṈEW FirstVoices com Jipohan e gente como voce Povos Indigenas no Brasil in Portuguese 2020 11 11 Retrieved 2020 11 11 Crepeau Robert R October 1997 Mito e ritual entre os indios Kaingang do Brasil meridional Horizontes Antropologicos 3 6 173 186 doi 10 1590 s0104 71831997000200009 Chen Yi Samuel The Primeval Flood Catastrophe Origins and Early Development in Mesopotamian Traditions Oxford University Press 2013 ISBN missing page needed Marvin Meyer Willis Barnstone 2009 The Secret Book of John and The Reality of the Rulers The Hypostasis of the Archons The Gnostic Bible Shambhala ISBN 9781590306314 Retrieved 2022 02 07 Skjaervo Prods Oktor An Introduction to Zoroastrianism 2006 Quotations in the following section are from James Darmesteter s translation 1 of the Vendidad as published in the 1898 American edition of Max Muller s Sacred Books of the East a b N Oettinger Before Noah Possible Relics of the Flood myth in Proto Indo Iranian and Earlier in Proceedings of the 24th Annual UCLA Indo European Conference ed S W Jamison H C Melchert B Vine Bremen 2013 pp 169 183 Gaster Theodor Herzl The oldest stories in the world Originally translated and retold with comments New York Viking Press 1958 1952 ISBN missing page needed Through Japanese Eyes by Richard H Minear amp Leon E Clark 1994 A Cite Book 3rd ed ISBN 0938960369 page 61 Tree Bachelor and the Great Flood Beyer Henry Otley 1913 Origin Myths among the Mountain Peoples of the Philippines Philippine journal of science Vol 8 sec D Manila Science and Technology Information Institute p 113 ISBN 978 1 31808 686 3 Philippine Folk Tales Igorot The Flood Story www sacred texts com Na Thalang Siriporn 1996 karwiekhraahtanansrangolkkhxngkhnith rayngankarwicy Chulalongkorn University Van Dang Nghiem 1993 The Flood Myth and the Origin of Ethnic Groups in Southeast Asia The Journal of American Folklore 106 421 304 337 doi 10 2307 541423 JSTOR 541423 Vajda Edward 2011 Jordan Peter ed Siberian Landscapes in Ket Traditional Culture PDF Landscape and Culture in Northern Eurasia Are there Australian flood myths Oceanic Mythologies Australian Aborigine and Polynesian Australian Creations and Floods Australian Aborigines and the Dreamtime When the World was Created By The Handy Mythology Answer Book Visible Ink Press adapted by Newsela staff Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of flood myths amp oldid 1127997342, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
