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Democracy indices

October 30, 2023

Democracy indices are quantitative and comparative assessments of the state of democracy[1] for different countries according to various definitions of democracy.[2]

The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical, such as classifying countries into democracies, hybrid regimes, and autocracies,[3][4] or continuous values.[5] The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying causal mechanisms of regime transformation processes.

Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy, including the breadth of core democratic institutions, competitiveness and inclusiveness of polyarchy, freedom of expression, various aspects of governance, democratic norm transgressions, co-option of opposition, electoral system manipulation, electoral fraud, and popular support of anti-democratic alternatives.[6][7][8]

Prominent democracy indices edit

Operating edit

Indices measuring aspects of democracy edit

  • Effective number of parties is an index of the adjusted number of political parties in a country's party system.[15]
  • Fragile States Index, formerly the Failed States Index, is an annual report that aims to assess states' vulnerability to conflict or collapse, ranking all sovereign states with membership in the United Nations where there is enough data available for analysis.[16]
  • Gallagher index measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature.[17]

Other measured aspects of democracy include voter turnout and political efficacy.[18][19]

Historical edit

  • Democracy-Dictatorship Index is a binary measure of democracy and dictatorship.[20]
  • Democracy Ranking is a democracy ranking by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award.[21]
  • Polity data series contains annual information on regime authority characteristics and covers the years 1800–2018 based on competitiveness, openness, and level of participation, sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force (PITF).[22]
  • Boix-Miller-Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy, easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic literature. As a classification: non-democracy to democracy.[23]
  • Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy (LIED) by Skaaning et al. democracy's characteristics assessed with easy-to-observe characteristics, few evaluations by own researchers based on academic research. Then evaluating whether necessary characteristics are present or not.[24]
  • The Index of Democratization created by Tatu Vanhanen

Maps of indices edit

Further information: Democratic backsliding by country

Difficulties in measuring democracy edit

Because democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure, limitations exist in quantifying and econometrically measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomena—whether inequality, poverty, education etc.[27] Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within-country variations on aspects of democracy, academics have largely studied cross-country variations, yet variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries. Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy. A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy; such as electoral procedures.[28] A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes, such as economic or administrative efficiency, into measures of democracy.[29] Some aspects of democracy, such as responsiveness[30] or accountability, are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects. Other aspects, such as judicial independence or quality of the electoral system, are included in some democracy indices but not in others.

Some measures of democracy, notably Freedom House and Polity IV, deploy a maximalist understanding of democracy by analyzing indicators that go beyond electoral procedure.[31] These measures attempt to gauge contestation and inclusion; two features Robert Dahl argued are essential in democracies that successfully promote accountable governments.[32][33] The democratic rating given by these mainstream measures can vary greatly depending on the indicators and evidence they deploy.[34] The definition of democracy utilized by these measures is important because of the discouraging and alienating power such ratings can have, particularly when determined by indicators which are biased toward Western democracies.[35]

Dieter Fuchs and Edeltraud Roller suggest that, in order to truly measure the quality of democracy, objective measurements need to be complemented by "subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens".[36] Similarly, Quinton Mayne and Brigitte Geißel also defend that the quality of democracy does not depend exclusively on the performance of institutions, but also on the citizens' own dispositions and commitment.[37]

Critiques of measures of democracy edit

Data on democracy, and particularly global indices of democracy, have been scrutinized and criticized by various scholars. Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen questioned various aspects of the data produced by Freedom House and Polity, such as the concept of democracy they measured, the design of indicators, and the aggregation rule.[38] Political scientists Andrew T. Little and Anne Meng argued that the data produced by Freedom House and the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) project relies heavily on subjective, as opposed to objective, measures and thus was tained by coder bias.[39]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Geissel, Brigitte; Kneuer, Marianne; Lauth, Hans-Joachim (2016). "Measuring the quality of democracy: Introduction". International Political Science Review. Sage Publications. 37 (5): 571–579. doi:10.1177/0192512116669141. ISSN 0192-5121. JSTOR 26556872. S2CID 151808737. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  2. ^ Greenwood, Shannon (2022-12-06). "Appendix A: Classifying democracies". Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 2022-12-27.
  3. ^ Dobratz, B.A. (2015). Power, Politics, and Society: An Introduction to Political Sociology. Taylor & Francis. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-317-34529-9. Retrieved Apr 30, 2023.
  4. ^ Michie, J. (2014). Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences. Taylor & Francis. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-1-135-93226-8. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  5. ^ "Democracy data: how do researchers measure democracy?". Our World in Data. Jun 17, 2022. Retrieved Apr 17, 2023.
  6. ^ "The 'Varieties of Democracy' data: how do researchers measure democracy?". Our World in Data. 2022-11-30. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  7. ^ "Breaking Down Democracy". Freedom House. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  8. ^ Democracy and Autocracy, Why do Democracies Develop and Decline, Vol. 21(1) June 2023, Democracy and Autocracy Section, American Political Science Association
  9. ^ "Governance Report". BTI 2022. Retrieved Apr 17, 2023.
  10. ^ "Democracy Index 2021: the China challenge". Economist Intelligence Unit.
  11. ^ William Ide (11 January 2000). . Voice of America. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  12. ^ "Freedom in the World". Freedom House. 2021-02-01. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  13. ^ "The Global State of Democracy Indices". International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  14. ^ "Democracy Report 2022: Autocratization Changing Nature?" (PDF), V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg
  15. ^ Laakso, Markku; Taagepera, Rein (1979). ""Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe". Comparative Political Studies. 12 (1): 3–27. doi:10.1177/001041407901200101. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 143250203.
  16. ^ "Failed States FAQ". the Fund for Peace. Retrieved 2007-08-25.
  17. ^ "The Gallagher Index – iscanadafair.ca". iscanadafair.ca. Retrieved Apr 3, 2023.
  18. ^ Karp, Jeffrey A.; Banducci, Susan A. (2008). "Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty-Seven Democracies: How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour". British Journal of Political Science. Cambridge University Press. 38 (2): 311–334. ISSN 0007-1234. JSTOR 27568347. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  19. ^ "Internal and external political efficacy - Government at a Glance 2021". OECD iLibrary. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  20. ^ "Democracy-Dictatorship_Index". Kaggle. Jul 17, 2020. Retrieved Apr 3, 2023.
  21. ^ "Home". Democracy Ranking (in German). Feb 12, 2017. Retrieved Apr 3, 2023.
  22. ^ "Polity IV Project". Table footnote. from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 11 Jan 2020.
  23. ^ "Boix-Miller-Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy, 1800-2020, version 4.0 - bmr". xmarquez.github.io. Retrieved Apr 17, 2023.
  24. ^ Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Gerring, John; Bartusevičius, Henrikas (Apr 26, 2015). "A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy" (PDF). Comparative Political Studies. SAGE Publications. 48 (12): 1491–1525. doi:10.1177/0010414015581050. ISSN 0010-4140. S2CID 16062427.
  25. ^ "Global Dashboard". BTI 2022. Retrieved Apr 17, 2023.
  26. ^ Cheibub, José Antonio; Gandhi, Jennifer; Vreeland, James Raymond (April 2010). "Democracy and dictatorship revisited". Public Choice. 143 (1–2): 67–101. doi:10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2. JSTOR 40661005. S2CID 45234838.
  27. ^ Krauss, Alexander (January 2, 2016). "The scientific limits of understanding the (potential) relationship between complex social phenomena: the case of democracy and inequality". Journal of Economic Methodology. 23 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1080/1350178X.2015.1069372 – via CrossRef.
  28. ^ Dahl, Robert A., Ian Shapiro, José Antônio Cheibub, and Adam Przeworski. “Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense.” Essay. In The Democracy Sourcebook, 12–17. Cambridge, MA, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
  29. ^ Schmitter, Philippe C. and Terry Lynn Karl. 1991. "What Democracy is.. . and is Not." Journal of Democracy 2 (3): 75-88
  30. ^ Esaiasson, Peter, and Christopher Wlezien. "Advances in the study of democratic responsiveness: An introduction." Comparative political studies 50.6 (2017): 699-710.
  31. ^ Coppedge, Michael, Angel Alvarez, and Claudia Maldonado. 2008. "Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy: Contestation and Inclusiveness." The Journal of Politics70 (3): 632-647.
  32. ^ Samuels, David. “Chapter 3: Democratic Political Regimes.” Essay. In Comparative Politics. New York: Pearson Education, 2013.
  33. ^ Clark, William Roberts, Matt Golder, and Sona Nadenichek Golder. “Chapter 5: Economic Determinates of Democracy.” Chapter. In Foundations of Comparative Politics, 351–92.
  34. ^ Högström, John. “Does the Choice of Democracy Measure Matter? Comparisons between the Two Leading Democracy Indices, Freedom House and Polity IV.” Government and Opposition 48, no. 2 (2013): 201–21. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.10.
  35. ^ Piironen, Ossi. 2005. "Minimalist Democracy without Substance? an Evaluation of the Mainstream Measures of Democracy." Politiikka 47 (3): 189-204.
  36. ^ Fuchs, Dieter; Roller, Edeltraud (2018). "Conceptualizing and Measuring the Quality of Democracy: The Citizens' Perspective". Politics and Governance. 6 (1): 22. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1188.
  37. ^ Mayne, Quinton; Geißel, Brigitte (2018). "Don't Good Democracies Need "Good" Citizens? Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality". Politics and Governance. 6 (1): 33. doi:10.17645/pag.v6i1.1216.
  38. ^ Gerardo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen, “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices,” Comparative Political Studies 35, 1 (2002): 5-34. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.469.3177&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  39. ^ Andrew Little and Anne Meng,“Measuring Democratic Backsliding.“ PS: Political Science & Politics (forthcoming). https://osf.io/n32zk/

Further reading edit

  • Munck, G.L. (2009). Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics. Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9650-7.
  • Kahn, H. (2017). On Measuring Democracy: Its Consequences and Concomitants: Conference Papers. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-50205-4.
  • Coppedge, Michael; Gerring, John; Altman, David; Bernhard, Michael; Fish, Steven; Hicken, Allen; Kroenig, Matthew; Lindberg, Staffan I.; McMann, Kelly; Paxton, Pamela; Semetko, Holli A.; Skaaning, Svend-Erik; Staton, Jeffrey; Teorell, Jan (2011). "Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: A New Approach". Perspectives on Politics. [American Political Science Association, Cambridge University Press]. 9 (2): 247–267. doi:10.1017/S1537592711000880. ISSN 1537-5927. JSTOR 41479651. S2CID 11629045.
  • Croissant, Aurel; Pelke, Lars (2022-04-25). "Measuring Policy Performance, Democracy, and Governance Capacities: A conceptual and methodological assessment of the Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI)". European Policy Analysis. Wiley. 8 (2): 136–159. doi:10.1002/epa2.1141. ISSN 2380-6567.
  • Sönmez, Hakan (2020-09-30). "Democratic Backsliding or Stabilization?". Politikon: The IAPSS Journal of Political Science. International Association for Political Science Students. 46: 54–78. doi:10.22151/politikon.46.3. ISSN 2414-6633. S2CID 224846248.

External links edit

October 30, 2023
democracy, indices, quantitative, comparative, assessments, state, democracy, different, countries, according, various, definitions, democracy, democracies, indices, differ, whether, they, categorical, such, classifying, countries, into, democracies, hybrid, r. Democracy indices are quantitative and comparative assessments of the state of democracy 1 for different countries according to various definitions of democracy 2 The democracies indices differ in whether they are categorical such as classifying countries into democracies hybrid regimes and autocracies 3 4 or continuous values 5 The qualitative nature of democracy indices enables data analytical approaches for studying causal mechanisms of regime transformation processes Democracy indices differ in scope and weighting of different aspects of democracy including the breadth of core democratic institutions competitiveness and inclusiveness of polyarchy freedom of expression various aspects of governance democratic norm transgressions co option of opposition electoral system manipulation electoral fraud and popular support of anti democratic alternatives 6 7 8 Contents 1 Prominent democracy indices 1 1 Operating 1 2 Indices measuring aspects of democracy 1 3 Historical 1 4 Maps of indices 2 Difficulties in measuring democracy 3 Critiques of measures of democracy 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksProminent democracy indices editOperating edit Bertelsmann Transformation Index by the Bertelsmann Stiftung evaluations by country regional and general experts some evaluations by representative surveys of regular citizens Spectrum then averaging of scores for hard line autocracy moderate autocracy very defective democracy defective democracy consolidating democracy 9 The Economist Democracy Index by the UK based Economist Intelligence Unit is an assessment of countries democracy Countries are rated as full democracies flawed democracies hybrid regimes or authoritarian regimes The index is based on five different categories measuring pluralism civil liberties and political culture 10 Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U S based 11 non governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world 12 The Global State of Democracy Indices by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance assesses democratic performance using different types of sources expert surveys standards based coding by research groups and analysts observational data and composite measures 13 V Dem Democracy indices by V Dem Institute distinguishes between five high level principles of democracy electoral liberal participatory deliberative and egalitarian and quantifies these principles 14 The V Dem Democracy indices include the Citizen initiated component of direct popular vote index which indicates the strength of direct democracy and the presidentialism index which indicates higher concentration of political power in the hands of one individual Indices measuring aspects of democracy edit Effective number of parties is an index of the adjusted number of political parties in a country s party system 15 Fragile States Index formerly the Failed States Index is an annual report that aims to assess states vulnerability to conflict or collapse ranking all sovereign states with membership in the United Nations where there is enough data available for analysis 16 Gallagher index measures an electoral system s relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature 17 Other measured aspects of democracy include voter turnout and political efficacy 18 19 Historical edit Democracy Dictatorship Index is a binary measure of democracy and dictatorship 20 Democracy Ranking is a democracy ranking by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award 21 Polity data series contains annual information on regime authority characteristics and covers the years 1800 2018 based on competitiveness openness and level of participation sponsored by the Political Instability Task Force PITF 22 Boix Miller Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy easy to observe characteristics few evaluations by own researchers based on academic literature As a classification non democracy to democracy 23 Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy LIED by Skaaning et al democracy s characteristics assessed with easy to observe characteristics few evaluations by own researchers based on academic research Then evaluating whether necessary characteristics are present or not 24 The Index of Democratization created by Tatu VanhanenMaps of indices edit Further information Democratic backsliding by country nbsp Country ratings from Freedom House s Freedom in the World 2021 survey nbsp Democracy Index map in 2020 according to The Economist Intelligence Unit nbsp Global trend report analyzes the results of the Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2022 25 nbsp Democracy Dictatorship Indexs in 2008 26 nbsp Fragile States Index 2005 2013 Difficulties in measuring democracy editBecause democracy is an overarching concept that includes the functioning of diverse institutions which are not easy to measure limitations exist in quantifying and econometrically measuring the potential effects of democracy or its relationship with other phenomena whether inequality poverty education etc 27 Given the constraints in acquiring reliable data with within country variations on aspects of democracy academics have largely studied cross country variations yet variations in democratic institutions can be large within countries Another way of conceiving the difficulties in measuring democracy is through the debate between minimalist versus maximalist definitions of democracy A minimalist conception of democracy defines democracy by primarily considering the essence of democracy such as electoral procedures 28 A maximalist definition of democracy can include outcomes such as economic or administrative efficiency into measures of democracy 29 Some aspects of democracy such as responsiveness 30 or accountability are generally not included in democracy indices due to the difficulty measuring these aspects Other aspects such as judicial independence or quality of the electoral system are included in some democracy indices but not in others Some measures of democracy notably Freedom House and Polity IV deploy a maximalist understanding of democracy by analyzing indicators that go beyond electoral procedure 31 These measures attempt to gauge contestation and inclusion two features Robert Dahl argued are essential in democracies that successfully promote accountable governments 32 33 The democratic rating given by these mainstream measures can vary greatly depending on the indicators and evidence they deploy 34 The definition of democracy utilized by these measures is important because of the discouraging and alienating power such ratings can have particularly when determined by indicators which are biased toward Western democracies 35 Dieter Fuchs and Edeltraud Roller suggest that in order to truly measure the quality of democracy objective measurements need to be complemented by subjective measurements based on the perspective of citizens 36 Similarly Quinton Mayne and Brigitte Geissel also defend that the quality of democracy does not depend exclusively on the performance of institutions but also on the citizens own dispositions and commitment 37 Critiques of measures of democracy editData on democracy and particularly global indices of democracy have been scrutinized and criticized by various scholars Gerardo L Munck and Jay Verkuilen questioned various aspects of the data produced by Freedom House and Polity such as the concept of democracy they measured the design of indicators and the aggregation rule 38 Political scientists Andrew T Little and Anne Meng argued that the data produced by Freedom House and the Varieties of Democracy V Dem project relies heavily on subjective as opposed to objective measures and thus was tained by coder bias 39 See also edit nbsp Politics portalDemocratic transition Types of democracy List of international rankings List of freedom indices List of globalization related indices List of countries by system of government List of forms of governmentReferences edit Geissel Brigitte Kneuer Marianne Lauth Hans Joachim 2016 Measuring the quality of democracy Introduction International Political Science Review Sage Publications 37 5 571 579 doi 10 1177 0192512116669141 ISSN 0192 5121 JSTOR 26556872 S2CID 151808737 Retrieved 2023 04 03 Greenwood Shannon 2022 12 06 Appendix A Classifying democracies Pew Research Center s Global Attitudes Project Retrieved 2022 12 27 Dobratz B A 2015 Power Politics and Society An Introduction to Political Sociology Taylor amp Francis p 47 ISBN 978 1 317 34529 9 Retrieved Apr 30 2023 Michie J 2014 Reader s Guide to the Social Sciences Taylor amp Francis pp 95 97 ISBN 978 1 135 93226 8 Retrieved 2023 04 03 Democracy data how do researchers measure democracy Our World in Data Jun 17 2022 Retrieved Apr 17 2023 The Varieties of Democracy data how do researchers measure democracy Our World in Data 2022 11 30 Retrieved 2023 04 03 Breaking Down Democracy Freedom House Retrieved 2023 04 03 Democracy and Autocracy Why do Democracies Develop and Decline Vol 21 1 June 2023 Democracy and Autocracy Section American Political Science Association Governance Report BTI 2022 Retrieved Apr 17 2023 Democracy Index 2021 the China challenge Economist Intelligence Unit William Ide 11 January 2000 Freedom House Report Asia Sees Some Significant Progress Voice of America Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 Retrieved October 13 2012 Freedom in the World Freedom House 2021 02 01 Retrieved 2023 04 03 The Global State of Democracy Indices International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance Retrieved May 26 2023 Democracy Report 2022 Autocratization Changing Nature PDF V Dem Institute University of Gothenburg Laakso Markku Taagepera Rein 1979 Effective Number of Parties A Measure with Application to West Europe Comparative Political Studies 12 1 3 27 doi 10 1177 001041407901200101 ISSN 0010 4140 S2CID 143250203 Failed States FAQ the Fund for Peace Retrieved 2007 08 25 The Gallagher Index iscanadafair ca iscanadafair ca Retrieved Apr 3 2023 Karp Jeffrey A Banducci Susan A 2008 Political Efficacy and Participation in Twenty Seven Democracies How Electoral Systems Shape Political Behaviour British Journal of Political Science Cambridge University Press 38 2 311 334 ISSN 0007 1234 JSTOR 27568347 Retrieved 2023 06 16 Internal and external political efficacy Government at a Glance 2021 OECD iLibrary Retrieved 2023 06 16 Democracy Dictatorship Index Kaggle Jul 17 2020 Retrieved Apr 3 2023 Home Democracy Ranking in German Feb 12 2017 Retrieved Apr 3 2023 Polity IV Project Table footnote Archived from the original on 4 May 2020 Retrieved 11 Jan 2020 Boix Miller Rosato dichotomous coding of democracy 1800 2020 version 4 0 bmr xmarquez github io Retrieved Apr 17 2023 Skaaning Svend Erik Gerring John Bartusevicius Henrikas Apr 26 2015 A Lexical Index of Electoral Democracy PDF Comparative Political Studies SAGE Publications 48 12 1491 1525 doi 10 1177 0010414015581050 ISSN 0010 4140 S2CID 16062427 Global Dashboard BTI 2022 Retrieved Apr 17 2023 Cheibub Jose Antonio Gandhi Jennifer Vreeland James Raymond April 2010 Democracy and dictatorship revisited Public Choice 143 1 2 67 101 doi 10 1007 s11127 009 9491 2 JSTOR 40661005 S2CID 45234838 Krauss Alexander January 2 2016 The scientific limits of understanding the potential relationship between complex social phenomena the case of democracy and inequality Journal of Economic Methodology 23 1 97 109 doi 10 1080 1350178X 2015 1069372 via CrossRef Dahl Robert A Ian Shapiro Jose Antonio Cheibub and Adam Przeworski Minimalist Conception of Democracy A Defense Essay In The Democracy Sourcebook 12 17 Cambridge MA MA MIT Press 2003 Schmitter Philippe C and Terry Lynn Karl 1991 What Democracy is and is Not Journal of Democracy 2 3 75 88 Esaiasson Peter and Christopher Wlezien Advances in the study of democratic responsiveness An introduction Comparative political studies 50 6 2017 699 710 Coppedge Michael Angel Alvarez and Claudia Maldonado 2008 Two Persistent Dimensions of Democracy Contestation and Inclusiveness The Journal of Politics70 3 632 647 Samuels David Chapter 3 Democratic Political Regimes Essay In Comparative Politics New York Pearson Education 2013 Clark William Roberts Matt Golder and Sona Nadenichek Golder Chapter 5 Economic Determinates of Democracy Chapter In Foundations of Comparative Politics 351 92 Hogstrom John Does the Choice of Democracy Measure Matter Comparisons between the Two Leading Democracy Indices Freedom House and Polity IV Government and Opposition 48 no 2 2013 201 21 doi 10 1017 gov 2012 10 Piironen Ossi 2005 Minimalist Democracy without Substance an Evaluation of the Mainstream Measures of Democracy Politiikka 47 3 189 204 Fuchs Dieter Roller Edeltraud 2018 Conceptualizing and Measuring the Quality of Democracy The Citizens Perspective Politics and Governance 6 1 22 doi 10 17645 pag v6i1 1188 Mayne Quinton Geissel Brigitte 2018 Don t Good Democracies Need Good Citizens Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality Politics and Governance 6 1 33 doi 10 17645 pag v6i1 1216 Gerardo L Munck and Jay Verkuilen Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy Evaluating Alternative Indices Comparative Political Studies 35 1 2002 5 34 https citeseerx ist psu edu viewdoc download doi 10 1 1 469 3177 amp rep rep1 amp type pdf Andrew Little and Anne Meng Measuring Democratic Backsliding PS Political Science amp Politics forthcoming https osf io n32zk Further reading editMunck G L 2009 Measuring Democracy A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics Democratic Transition and Consolidation Johns Hopkins University Press ISBN 978 0 8018 9650 7 Kahn H 2017 On Measuring Democracy Its Consequences and Concomitants Conference Papers Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1 351 50205 4 Coppedge Michael Gerring John Altman David Bernhard Michael Fish Steven Hicken Allen Kroenig Matthew Lindberg Staffan I McMann Kelly Paxton Pamela Semetko Holli A Skaaning Svend Erik Staton Jeffrey Teorell Jan 2011 Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy A New Approach Perspectives on Politics American Political Science Association Cambridge University Press 9 2 247 267 doi 10 1017 S1537592711000880 ISSN 1537 5927 JSTOR 41479651 S2CID 11629045 Croissant Aurel Pelke Lars 2022 04 25 Measuring Policy Performance Democracy and Governance Capacities A conceptual and methodological assessment of the Sustainable Governance Indicators SGI European Policy Analysis Wiley 8 2 136 159 doi 10 1002 epa2 1141 ISSN 2380 6567 Sonmez Hakan 2020 09 30 Democratic Backsliding or Stabilization Politikon The IAPSS Journal of Political Science International Association for Political Science Students 46 54 78 doi 10 22151 politikon 46 3 ISSN 2414 6633 S2CID 224846248 External links editDemocracy data how do researchers measure democracy Our World in Data How do you measure democracy The Washington Post Catalogue of Indices 2016 Global Observatory Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Democracy indices amp oldid 1178548363, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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