Wikipedia
List of presidents of Peru
This is a list of those who have served as President of the Republic of Peru (head of state and head of government of Peru) from its establishment to the present. The office was established by the Constituent Congress of Peru (1822), after the resignation of José de San Martín to his position as Protector of Peru and his subsequent departure from Peru. The first president was José de la Riva Agüero and the current president in office is Dina Boluarte, the first woman to hold the position. In the history of the position, there has been a series of political crises, caudillos, barracks revolt, civil wars, death of the incumbent, coups d'état, parliamentary attempts to remove the presidency,[1] one autocoup, and vacancies dictated by the congress. The list is based on the work of the historian Jorge Basadre, constitutions, laws, and decrees in each case. Even though they were not presidents, the list includes the Libertadores José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar due to their historical relevance in the independence of Peru and its consolidation.
Presidents Edit
Political parties:
Far-right: Revolutionary Union (Unión Revolucionaria, UR)
Right wing: Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC) Fujimorism (Cambio 90/ Let's Go Neighbor) Constitutional Party (Partido Constitucional) Reformist Democratic Party (Partido Democrático Reformista) Peruvian Democratic Movement (Movimiento Democrático Peruano, MDP)
Centre-right: Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio, PPK)
Centrist: Popular Action (Acción Popular, AP) Possible Peru (Perú Posible, PP) Purple Party (Partido Morado, PM)
Centre-left: Democratic Party (Partido Demócrata, PD) Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, APRA) National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático Nacional)
Left wing: Peruvian Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista Peruano; PNP)
Far-left: Free Peru (Perú Libre, PL)
Others: Independent Military
| UR (2) PC (9) C90/VV (1) PC (4) PDR (1) MDP (2) PPK (1) AP (4) PP (1) PM (1) PD (2) APRA (2) FDN (1) PNP (1) PL (1) Ind. (6) Military (16) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | President | Term of office | Time in office | Party | Election | Vice President | |||
| Took office | Left office | ||||||||
| — | José de San Martín [2][a] | 3 August 1821 | 20 September 1822 | 1 year, 48 days | Independent | N/A | None | ||
| 1 | José de la Riva Agüero [2] | 28 February 1823 | 23 June 1823 | 115 days | Military | —[b][3] | None | ||
| 2 | José Bernardo de Tagle [2][c] | 16 August 1823 | 10 February 1824 | 178 days | Military | —[b][5] | None | ||
| 1823[6] | Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz[7] | ||||||||
| — | Simón Bolívar [2][d] | 10 February 1824 | 27 January 1827 | 2 years, 351 days | Independent | —[b][8] | None | ||
| 3 | José de La Mar [2] | 10 June 1827 | 7 June 1829 | 1 year, 362 days | Military | 1827[9] | Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano | ||
| 4 | Agustín Gamarra [2] | 7 June 1829 | 19 December 1833 | 4 years, 195 days | Military | Coup d'état | Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente | ||
| 1829[10] | |||||||||
| 5 | Luis José de Orbegoso[11] | 21 December 1833 | 25 February 1835 | 1 year, 66 days | Military | 1833[12] | None | ||
| — | Felipe Salaverry [e][13] | 25 February 1835 | 7 February 1836 | 347 days | Military | Coup d'état[14] | None | ||
| 6 | Agustín Gamarra [15] | 20 January 1839[16] | 18 November 1841 (†) | 2 years, 302 days | Military | Open Cabildo[17][18] | Manuel Menéndez (1840 - 1841) President of the Council of State Justo Figuerola (1840 - 1841) 1º Vice President of the Council of State Juan Francisco de Vidal (1840 - 1841) 2º Vice President of the Council of State | ||
| 1839[17] | |||||||||
| 1840[19] | |||||||||
| 7 | Manuel Menéndez [f][15] | 18 November 1841 | 16 August 1842 | 271 days | Independent | —[20] | Justo Figuerola 1º Vice President of the Council of State Juan Francisco de Vidal 2º Vice President of the Council of State | ||
| 8 | Juan Francisco de Vidal [15] | 20 October 1842 | 15 March 1843 | 146 days | Military | — | None | ||
| — | Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco [g][15] | 27 March 1843 | 17 June 1844 | 1 year, 82 days | Military | Coup d'état | None | ||
| 10 | Manuel Menéndez [f][15] | 7 October 1844 | 20 April 1845 | 195 days | Independent | Restored to office[23] | None | ||
| 11 | Ramón Castilla [24] | 20 April 1845 | 20 April 1851 | 6 years, 0 days | Military | 1845[25][26] | None | ||
| 12 | José Rufino Echenique [24] | 20 April 1851 | 5 January 1855 | 3 years, 260 days | Military | 1851[27] | None | ||
| 13 | Ramón Castilla [24] | 5 January 1855 | 24 October 1862 | 7 years, 292 days | Military | Coup d'état[28] | (As Prime Minister) | ||
| 1858[29] | Juan Manuel del Mar | ||||||||
| 14 | Miguel de San Román [24] | 24 October 1862 | 3 April 1863 (†) | 161 days | Military | 1862 | 1º Juan Antonio Pezet 2º Pedro Diez Canseco | ||
| 15 | Juan Antonio Pezet [24] | 5 August 1863 | 8 November 1865 | 2 years, 95 days | Military | Pedro Diez Canseco | |||
| 16 | Mariano Ignacio Prado [h][24] | 28 November 1865 | 7 January 1868 | 2 years, 40 days | Military | Coup d'état [30][31] | None | ||
| 1867[32] | |||||||||
| 17 | Pedro Diez Canseco Corbacho [33] | 7 January 1868 | 2 August 1868 | 208 days | Military | None | |||
| 18 | José Balta [33] | 2 August 1868 | 22 July 1872 | 3 years, 355 days | Military | 1868[34] | 1º Mariano Herencia Zevallos 2º Francisco Diez-Canseco | ||
| — | Tomás Gutiérrez [i][33] | 22 July 1872 | 26 July 1872 | 4 days | Military | Coup d'état | None | ||
| 19 | Mariano Herencia Zevallos [33] | 27 July 1872 | 2 August 1872 | 6 days | Civilista Party | — | None | ||
| 20 | Manuel Pardo y Lavalle [33] | 2 August 1872 | 2 August 1876 | 4 years, 0 days | Civilista Party | 1872[35] | 1º Manuel Costas Arce 2.º Francisco Garmendia Puértolas | ||
| 21 | Mariano Ignacio Prado [33] | 2 August 1876 | 18 December 1879 | 3 years, 138 days | Civilista Party | 1876[36] | 1º Luis La Puerta 2º José Francisco Canevaro | ||
| 22 | Luis La Puerta [33] | 18 December 1879 | 23 December 1879 | 5 days | Military | — | José Francisco Canevaro | ||
| 23 | Nicolás de Piérola [j][33] | 23 December 1879 | 28 December 1881 | 2 years, 5 days | Independent | Open cabildo[37] | None | ||
| 24 | Francisco García Calderón [38] | 12 March 1881 | 6 November 1881 | 239 days | Independent | —[k] | 1º Lizardo Montero 2º Andrés Avelino Cáceres | ||
| 25 | Lizardo Montero[38] | 28 September 1881 | 28 October 1883 | 2 years, 30 days | Civilista Party | — | None | ||
| 26 | Miguel Iglesias [38] | 30 December 1882 | 3 December 1885 | 2 years, 338 days | Military | 1882[39] | None | ||
| 1884[40][41] | |||||||||
| 27 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres [38][42] | 3 June 1886 | 10 August 1890 | 4 years, 68 days | Constitutional Party | 1896 | 1º Remigio Morales Bermúdez 2º Aurelio Denegri | ||
| 28 | Remigio Morales Bermúdez [42] | 10 August 1890 | 1 April 1894 (†) | 3 years, 234 days | Constitutional Party | 1890 | 1º Pedro Alejandrino del Solar 2º Justiniano Borgoño | ||
| 29 | Justiniano Borgoño [43] | 1 April 1894 | 10 August 1894 | 131 days | Constitutional Party | None | |||
| 30 | Andrés Avelino Cáceres [43] | 10 August 1894 | 20 March 1895 | 222 days | Constitutional Party | 1894 | 1º César Canevaro 2º Cesáreo Chacaltana | ||
| 31 | Nicolás de Piérola [43] | 8 September 1895 | 8 September 1899 | 4 years, 0 days | Democratic Party | 1895 | 1º Guillermo Billinghurst 2º Augusto Seminario y Váscones | ||
| 32 | Eduardo López de Romaña [43] | 8 September 1899 | 8 September 1903 | 4 years, 0 days | Civilista Party | 1899 | 1º Isaac Alzamora 2.º Federico Bresani | ||
| 33 | Manuel Candamo [43] | 8 September 1903 | 7 May 1904 (†) | 242 days | Civilista Party | 1903 | 2.º Serapio Calderón | ||
| 34 | Serapio Calderón [43] | 7 May 1904 | 24 September 1904 | 140 days | Civilista Party | None | |||
| 35 | José Pardo y Barreda [44] | 24 September 1904 | 24 September 1908 | 4 years, 0 days | Civilista Party | 1904 | 1.º José Salvador Cavero Ovalle 2º Vacant | ||
| 36 | Augusto Leguía [44] | 24 September 1908 | 24 September 1912 | 4 years, 0 days | Civilista Party | 1908 | 1º Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue 2º Belisario Sosa | ||
| 37 | Guillermo Billinghurst [44] | 24 September 1912 | 4 February 1914 | 1 year, 133 days | Democratic Party | 1912 | 1º Roberto Leguía 2º Miguel Echenique | ||
| 38 | Óscar Benavides [l][44] | 4 February 1914 | 18 August 1915 | 1 year, 195 days | Military | Coup d'état[45] | None | ||
| 39 | José Pardo y Barreda [44] | 18 August 1915 | 4 July 1919 | 3 years, 320 days | Civilista Party | 1915 | 1º Ricardo Bentín Sánchez 2.º Melitón Carvajal | ||
| 40 | Augusto Leguía [44] | 4 July 1919 | 25 August 1930 | 11 years, 52 days | Reformist Democratic Party | Coup d'état | 1º César Canevaro (1919-1920) 2.º Agustín de la Torre González (1919-1920) | ||
| 1919 | |||||||||
| 1924 | |||||||||
| 1929 | |||||||||
| — | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro [m][46] | 27 Aug 1930 | 1 March 1931 | 186 days | Revolutionary Union | Coup d'état | None | ||
| — | David Samanez Ocampo [n] | 11 March 1931 | 8 December 1931 | 272 days | Democratic Party | —[o] | None | ||
| 41 | Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro [46] | 8 December 1931 | 30 April 1933 (†) | 1 year, 143 days | Revolutionary Union | 1931 | None | ||
| 42 | Óscar Benavides [47] | 30 April 1933 | 8 December 1939 | 6 years, 222 days | Military | —[o] | 1º Ernesto Montagne Markholz 2º Antonio Rodríguez Ramírez | ||
| 43 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche [48][49] | 8 December 1939 | 28 July 1945 | 5 years, 232 days | Peruvian Democratic Movement | 1939 | 1º Rafael Larco Herrera 2º Carlos D. Gibson | ||
| 44 | José Luis Bustamante y Rivero [50] | 28 July 1945 | 29 October 1948 | 3 years, 93 days | National Democratic Front | 1945 | 1º José Gálvez Barrenechea 2º Eduardo Ganoza y Ganoza | ||
| 45 | Manuel Odría [p][51][52] | 1 November 1948 | 28 July 1956 | 7 years, 270 days | Military | Coup d'état | 1º Héctor Boza 2º Federico Bolognesi Bolognesi | ||
| 1950 | |||||||||
| 46 | Manuel Prado Ugarteche [53] | 28 July 1956 | 18 July 1962 | 5 years, 355 days | Peruvian Democratic Movement | 1956 | 1º Luis Gallo Porras 2.º Carlos Moreyra y Paz Soldán | ||
| 47 | Ricardo Pérez Godoy [m][54] | 18 July 1962 | 3 March 1963 | 228 days | Military | Coup d'état | None | ||
| 48 | Nicolás Lindley López [m][55] | 3 March 1963 | 28 July 1963 | 147 days | Military | Succession (De facto) | None | ||
| 49 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry [56] | 28 July 1963 | 3 October 1968 | 5 years, 67 days | Popular Action | 1963 | 1º Edgardo Seoane 2º Mario Polar Ugarteche | ||
| 50 | Juan Velasco Alvarado [q][57][58] | 3 October 1968 | 30 August 1975 | 6 years, 331 days | Military | Coup d'état | None | ||
| 51 | Francisco Morales Bermúdez [q][59] | 30 August 1975 | 28 July 1980 | 4 years, 333 days | Military | Coup d'état | None | ||
| 52 | Fernando Belaúnde Terry [60][61] | 28 July 1980 | 28 July 1985 | 5 years, 0 days | Popular Action | 1980 | 1º Fernando Schwalb 2º Javier Alva Orlandini | ||
| 53 | Alan García [62] | 28 July 1985 | 28 July 1990 | 5 years, 0 days | Peruvian Aprista Party | 1985 | 1º Luis Alberto Sánchez 2.º Luis Alva Castro | ||
| 54 | Alberto Fujimori [r][s] | 28 July 1990 | 21 November 2000 | 10 years, 116 days | Change 90 (1990-1998) Let's Go Neighbour (1998-2000) | 1990 | First Vice President Máximo San Román (1990 - 1992) Ricardo Márquez Flores (1995 - 2000) Francisco Tudela (2000) Second Vice President Carlos García y García (1990 - 1992) César Paredes Canto (1995 - 2000) Ricardo Márquez Flores (2000) | ||
| Coup d'état | |||||||||
| 1993 | |||||||||
| 1995 | |||||||||
| 2000 | |||||||||
| 55 | Valentín Paniagua | 22 November 2000 | 28 July 2001 | 248 days | Popular Action | —[t] | None | ||
| 56 | Alejandro Toledo | 28 July 2001 | 28 July 2006 | 5 years, 0 days | Possible Peru | 2001 | 1º Raúl Diez Canseco 2.º David Waisman | ||
| 57 | Alan García | 28 July 2006 | 28 July 2011 | 5 years, 0 days | Peruvian Aprista Party | 2006 | 1º Luis Giampietri 2º Lourdes Mendoza del Solar | ||
| 58 | Ollanta Humala | 28 July 2011 | 28 July 2016 | 5 years, 0 days | Peruvian Nationalist Party | 2011 | 1º Marisol Espinoza 2º Omar Chehade | ||
| 59 | Pedro Pablo Kuczynski | 28 July 2016 | 23 March 2018 | 1 year, 238 days | Peruvians for Change | 2016 | 1º Martín Vizcarra 2º Mercedes Aráoz | ||
| 60 | Martín Vizcarra | 23 March 2018 | 9 November 2020 | 2 years, 231 days | Independent | 2º Mercedes Aráoz | |||
| 61 | Manuel Merino | 10 November 2020 | 15 November 2020 | 5 days | Popular Action | —[t] | None | ||
| 62 | Francisco Sagasti | 17 November 2020 | 28 July 2021 | 253 days | Purple Party | —[t] | None | ||
| 63 | Pedro Castillo | 28 July 2021 | 7 December 2022 | 1 year, 132 days | Free Peru | 2021 | 1º Dina Boluarte | ||
| 64 | Dina Boluarte | 7 December 2022 | Incumbent | 307 days | Independent | None | |||
Timeline Edit
Addendum Edit
Those who are mentioned in the following list were sworn in as presidents of Peru, because of a political crisis, however, they never came to govern:[65]
| President | Term of office | Title | Form of entry | Vice President | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start | End | ||||||
| Máximo San Román | 21 April 1992 | 6 January 1993[65] | Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru[66] | Constitutional succession (1º Vice President) | Carlos García y García | ||
| Mercedes Araóz | 30 September 2019 | 1 October 2019[67][68] | Acting President[69] | Constitutional succession (2º Vice President) | None | ||
See also Edit
Notes Edit
- ^ As Protector of Peru
- ^ a b c Appointed
- ^ José Bernardo de Tagle was appointed president by Antonio José de Sucre on 17 July 1823. This was then made official on August.[4]
- ^ As Supreme Political and Military Authority of the Peruvian Republic
- ^ As Supreme Head of the Republic
- ^ a b As President of the Council of State of Peru
- ^ As Supreme Director of Peru
- ^ As Provisional Supreme Chief from 1865 to 1867, as Provisional President in 1867, and as constitutional President of Peru from 1867 to 1868
- ^ As Supreme Leader of the Peruvian Republic
- ^ As Supreme Head of the Peruvian Republic until 8 July 1881
- ^ Congress of Chorrillos
- ^ As President of the Governing Board of Peru from 4 February 1914 to 15 May 1914, and as Provisional President of the Peruvian Republic from 15 May 1914 to 18 August 1915
- ^ a b c As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru
- ^ As President of the Transition Government Junta
- ^ a b Appointed by Congress
- ^ As President of the Military Junta of the Government of Peru until 1 June 1950
- ^ a b As President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
- ^ De jure figurehead, de facto leadership by Vladimiro Montesinos[63][64]
- ^ As President of the Government of Emergency and National Reconstruction of Peru between 22 April 1992 and 9 January 1993
- ^ a b c Succeeded to the presidency as President of Congress
References Edit
- ^ Cfr. Pérez-Liñán, Aníbal (2007). Presidential impeachment and the new political instability in Latin America. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 298. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Nombramiento de José de la Riva Agüero como Presidente de la República, 28 febrero de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ "DECRETO DISPONIENDO QUE DON JOSÉ BERNARDO DE TAGLE CONTINUE COMO JEFE SUPREMO POLÍTICO Y MILITAR DEL PERÚ" (PDF). Congress of Peru. 7 August 1823.
- ^ "Nombramiento del Gran Mariscal José Bernardo de Tagle como Presidente de la República del Perú, 16 agosto de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ "Se nombra Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal José Bernardo Tagle y Portocarrero, 18 noviembre de 1823" (PDF).
- ^ Castañeda Jiménez. "Manuel José de Salazar y Baquijano" (PDF). Congress of the Republic of Peru. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
El Congreso aprobó tal designación el 18 de noviembre de 1823 y estableció que su mandato fuese de cuatro años. Nombró igualmente, el mismo día a Diego de Aliaga y Santa Cruz, hijo segundo del Conde de San Juan de Lurigancho, como vicepresidente de la República.
- ^ "Decreto disponiendo que el Libertador Simón Bolívar asuma la suprema autoridad política y militar de la república, quedando en suspenso la del presidente y en receso el Congreso" (PDF). 17 February 1824.
- ^ "Decreto mandando cumplir la ley que lo nombra Presidente de la República y vicepresidente a Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano, 10 de junio de 1827" (PDF).
- ^ "LEY PROCLAMADO PRESIDENTE DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GRAN MARISCAL AGUSTÍN GAMARRA, 19 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1829". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 68. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Ley nombrándo Presidente Provisional de la República al Gran Mariscal Luis José de Orbegoso, 20 de diciembre de 1833" (PDF).
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú. Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando de la República, Gral. Felipe Santiago Salaverry del Solar, 25 de febrero de 1835" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 130. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ * Proclaimed (Open cabildo): 24 August 1838
- De facto effective after victory in the Battle of Yungay: 20 January 1839
- ^ a b "Ley nombrándolo Presidente Provisorio al General Agustín Gamarra, 15 de agosto de 1839" (PDF).
- ^ "Acuerdo del Cabildo abierto encargando al Mariscal Agustín Gamarra el Poder Ejecutivo el 24 de agosto de 1838".
- ^ "Ley proclamándolo Presidente Constitucional de la República al Gran Mariscal Agustín Gamarra, 11 de julio de 1840" (PDF).
- ^ a b Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 82º.- Cuando vacare la Presidencia de la República por muerte, pacto atentatorio, renuncia o perpétua imposibilidad física o moral, se encargará provisionalmente del Poder Ejecutivo el Presidente del Consejo de Estado, quien en estos casos convocará a los Colegios Electorales dentro de los primeros diez días de su Gobierno para la elección del Presidente.
- ^ Congress of the Republic of Peru (10 November 1839). "Constitución del Perú (1839)".
Art. 101º.- Para reemplazar al Presidente del Consejo en cualquiera ocurrencia, hará sus veces el Vicepresidente que también nombrará el Congreso, y asimismo un tercero para los casos
- ^ "PROCLAMA AL PERÚ DEL VICEPRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, ENCARGADO DEL PODER EJECUTIVO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL FRANCISCO VIDAL, EL 29 DE OCTUBRE DE 1842". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO DISOLVIENDO LA JUNTA SUPREMA DE GOBIERNO PROVISORIO Y RESIGNANDO LA AUTORIDAD EN EL PRESIDENTE DEL CONSEJO DE ESTADO, 10 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1844". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 222. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "LEY PROCLAMANDO PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL RAMÓN CASTILLA, 19 DE ABRIL DE 1845". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Juramento del Presidente de la República" (PDF).
- ^ "Ley 2 abril 1851 proclamando Presidente de la República al general Echenique" (PDF).
- ^ "PROCLAMA DEL LIBERTADOR RAMÓN CASTILLA, A LOS PUEBLOS DEL PERÚ, EL 6 DE ENERO DE 1855". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Proclamando Presidente de la República al Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla" (PDF).
- ^ "DECRETO ASUMIENDO EL MANDO, BAJO LA DENOMINACIÓN DE JEFE SUPREMO PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, EL CORONEL MARIANO IGNACIO PRADO, 28 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1865". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Decreto asumiendo el mando, bajo la denominación de Jefe Supremo Provisorio de la República, 28 de" (PDF).
- ^ "Ley que lo proclama Presidente de la República el 29 de agosto de 1867" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Basadre, Jorge (2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 102. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Ley 1 de agosto Proclamando Presidente Constitucional de la República al ciudadano Don Jose Balta" (PDF).
- ^ "LEY QUE PROCLAMA PRESIDENTE CONSTITUCIONAL DE LA REPÚBLICA A MANUEL PARDO Y LAVALLE, 1 DE AGOSTO DE 1872". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "Ley 1 de agosto de 1876 eligiendo y proclamando Presidente Constitucional a Mariano Ignacio Prado" (PDF).
- ^ "CABILDO ABIERTO ENCARGA LA SUPREMA MAGISTRATURA DE LA NACIÓN A NICOLÁS DE PIÉROLA LIMA, 23 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1879". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b c d Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 208. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "LEY ELIGIENDO PRESIDENTE REGENERADOR DE LA REPÚBLICA AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS, CAJAMARCA, 30 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1882". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "DECRETO EMITIENDO UN VOTO DE APLAUSO AL GENERAL D. MIGUEL IGLESIAS Y NOMBRÁNDOLO PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, 1 DE MARZO DE 1884". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ "RENUNCIA DEL PRESIDENTE PROVISORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA, GENERAL MIGUEL IGLESIAS, 3 DE DICIEMBRE DE 1885". www.congreso.gob.pe.
- ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 200. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 66. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 186. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ "Proclama del coronel don Oscar Benavides, quien se ha hecho cargo del mando supremo de la República" (PDF).
- ^ a b Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 284. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 25. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 30. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 31. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 34. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 110. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 111. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 140. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 144. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 147. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 149. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 176. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 180. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 190. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 213. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 214. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ Basadre, Jorge (4 December 2014). Historia de la República del Perú (in Spanish). Producciones Cantabria S.A.C. p. 225. ISBN 978-612-306-353-5.
- ^ • Llosa, Mario Vargas (27 March 1994). "Ideas & Trends: In His Words; Unmasking the Killers in Peru Won't Bring Democracy Back to Life". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
The coup of April 5, 1992, carried out by high-ranking military felons who used the President of the Republic himself as their figurehead, had as one of its stated objectives a guaranteed free hand for the armed forces in the anti-subversion campaign, the same armed forces for whom the democratic system – a critical Congress, an independent judiciary, a free press – constituted an intolerable obstacle.
- "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
Lester: Though few questioned it , Montesinos was a novel choice. Peru's army had banished him for selling secrets to America's CIA, but he'd prospered as a defence lawyer – for accused drug traffickers. ... Lester: Did Fujmori control Montesinos or did Montesinos control Fujimori? ... Shifter: As information comes out, it seems increasingly clear that Montesinos was the power in Peru.
- Keller, Paul (26 October 2000). "Fujimori in OAS talks PERU CRISIS UNCERTAINTY DEEPENS AFTER RETURN OF EX-SPY CHIEF". Financial Times.
Mr Montesinos ... and his military faction, ... for the moment, has chosen to keep Mr Fujimori as its civilian figurehead
- "THE CRISIS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE IN THE ANDES" (PDF). Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
Alberto Fujimori,... as later events would seem to confirm—merely the figurehead of a regime governed for all practical purposes by the Intelligence Service and the leadership of the armed forces
- "Questions And Answers: Mario Vargas Llosa". Newsweek. 9 January 2001. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
Fujimori became a kind of, well, a figurehead
- "Spymaster". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. August 2002. Retrieved 29 March 2023.
- ^ "Who is Controlling Whom?" (PDF). United States Army Intelligence and Threat Analysis Center. 23 October 1990.
- ^ a b "¿San Román, presidente? – perupolitico.com". www.perupolitico.com. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
- ^ "MÁXIMO SAN ROMÁN CÁCERES" (PDF).
- ^ "Aráoz jura como presidenta encargada de Perú ante una facción del Congreso". www.paginasiete.bo (in Spanish).
- ^ "Mercedes Aráoz a la BBC: "Tenemos que solucionar esto con las instituciones, de otra forma será como un golpe de Estado"". 2 October 2019.
{{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires|magazine=(help) - ^ "Disolución del Congreso en Perú: quién es Mercedes Aráoz, que renunció tras ser nombrada "presidenta en funciones" por el Parlamento peruano para sustituir a Vizcarra". 2 October 2019.
{{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires|magazine=(help)