Hakka Americans (客家美國人 or 客裔美國人[1]), also called American Hakka,[2] are Han people in the United States of Hakka origin, mostly from present-day Guangdong , Fujian, and Taiwan. Many Hakka Americans have connections to Hakka diaspora in Jamaica, the Caribbean, South East Asia, Latin America, and South America. The Han characters for Hakka (客家) literally mean "guest families". Unlike other Han ethnic groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakkas usually identify with people who speak the Hakka language or share at least some Hakka ancestry.[3] The earliest Hakka immigrants to what is now the United States mostly went to Hawaii, starting when the Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent sovereign state. After the lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the passage of the Magnuson Act in 1943, the Hakka began to come to the US from Taiwan and to a lesser extent Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, Jamaica and the Caribbean.
The first wave of Taiwanese migration to the United States involved mostly post-World War II immigrants from the area now ruled by China (Waishengren), most of whom were not Hakka. Later, the other Taiwanese people, whose ancestors arrived in Taiwan before 1945, including many Hakkas, started immigrating in larger numbers after the 1960s.[4]
It is estimated that there are currently over 20,000 Taiwanese Hakka in the United States.[5]
Some Hakka Americans came from Meizhou (also called Kaying or Jiaying), Guangdong, China, or otherwise have ancestral roots in that area.[2]
A small number of Hakka came to the continental US before the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. Some Hakka also went to Hawaii, where they consisted a significant minority of the population.
During the 1960s and 1970s, substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada occurred.[6][7] Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka; they have a long history in Jamaica. Between 1854 and 1884, nearly 5000 Hakkas arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages, with some of them subsequently going to the United States. Many of these people also have African ancestry.[8]
A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii, and even fewer to the Continental US, were Hakka, and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over.[9] In the first half of the 1800s, around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka, while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka.[10] There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants.[11] In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations.[12] The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor.
Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen lived in Hawaii for several years during his youth.
OrganizationsEdit
Many organizations have been formed to promote Hakka culture in the US. One group is the New England Hakka Association, which reminds its members not to forget their roots. One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called "Searching for My Hakka Roots".[13] Another group is the Hakka Association of New York, which aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of New York City.[14] In the mid 1970s, the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco (San Francisco Jiaying Association[2]) was founded by Tu Chung. The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members. The most prominent association in Hawaii is the Tsung Tsin Association (崇正會), which was founded in Honolulu in 1918 under the name Nin Fo Fui Kon (人和會館).[15] It provides scholarships to US citizens in Hawaii that are preferably of Hakka background and/or interested in the Hakka culture.[16]
LanguagesEdit
The American Community Survey reported that 1,350 people in the United States speak Hakka at home.[17] The actual number may be much higher because some respondents just filled out their response as "Chinese". Some Hakka Americans speak Mandarin Chinese or Cantonese instead.
Anya Ayoung-Chee (born 1981), Trinidadian fashion designer, model and television host
Lisa Biagiotti (born 1979), filmmaker and journalist based in Los Angeles
Shu-Park Chan (1929–2013), Chinese-born electrical engineer who served for many years as a professor at Santa Clara University and went on to found International Technological University and serve as its first president
Steven N. S. Cheung (born 1935), Hong-Kong-born American economist who specializes in the fields of transaction costs and property rights
Liao Zhongkai (1877–1925), American-born, a Kuomintang leader, financier and assassination victim
Cho-Liang Lin (林昭亮, born 1960), Taiwanese American violinist who is renowned for his appearances as a soloist with major orchestras
Dyana Liu (born 1981), Taiwanese-born American actress
Patrick Soon-Shiong (黄馨祥, born 1952), South African surgeon, medical researcher, businessman, philanthropist, and professor at University of California at Los Angeles
Sun Fo Sun Fo or Sun Ke (孫科 1891–1973), courtesy name Zhesheng (哲生), high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China and the son of Sun Yat-sen, with his first wife Lu Muzhen.
Nora Sun (孫穗芬, 1937–2011), Chinese American diplomat, businesswoman, and granddaughter of Sun Yat-sen
Ching W. Tang (鄧青雲, born 1947), Hong Kong-born American physical chemist
Paul Tseng (1959–2009), Taiwanese-born American and Canadian applied mathematician and a professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Washington
Joanna Wang (王若琳), Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter, daughter of renowned music producer Wang Zhi-ping (王治平)
Lianxing Wen (温联星) (born 1968), Chinese seismologist, geodynamicist and planetary scientist
Shing-Tung Yau (丘成桐; born 1949), Chinese-born American mathematician. He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982
Yiaway Yeh (葉亞威, born 1978), former city councilmember and mayor of Palo Alto, California
Amos Yong (born 1965), Asian American Pentecostal theologian
Katherine Young (1901–2005), American centenarian and alleged oldest internet user
Gene Yu (余靖), United States Military Academy graduate, former U.S. Army Special Forces officer and author, nephew of Ma Ying-jeou
Patsy Yuen (born 1952), Jamaican costume designer and beauty queen
^McDermott, John F.; Tseng, Wen-Shing; Maretzki, Thomas W. (1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. ISBN9780824807061.[page needed]
^Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America, Paul R. Spickard[page needed]
^Kiang, Clyde. THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND.[page needed]
^Ying Han Brach (20 January 2013). "Searching For My Hakka Roots". Myhakka. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
^. hakkany.com. Archived from the original on August 1, 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^Lu, Ping-Fang (2015). 美國夏威夷檀香山臺灣客家移民社群之建構 [The Construction of Taiwanese Hakka Community in Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.] (Doctor). Department of History, National Chung Hsing University.
^"Tsung Tsin Association". Retrieved 19 August 2016.
^"How many people speak what languages in the United States?". names.mongabay.com. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
^Duggan, Tara (7 November 2012). "Hakka Restaurant has affordable quality". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^Amanda Gold (12 October 2012). "The Hakka Cookbook: Chinese soul food". sfgate.com. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^Mark Bittman (19 May 2013). "The Nomad's Kitchen". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^Jennifer Bain (6 July 2012). "Hakka cookbook explores the cuisine of China's nomads - Toronto Star". thestar.com. Toronto Star. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Leo, Jessieca (2015). Global Hakka: Hakka Identity in the Remaking. Brill.
October 20, 2023
hakka, americans, 客家美國人, 客裔美國人, also, called, american, hakka, people, united, states, hakka, origin, mostly, from, present, guangdong, fujian, taiwan, many, have, connections, hakka, diaspora, jamaica, caribbean, south, east, asia, latin, america, south, amer. Hakka Americans 客家美國人 or 客裔美國人 1 also called American Hakka 2 are Han people in the United States of Hakka origin mostly from present day Guangdong Fujian and Taiwan Many Hakka Americans have connections to Hakka diaspora in Jamaica the Caribbean South East Asia Latin America and South America The Han characters for Hakka 客家 literally mean guest families Unlike other Han ethnic groups the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region e g a province county or city The Hakkas usually identify with people who speak the Hakka language or share at least some Hakka ancestry 3 The earliest Hakka immigrants to what is now the United States mostly went to Hawaii starting when the Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent sovereign state After the lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the passage of the Magnuson Act in 1943 the Hakka began to come to the US from Taiwan and to a lesser extent Hong Kong Southeast Asia Jamaica and the Caribbean Hakka Americans客家美國人 hak ka mi koet nginTotal population20 000 Taiwan Regions with significant populationsCalifornia Hawaii New York City FloridaLanguagesAmerican English Mandarin Hakka Cantonese African American Vernacular English Jamaican EnglishRelated ethnic groupsChinese Americans Asian Americans Taiwanese American Contents 1 Countries of Origin 1 1 Taiwan 1 2 Mainland China 1 3 Jamaica 2 Distribution in the US 2 1 Hawaii 3 Organizations 4 Languages 5 Cuisine 6 Notable people 7 References 8 BibliographyCountries of Origin EditTaiwan Edit See also Taiwanese Americans The first wave of Taiwanese migration to the United States involved mostly post World War II immigrants from the area now ruled by China Waishengren most of whom were not Hakka Later the other Taiwanese people whose ancestors arrived in Taiwan before 1945 including many Hakkas started immigrating in larger numbers after the 1960s 4 It is estimated that there are currently over 20 000 Taiwanese Hakka in the United States 5 Mainland China Edit See also Chinese Americans Some Hakka Americans came from Meizhou also called Kaying or Jiaying Guangdong China or otherwise have ancestral roots in that area 2 A small number of Hakka came to the continental US before the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Some Hakka also went to Hawaii where they consisted a significant minority of the population Jamaica Edit Further information Jamaican Americans During the 1960s and 1970s substantial migration of Jamaican Hakkas to the US and Canada occurred 6 7 Most Chinese Jamaicans are Hakka they have a long history in Jamaica Between 1854 and 1884 nearly 5000 Hakkas arrived in Jamaica in three major voyages with some of them subsequently going to the United States Many of these people also have African ancestry 8 Distribution in the US EditHawaii Edit See also Chinese immigration to Hawaii A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii and even fewer to the Continental US were Hakka and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over 9 In the first half of the 1800s around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka 10 There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants 11 In the middle of the 19th century Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations 12 The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor Chinese revolutionary leader Sun Yat sen lived in Hawaii for several years during his youth Organizations EditMany organizations have been formed to promote Hakka culture in the US One group is the New England Hakka Association which reminds its members not to forget their roots One example is a blog by Ying Han Brach called Searching for My Hakka Roots 13 Another group is the Hakka Association of New York which aims to promote Hakka culture across the five boroughs of New York City 14 In the mid 1970s the Hakka Benevolent Association in San Francisco San Francisco Jiaying Association 2 was founded by Tu Chung The association has strong ties with the San Francisco community and offers scholarships to their young members The most prominent association in Hawaii is the Tsung Tsin Association 崇正會 which was founded in Honolulu in 1918 under the name Nin Fo Fui Kon 人和會館 15 It provides scholarships to US citizens in Hawaii that are preferably of Hakka background and or interested in the Hakka culture 16 Languages EditThe American Community Survey reported that 1 350 people in the United States speak Hakka at home 17 The actual number may be much higher because some respondents just filled out their response as Chinese Some Hakka Americans speak Mandarin Chinese or Cantonese instead Cuisine EditThere are some restaurants in the U S serving Hakka cuisine 18 American food writer Linda Lau Anusasananan wrote a popular Hakka cookbook simply titled The Hakka Cookbook University of California Press 2014 19 20 21 Notable people EditAnya Ayoung Chee born 1981 Trinidadian fashion designer model and television host Lisa Biagiotti born 1979 filmmaker and journalist based in Los Angeles Shu Park Chan 1929 2013 Chinese born electrical engineer who served for many years as a professor at Santa Clara University and went on to found International Technological University and serve as its first president Steven N S Cheung born 1935 Hong Kong born American economist who specializes in the fields of transaction costs and property rights Clive Chin born 1954 Jamaican record producer Dennis Chin 1937 2003 soccer player Shawn Chin born 1989 soccer player Vincent Randy Chin 1937 2003 Jamaican record producer and label owner who ran the Randy s shop David Chiu 邱信福 born 1970 American politician currently serving in the California State Assembly Ting Chao Chou 周廷潮 born 1938 Hakka American theoretical biologist pharmacologist cancer researcher and inventor Lesley Ma born 1980 Ma Wei chung 馬唯中 younger daughter of Republic of China Taiwan President Ma Ying jeou Mark Chung born 1970 soccer player Supa Dups born Dwayne Chin Quee Jamaican record producer a drummer and selector based in Miami Florida Goo Kim Fui 1835 1908 merchant community leader and philanthropist in Hawaii Kong Tai Heong 1875 1951 first female Hakka doctor in Hawaii 22 MC Jin born 1982 born Jin Au Yeung Hong Kong American rapper songwriter Paula Williams Madison born 1953 American journalist writer businessperson and executive Carolyn Lei Lanilau born 1946 American poet and academic Li Tiejun 1904 2002 Kuomintang general Liao Zhongkai 1877 1925 American born a Kuomintang leader financier and assassination victim Cho Liang Lin 林昭亮 born 1960 Taiwanese American violinist who is renowned for his appearances as a soloist with major orchestras Dyana Liu born 1981 Taiwanese born American actress Patrick Soon Shiong 黄馨祥 born 1952 South African surgeon medical researcher businessman philanthropist and professor at University of California at Los Angeles Sun Fo Sun Fo or Sun Ke 孫科 1891 1973 courtesy name Zhesheng 哲生 high ranking official in the government of the Republic of China and the son of Sun Yat sen with his first wife Lu Muzhen Nora Sun 孫穗芬 1937 2011 Chinese American diplomat businesswoman and granddaughter of Sun Yat sen Ching W Tang 鄧青雲 born 1947 Hong Kong born American physical chemist Paul Tseng 1959 2009 Taiwanese born American and Canadian applied mathematician and a professor at the Department of Mathematics at the University of Washington Joanna Wang 王若琳 Taiwanese American singer songwriter daughter of renowned music producer Wang Zhi ping 王治平 Lianxing Wen 温联星 born 1968 Chinese seismologist geodynamicist and planetary scientist Shing Tung Yau 丘成桐 born 1949 Chinese born American mathematician He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1982 Yiaway Yeh 葉亞威 born 1978 former city councilmember and mayor of Palo Alto California Amos Yong born 1965 Asian American Pentecostal theologian Katherine Young 1901 2005 American centenarian and alleged oldest internet user Gene Yu 余靖 United States Military Academy graduate former U S Army Special Forces officer and author nephew of Ma Ying jeou Patsy Yuen born 1952 Jamaican costume designer and beauty queen Kane KosugiReferences Edit 海外客家文化繼承的課題 訪美有感 Hakka Affairs Council Taiwan Retrieved 10 August 2016 a b c American and French Hakka Returned to Hometown for Investigation Mezhou Government Guangdong China Archived from the original on 21 August 2016 Retrieved 11 Aug 2016 A Small Chinese Minority Group Finds a Home in DC Asian Fortune asianfortunenews com 18 October 2014 Retrieved 31 July 2016 Lai Him Mark Becoming Chinese American A History of Communities and Institutions p 243 Lai Him Mark Becoming Chinese American A History of Communities and Institutions p 245 Hakka Chinese Jamaican History Archived May 12 2013 at the Wayback Machine Global Hakka p 196 Global Hakka p 166 McDermott John F Tseng Wen Shing Maretzki Thomas W 1980 People and Cultures of Hawaii A Psychocultural Profile ISBN 9780824807061 page needed Carney Smith Jessie 1983 Ethnic Genealogy A Research Guide ISBN 9780313225932 page needed Mixed Blood Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth century America Paul R Spickard page needed Kiang Clyde THE HAKKA ODYSSEY amp THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND page needed Ying Han Brach 20 January 2013 Searching For My Hakka Roots Myhakka Retrieved 15 January 2015 Hakka Hakka Cultural Customs Hakka Heritages Hakka Association of NY inc New York Ny hakkany com Archived from the original on August 1 2015 Retrieved 31 July 2016 Lu Ping Fang 2015 美國夏威夷檀香山臺灣客家移民社群之建構 The Construction of Taiwanese Hakka Community in Honolulu Hawaii U S A Doctor Department of History National Chung Hsing University Tsung Tsin Association Retrieved 19 August 2016 How many people speak what languages in the United States names mongabay com Retrieved 31 July 2016 Duggan Tara 7 November 2012 Hakka Restaurant has affordable quality sfgate com San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 6 September 2016 Amanda Gold 12 October 2012 The Hakka Cookbook Chinese soul food sfgate com San Francisco Chronicle Retrieved 6 September 2016 Mark Bittman 19 May 2013 The Nomad s Kitchen The New York Times Retrieved 6 September 2016 Jennifer Bain 6 July 2012 Hakka cookbook explores the cuisine of China s nomads Toronto Star thestar com Toronto Star Retrieved 6 September 2016 中國婦女傳記詞典Bibliography EditLeo Jessieca 2015 Global Hakka Hakka Identity in the Remaking Brill Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hakka Americans amp oldid 1179196979 Notable people, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
