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Chinese immigration to Hawaii

January 06, 2023

The Chinese in Hawaiʻi constitute about 4.7% of the state's population, most of whom (75%) are Cantonese people with ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong. This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent. If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaiʻi (including the Chinese-Hawaiians) are included, they form about 1/3 of Hawaii's entire population. As United States citizens, they are a group of Chinese Americans. A minority of this group have Hakka ancestry.

Pākē
Total population
198,711 (2010) [1]
Languages
Cantonese, English, Hawaiian, Hakka
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Protestantism
Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
Related ethnic groups
Hakka Americans, Cantonese people

History

Historical records indicated that the earliest presence of Chinese in Hawaii dates back to the late 18th century: a few sailors in 1778 with Captain Cook's journey, more in 1788 with John Meares, and some in 1789 with American trader Simon Metcalfe, who reached Maui from Macao.[2] Visiting the Sandwich Islands in 1794, Captain George Vancouver reported seeing one Chinese resident.[3]

 
Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893.

Encouraged by King Kamehameha I, Hawaii exported sandalwood to China from 1792 to around 1843.[3] As a result, Chinese people dubbed the Hawaiian Islands "Tan Heung Shan", roughly "Fragrant Sandalwood Hills" in Cantonese.[4][5] Between 1852 and 1899, around 46,000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii.[6] In 1900, the Chinese population in Hawaii was 25,767.[7] More of these migrants were from Fukien and spoke Fukienese rather than Cantonese. An American missionary observing Maui in 1856 found that the primarily Cantonese shopkeepers and Fukienese laborers communicated in the Hawaiian language.[8]

Although many came as laborers for sugar plantations in Hawaii, they concentrated on getting education for their children. When their contracts expired, many decided to remain in Hawaii and opened businesses in areas such as Chinatown. By 1950 most Chinese American men in Hawaii were educated and held good jobs. Today 95% of Chinese Americans in Hawaii live in Honolulu.

A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii, and even fewer to the Continental US, were Hakka, and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over.[9] In the first half of the 1800s, around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka, while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka.[10] The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor.

The majority of marriages between Chinese men and European women in Hawaii were between Cantonese men and Portuguese women.[11][12][13] Portuguese and other European women married Chinese men.[14][15] These unions between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese-Portuguese parentage, called Cantonese-Portuguese. For two years to June 30, 1933, 38 of these children were born, they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese.[16] A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European, Chinese men married Portuguese, Spanish, Hawaiian, Caucasian-Hawaiian, etc.[17][18][19][20] Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman.[21][22] Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek, and half-white women.[23][24] There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants.[25] In the middle of the 19th century, Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations.[26]

Religion

Prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Hawaii, the early Chinese settlers were adherents of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism. Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems.

Today, due to the work of Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century, many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity. Still, about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain. The minority who adhere to traditional Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually. However, no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available.

List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi

 
Hapa-pake (Chinese-Hawaiian) boy, 1909

See also

References

  1. ^ U.S. Census Bureau: QT-P8: Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories: 2010
  2. ^ Nordyke & Lee 1989, pp. 196–197.
  3. ^ a b Nordyke & Lee 1989, p. 197.
  4. ^ Takaki 1998, p. 31.
  5. ^ Glick 1980, p. 2.
  6. ^ Glick 1980, p. 18.
  7. ^ Takaki 1998, p. 38.
  8. ^ Glick 1980, p. 8.
  9. ^ McDermott, John F.; Tseng, Wen-Shing; Maretzki, Thomas W. (1980). People and Cultures of Hawaii: A Psychocultural Profile. ISBN 9780824807061.
  10. ^ Carney Smith, Jessie (1983). Ethnic Genealogy: A Research Guide. ISBN 9780313225932.
  11. ^ Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  12. ^ Margaret M. Schwertfeger (1982). "Interethnic Marriage and Divorce in Hawaii A Panel Study of 1968 First Marriages". Marriage & Family Review. Kessinger Publishing. 5: 49–59. doi:10.1300/J002v05n01_05.
  13. ^ 403 Forbidden
  14. ^ David Anthony Chiriboga, Linda S. Catron (1991). Divorce: crisis, challenge, or relief?. NYU Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-8147-1450-8. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  15. ^ Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Psychology Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  16. ^ Romanzo Adams (2005). Interracial Marriage in Hawaii. Kessinger Publishing. p. 396. ISBN 978-1-4179-9268-3. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  17. ^ United States Bureau of Education (1921). Bulletin, Issues 13-18. U.S. G.P.O. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  18. ^ United States. Office of Education (1920). Bulletin, Issue 16. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education. p. 27. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  19. ^ American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology (1920). American journal of physical anthropology, Volume 3. A. R. Liss. p. 492. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  20. ^ Gary A. Cretser, Joseph J. Leon (1982). Intermarriage in the United States, Volume 5. Routledge. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-917724-60-2. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  21. ^ American Genetic Association (1919). The Journal of heredity, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14. chinese marry portuguese.
  22. ^ American Genetic Association (1919). J hered, Volume 10. American Genetic Association. p. 42. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  23. ^ Alfred Emanuel Smith (1905). New Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Publishing Company, Inc. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14. Intermarriages also took place between Chinese men and Porto Rican, Portuguese, Japanese, Greek women.
  24. ^ The Outlook, Volume 81. Outlook Co. 1905. p. 988. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  25. ^ Mixed Blood: Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth-century America, Paul R. Spickard
  26. ^ Kiang, Clyde. THE HAKKA ODYSSEY & THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND.

Further reading

  • Char, Tin-Yuke (1975). The Sandalwood Mountains: Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0305-6. OCLC 1091892.
  • Char, Tin-Yuke (1980). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. OCLC 6831849.
  • Char, Tin-Yuke; Char, Wai Jane (1983). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii. Honolulu: Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0863-1. OCLC 255259005.
  • Char, Wai-Jane (1974). "Chinese Merchant-Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii: 1802–1852: General Background" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 8: 3–10. hdl:10524/132. OCLC 60626541.
  • Char, Wai J.; Char, Tin-Uke (1988). Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu. Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center. ISBN 978-0-8248-1113-6. OCLC 17299656.
  • Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5.
  • Glick, Clarence E. (1980). Sojourners and Settlers: Chinese Migrants in Hawaii (PDF). Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii. doi:10.2307/2067711. hdl:10125/45047. ISBN 978-0-8248-0707-8. JSTOR 2067711. OCLC 6222806. S2CID 146280723.
  • McKeown, Adam (2001). Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change: Peru, Chicago, and Hawaii 1900–1936. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-56024-3. OCLC 248159623.
  • Nordyke, Eleanor C.; Lee, Richard K.C. (1989). "The Chinese in Hawai'i: A Historical and Demographic Perspective" (PDF). The Hawaiian Journal of History. 23: 196–216. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
  • Takaki, Ronald (1998) [1989]. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans (2nd ed.). New York: Back Bay Books. ISBN 978-0-316-83130-7. OCLC 1074009567.
  • Young, Nancy Foon (1973). The Chinese in Hawaii: An Annotated Bibliography (PDF). Hawaii Series No. 4. Honolulu: Social Science Research Institute, University of Hawaii. hdl:10125/42156. ISBN 978-0-8248-0265-3. OCLC 858604.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese diaspora in Hawaii.
  • Chinese of Hawaii (1929 directory, 2 volumes, full text online)
  • Chinese Societies in Hawaii (2008–2009, 86 society descriptions, full text online)
  • First Chinese Church of Hawaii
  • List of Chinese-Hawaiian surnames
  • Miss Chinatown Hawaii

January 06, 2023
chinese, immigration, hawaii, chinese, hawaiʻi, constitute, about, state, population, most, whom, cantonese, people, with, ancestors, from, zhongshan, guangdong, this, number, does, include, people, mixed, chinese, hawaiian, descent, people, with, chinese, anc. The Chinese in Hawaiʻi constitute about 4 7 of the state s population most of whom 75 are Cantonese people with ancestors from Zhongshan in Guangdong This number does not include people of mixed Chinese and Hawaiian descent If all people with Chinese ancestry in Hawaiʻi including the Chinese Hawaiians are included they form about 1 3 of Hawaii s entire population As United States citizens they are a group of Chinese Americans A minority of this group have Hakka ancestry PakeTotal population198 711 2010 1 LanguagesCantonese English Hawaiian HakkaReligionRoman Catholicism Protestantism Buddhism Confucianism TaoismRelated ethnic groupsHakka Americans Cantonese people Contents 1 History 2 Religion 3 List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory EditHistorical records indicated that the earliest presence of Chinese in Hawaii dates back to the late 18th century a few sailors in 1778 with Captain Cook s journey more in 1788 with John Meares and some in 1789 with American trader Simon Metcalfe who reached Maui from Macao 2 Visiting the Sandwich Islands in 1794 Captain George Vancouver reported seeing one Chinese resident 3 Chinese immigrant family living in Honolulu in 1893 Encouraged by King Kamehameha I Hawaii exported sandalwood to China from 1792 to around 1843 3 As a result Chinese people dubbed the Hawaiian Islands Tan Heung Shan roughly Fragrant Sandalwood Hills in Cantonese 4 5 Between 1852 and 1899 around 46 000 Chinese immigrated to Hawaii 6 In 1900 the Chinese population in Hawaii was 25 767 7 More of these migrants were from Fukien and spoke Fukienese rather than Cantonese An American missionary observing Maui in 1856 found that the primarily Cantonese shopkeepers and Fukienese laborers communicated in the Hawaiian language 8 Although many came as laborers for sugar plantations in Hawaii they concentrated on getting education for their children When their contracts expired many decided to remain in Hawaii and opened businesses in areas such as Chinatown By 1950 most Chinese American men in Hawaii were educated and held good jobs Today 95 of Chinese Americans in Hawaii live in Honolulu A significant minority of early Chinese immigrants to Hawaii and even fewer to the Continental US were Hakka and much of the animosity between the Hakka and Punti Cantonese people carried over 9 In the first half of the 1800s around 30 percent of Chinese in Hawaii were of Hakka while only about 3 percent in the West Coast were Hakka 10 The largest surge of immigration in that century occurred after an 1876 treaty between the US and Kingdom of Hawaii led to an increased need for labor The majority of marriages between Chinese men and European women in Hawaii were between Cantonese men and Portuguese women 11 12 13 Portuguese and other European women married Chinese men 14 15 These unions between Cantonese men and Portuguese women resulted in children of mixed Cantonese Portuguese parentage called Cantonese Portuguese For two years to June 30 1933 38 of these children were born they were classified as pure Chinese because their fathers were Chinese 16 A large amount of mingling took place between Chinese and European Chinese men married Portuguese Spanish Hawaiian Caucasian Hawaiian etc 17 18 19 20 Only one Chinese man was recorded marrying an American woman 21 22 Chinese men in Hawaii also married Puerto Rican Portuguese Japanese Greek and half white women 23 24 There was a communal ban on intermarriages between the two groups for the first generation of migrants 25 In the middle of the 19th century Hakka immigrants in America were excluded from membership in the Chinese organizations 26 Religion EditPrior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Hawaii the early Chinese settlers were adherents of Buddhism Taoism and Confucianism Some even blended aspects of native Hawaiian beliefs into their own belief systems Today due to the work of Christian missionaries in the late 19th century and the 20th century many of the Chinese in Hawaii are adherents of Protestant and Roman Catholic Christianity Still about 100 Buddhist and ancestral temples remain The minority who adhere to traditional Chinese religions pay pilgrimage to their ancestors annually However no accurate statistics of adherents within the Chinese community in Hawaiʻi are available List of notable Chinese people from Hawaiʻi Edit Hapa pake Chinese Hawaiian boy 1909 Chun Afong Daniel K Akaka Joseph Apukai Akina Chang Apana Brian Ching Madison Chock Norm Chow William K S Chow Sam Choy Kam Fong Chun Gordon Pai ea Chung Hoon Auliʻi Cravalho Hiram L Fong Clayton Hee Don Ho Hoku Ho Kelly Hu Jason Scott Lee Richard Loo Tai Sing Loo Agnes Lum Carissa Moore William S Richardson Logan Tom Hinaleimoana Wong KaluSee also Edit China portal Hawaii portal Taiwan portalFilipinos in Hawaii Japanese in Hawaii Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii Korean immigration to Hawaii Chinese immigration to Puerto RicoReferences Edit U S Census Bureau QT P8 Race Reporting for the Asian Population by Selected Categories 2010 Nordyke amp Lee 1989 pp 196 197 a b Nordyke amp Lee 1989 p 197 Takaki 1998 p 31 Glick 1980 p 2 Glick 1980 p 18 Takaki 1998 p 38 Glick 1980 p 8 McDermott John F Tseng Wen Shing Maretzki Thomas W 1980 People and Cultures of Hawaii A Psychocultural Profile ISBN 9780824807061 Carney Smith Jessie 1983 Ethnic Genealogy A Research Guide ISBN 9780313225932 Romanzo Adams 2005 Interracial Marriage in Hawaii Kessinger Publishing p 396 ISBN 978 1 4179 9268 3 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Margaret M Schwertfeger 1982 Interethnic Marriage and Divorce in Hawaii A Panel Study of 1968 First Marriages Marriage amp Family Review Kessinger Publishing 5 49 59 doi 10 1300 J002v05n01 05 403 Forbidden David Anthony Chiriboga Linda S Catron 1991 Divorce crisis challenge or relief NYU Press p 254 ISBN 978 0 8147 1450 8 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Gary A Cretser Joseph J Leon 1982 Intermarriage in the United States Volume 5 Psychology Press p 58 ISBN 978 0 917724 60 2 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Romanzo Adams 2005 Interracial Marriage in Hawaii Kessinger Publishing p 396 ISBN 978 1 4179 9268 3 Retrieved 2010 07 14 United States Bureau of Education 1921 Bulletin Issues 13 18 U S G P O p 27 Retrieved 2010 07 14 United States Office of Education 1920 Bulletin Issue 16 U S Dept of Health Education and Welfare Office of Education p 27 Retrieved 2010 07 14 American Association of Physical Anthropologists Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology 1920 American journal of physical anthropology Volume 3 A R Liss p 492 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Gary A Cretser Joseph J Leon 1982 Intermarriage in the United States Volume 5 Routledge p 111 ISBN 978 0 917724 60 2 Retrieved 2010 07 14 American Genetic Association 1919 The Journal of heredity Volume 10 American Genetic Association p 42 Retrieved 2010 07 14 chinese marry portuguese American Genetic Association 1919 J hered Volume 10 American Genetic Association p 42 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Alfred Emanuel Smith 1905 New Outlook Volume 81 Outlook Publishing Company Inc p 988 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Intermarriages also took place between Chinese men and Porto Rican Portuguese Japanese Greek women The Outlook Volume 81 Outlook Co 1905 p 988 Retrieved 2010 07 14 Mixed Blood Intermarriage and Ethnic Identity in Twentieth century America Paul R Spickard Kiang Clyde THE HAKKA ODYSSEY amp THEIR TAIWAN HOMELAND Further reading EditChar Tin Yuke 1975 The Sandalwood Mountains Readings and Stories of the Early Chinese in Hawaii Honolulu University Press of Hawaii ISBN 978 0 8248 0305 6 OCLC 1091892 Char Tin Yuke 1980 Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Kauai Honolulu Hawaii Chinese History Center OCLC 6831849 Char Tin Yuke Char Wai Jane 1983 Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of the Island of Hawaii Honolulu Published for the Hawaii Chinese History Center by University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0863 1 OCLC 255259005 Char Wai Jane 1974 Chinese Merchant Adventurers and Sugar Masters in Hawaii 1802 1852 General Background PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 8 3 10 hdl 10524 132 OCLC 60626541 Char Wai J Char Tin Uke 1988 Chinese Historic Sites and Pioneer Families of Rural Oahu Honolulu Hawaii Chinese History Center ISBN 978 0 8248 1113 6 OCLC 17299656 Dye Bob 1997 Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1772 5 Glick Clarence E 1980 Sojourners and Settlers Chinese Migrants in Hawaii PDF Honolulu Hawaii Chinese History Center and University Press of Hawaii doi 10 2307 2067711 hdl 10125 45047 ISBN 978 0 8248 0707 8 JSTOR 2067711 OCLC 6222806 S2CID 146280723 McKeown Adam 2001 Chinese Migrant Networks and Cultural Change Peru Chicago and Hawaii 1900 1936 Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 56024 3 OCLC 248159623 Nordyke Eleanor C Lee Richard K C 1989 The Chinese in Hawai i A Historical and Demographic Perspective PDF The Hawaiian Journal of History 23 196 216 Retrieved July 4 2021 Takaki Ronald 1998 1989 Strangers from a Different Shore A History of Asian Americans 2nd ed New York Back Bay Books ISBN 978 0 316 83130 7 OCLC 1074009567 Young Nancy Foon 1973 The Chinese in Hawaii An Annotated Bibliography PDF Hawaii Series No 4 Honolulu Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii hdl 10125 42156 ISBN 978 0 8248 0265 3 OCLC 858604 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese diaspora in Hawaii Chinese of Hawaii 1929 directory 2 volumes full text online Chinese Societies in Hawaii 2008 2009 86 society descriptions full text online First Chinese Church of Hawaii List of Chinese Hawaiian surnames Miss Chinatown Hawaii Portals China Hawaii United States Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chinese immigration to Hawaii amp oldid 1118416099, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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