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List of Ash'aris

December 12, 2023

Ash'aris are those who adhere to Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari in his school of theology. Ashʿarism or Ashʿarī theology[1] (/æʃəˈriː/;[2] Arabic: الأشعرية: al-ʾAshʿarīyah)[3] is one of the main Sunnī schools of Islamic theology, founded by the Arab Muslim scholar, Shāfiʿī jurist, and scholastic theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī in the 9th–10th century.[1][3][4] It established an orthodox guideline[5][6] based on scriptural authority,[7] rationality.[8][9][10]

Al-Ashʿarī established a middle way between the doctrines of the Atharī and Muʿtazila schools of Islamic theology, based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God.[1][4][7] Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunnī Islam,[3][4][11] and is regarded as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the history of Islam.[3]

Two popular sources for Asharism creeds are Maqalat al-Islamiyyin and Ibana'an Usul al-Diyana.[12] Asharism adheres to Theological voluntarism (Divine command theory), thus right and wrong can not be determined intuitively or naturally, since they are not objective realities, but God commands – as revealed in the Quran and the ḥadīth — what is right and wrong.[13] Good is what God commands and is by definition just; evil is what God forbids and is likewise unjust.[14]

Malikis edit

Shafi'is edit

Hanbalis edit

Zahiris edit

Hanafi edit

Some of the Hanafis follow the Ash'ari school of thought, such as:

Ash'ari leaders edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Part 3: Islamic Philosophy in History – Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition: Kalām, Philosophy, and Spirituality". Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. New York: SUNY Press. pp. 124–126. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. LCCN 2005023943.
  2. ^ "al-Ashʿari". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  3. ^ a b c d Javad Anvari, Mohammad (2015). "al-Ashʿarī". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica. Translated by Melvin-Koushki, Matthew. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0300. ISSN 1875-9823.
  4. ^ a b c Thiele, Jan (2016) [2014]. "Part I: Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period – Between Cordoba and Nīsābūr: The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism (Fourth–Fifth/Tenth–Eleventh Century)". In Schmidtke, Sabine (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696703.013.45. ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3. LCCN 2016935488.
  5. ^ Frank, Richard M. (January–March 1989). "Knowledge and Taqlîd: The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism". Journal of the American Oriental Society. American Oriental Society. 109 (1): 37–62. doi:10.2307/604336. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 604336. LCCN 12032032.
  6. ^ Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003) [1989]. "Ashʿarī". The New Encyclopedia of Islam (3rd Revised ed.). California and Maryland: AltaMira Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0-7591-0190-6. OCLC 1291928025.
  7. ^ a b Frank, Richard M. (2020) [2007]. "Al-Ashʿarī's conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology". In Frank, Richard M.; Gutas, Dimitri (eds.). Early Islamic Theology: The Muʿtazilites and al-Ashʿarī. Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalām. Vol. II (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 136–154. doi:10.4324/9781003110385. ISBN 978-0-86078-978-9. LCCN 2006935669. S2CID 169898034.
  8. ^ Hoover, John (2020). "Early Mamlūk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation (taʾwīl) of God's Attributes". In Shihadeh, Ayman; Thiele, Jan (eds.). Philosophical Theology in Islam: Later Ashʿarism East and West. Islamicate Intellectual History. Vol. 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 195–230. doi:10.1163/9789004426610_009. ISBN 978-90-04-42661-0. ISSN 2212-8662. LCCN 2020008682. S2CID 219026357.
  9. ^ Halverson, Jeffry R. (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam: The Muslim Brotherhood, Ash'arism, and Political Sunnism. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781137473578.
  10. ^ Weeks, Douglas. "The Ideology of Al Muhajiroun." Al Muhajiroun. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2020. 103-140.
  11. ^ Henderson, John B. (1998). "The Making of Orthodoxies". The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns. New York: SUNY Press. pp. 55–58. ISBN 978-0-7914-3760-5.
  12. ^ Richard McCarthy The theology of al-ash'ari 1953 Appendix IV
  13. ^ Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  14. ^ John L. Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978-0-199-88041-6 p. 281
  15. ^ Al-Bayhaqi (1999). Allah's Names and Attributes. Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad. Islamic Supreme Council of America. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781930409033.
  16. ^ Aaron Spevack, The Archetypal Sunni Scholar: Law, Theology, and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al-Bajuri, p 55. State University of New York Press, 1 Oct 2014. ISBN 143845371X
  17. ^ . almostaneer.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
  18. ^ (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 20 January 2018.
  19. ^ Bulliet, Richard (1970). "A quantitative approach to medieval Muslim biographical dictionaries". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 13 (1): 195–211. doi:10.1163/156852070X00123. The great Ash'ari theological school was flourishing under Abu at-Tayyib as-Su'laki (d. 398), Ibn Furak (d. 406), al-Hakim an-Naisaburi (d. 405) and Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini
  20. ^ Namira Nahouza (2018). Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists: Theology, Power and Sunni Islam. I.B. Tauris. pp. 121–122. ISBN 9781838609832.
  21. ^ Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki. . As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Shaykh al-Islam Ahmad ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani (d. 852/1449; Rahimahullah), the mentor of Hadith scholars and author of the book "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari", which not a single Islamic scholar can dispense with, was Ash'ari. The shaykh of the scholars of Sunni Islam, Imam al-Nawawi (d. 676/1277; Rahimahullah), author of "Sharh Sahih Muslim" and many other famous works, was Ash'ari. The master of Qur'anic exegetes, Imam al-Qurtubi (d. 671/1273; Rahimahullah), author of "al-Jami' li-Ahkam al-Qur'an", was Ash'ari. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami (d. 974/1567; Rahimahullah), who wrote "al-Zawajir 'an Iqtiraf al-Kaba'ir", was Ash'ari. The Shaykh of Sacred Law and Hadith, the conclusive definitive Zakariyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520; Rahimahullah), was Ash'ari. Imam Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (d. 403/1013; Rahimahullah), Imam al-'Asqalani; Imam al-Nasafi (d. 710/1310; Rahimahullah); Imam al-Shirbini (d. 977/1570; Rahimahullah); Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, author of the Qur'anic commentary "al-Bahr al-Muhit"; Imam Ibn Juzayy (d. 741/1340; Rahimahullah); author of "al-Tashil fi 'Ulum al-Tanzil"; and others – all of these were Imams of the Ash'aris.
  22. ^ . almostaneer.com (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 28 January 2021.
  23. ^ Louis Massignon (2019). The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 2: The Survival of Al-Hallaj. Translated by Herbert Mason. Princeton University Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780691657219.
  24. ^ Boyle, J.A. (January 1, 1968). The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods (Volume 5). Cambridge University Press. p. 299. Talbis Iblis, by the Ash'ari theologian Ibn al-Jauzi, contains strong attacks on the Sufis, though the author makes a distinction between an older purer Sufism and the "modern" one,
  25. ^ Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem (1994). Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. Ashish Publishing House - APH Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 9788170246237.

December 12, 2023
list, aris, aris, those, adhere, imam, hasan, school, theology, ashʿarism, ashʿarī, theology, arabic, الأشعرية, ʾashʿarīyah, main, sunnī, schools, islamic, theology, founded, arab, muslim, scholar, shāfiʿī, jurist, scholastic, theologian, abū, Ḥasan, ashʿarī, . Ash aris are those who adhere to Imam Abu al Hasan al Ash ari in his school of theology Ashʿarism or Ashʿari theology 1 ae ʃ e ˈ r iː 2 Arabic الأشعرية al ʾAshʿariyah 3 is one of the main Sunni schools of Islamic theology founded by the Arab Muslim scholar Shafiʿi jurist and scholastic theologian Abu al Ḥasan al Ashʿari in the 9th 10th century 1 3 4 It established an orthodox guideline 5 6 based on scriptural authority 7 rationality 8 9 10 Al Ashʿari established a middle way between the doctrines of the Athari and Muʿtazila schools of Islamic theology based both on reliance on the sacred scriptures of Islam and theological rationalism concerning the agency and attributes of God 1 4 7 Ashʿarism eventually became the predominant school of theological thought within Sunni Islam 3 4 11 and is regarded as the single most important school of Islamic theology in the history of Islam 3 Two popular sources for Asharism creeds are Maqalat al Islamiyyin and Ibana an Usul al Diyana 12 Asharism adheres to Theological voluntarism Divine command theory thus right and wrong can not be determined intuitively or naturally since they are not objective realities but God commands as revealed in the Quran and the ḥadith what is right and wrong 13 Good is what God commands and is by definition just evil is what God forbids and is likewise unjust 14 Contents 1 Malikis 2 Shafi is 3 Hanbalis 4 Zahiris 5 Hanafi 6 Ash ari leaders 7 ReferencesMalikis editIbn Abi Zayd al Qayrawani 15 16 d 386 AH Al Baqillani d 403 AH Abu Imran al Fasi d 430 AH Abu Dharr al Harawi d 434 AH Ibn Sidah d 458 AH Abu al Walid al Baji d 474 AH Abu Bakr al Turtushi d 520 AH Al Maziri d 536 AH Ibn Barrajan d 536 AH Abu Bakr ibn al Arabi d 543 AH Al Qadi Ayyad d 544 AH Al Suhayli d 581 AH Ibn al Qattan d 628 AH Ibn Malik d 672 AH Shihab al Din al Qarafi d 684 AH Ibn Daqiq al Id d 702 AH Ibn Ata Allah al Iskandari d 709 AH Ibn Adjurrum d 723 AH Ibn al Hajj al Abdari d 737 AH Ibn Juzayy d 741 AH Khalil ibn Ishaq al Jundi d 776 AH Abu Ishaq al Shatibi d 790 AH Ibn Arafa d 803 AH Ibn Khaldun d 808 AH Abd al Rahman al Tha alibi d 876 AH Ahmad Zarruq d 899 AH Ahmad al Wansharisi d 914 AH Al Akhdari d 953 AH Al Hattab d 954 AH Ahmad Baba al Timbukti d 1036 AH Al Maqqari al Tilimsani d 1041 AH Ibrahim al Laqani d 1041 AH Muhammad Mayyara d 1072 AH Ibn Ashir d 1090 AH Al Hasan al Yusi d 1102 AH Muhammad al Zurqani d 1122 AH Ahmad al Dardir d 1201 AH Ahmad ibn Ajiba d 1224 AH Ahmad al Tijani d 1230 AH Muhammad Arafa al Desouki d 1230 AH Muhammad al Arabi al Darqawi d 1239 AH Muhammad ibn Ali al Sanusi d 1276 AH Muhammad Ilish d 1299 AH Ahmad al Ghumari d 1380 AH Muhammad al Arabi al Tabbani d 1390 AH Muhammad al Tahir ibn Ashur d 1393 AH Abdel Halim Mahmoud d 1397 AH Abdullah al Ghumari d 1413 AH Muhammad Metwalli al Sha rawi d 1419 AH Muhammad Alawi al Maliki d 1425 AH Ahmad al Tayyeb Ahmad Karima Hamza Yusuf Muhammad al Yaqoubi Ahmed Saad Al AzhariShafi is editIbn Hibban d 354 AH Ibn Khafif d 371 AH Al Daraqutni 17 18 d 385 AH Al Khattabi d 388 AH Al Halimi d 403 AH Al Hakim al Nishapuri 19 d 405 AH Ibn Furak d 406 AH Al Sulami d 414 AH Abu Ishaq al Isfarayini d 418 AH Al Tha labi d 427 AH Abu Nu aym al Isfahani d 430 AH Abu Muhammad al Juwayni d 438 AH Abu Uthman al Sabuni d 449 AH Abu al Tayyib al Tabari d 450 AH Al Mawardi d 450 AH Al Bayhaqi d 458 AH Al Khatib al Baghdadi d 463 AH Al Qushayri d 465 AH Abd al Qahir al Jurjani d 471 AH Abu Ishaq al Shirazi d 476 AH Al Juwayni d 478 AH Al Raghib al Isfahani d 502 AH Al Kiya al Harrasi d 504 AH Al Ghazali d 505 AH Abu al Qasim al Ansari d 512 AH Al Shahrastani d 548 AH Ibn al Sam ani d 562 AH Ibn Asakir d 571 AH Abu Tahir al Silafi d 576 AH Ahmad al Rifa i d 578 AH Fakhr al Din al Razi d 606 AH Ibn al Athir d 630 AH Ibn al Dubaythi d 637 AH Ibn al Salah d 643 AH Ibn al Najjar d 643 AH Al Mundhiri d 656 AH Izz al Din ibn Abd al Salam d 660 AH Al Nawawi d 676 AH Ibn Khallikan d 681 AH Al Baydawi d 685 AH Ibn Daqiq al Id d 702 AH Al Dimyati d 705 AH Safi al Din al Hindi d 715 AH Nizam al Din al Nisapuri d 728 AH Taqi al Din al Subki d 756 AH Al Safadi d 764 AH Taj al Din al Subki d 771 AH Jamal al Din al Isnawi d 772 AH Shams al Din al Kirmani d 786 AH Al Zarkashi d 794 AH Ibn al Mulaqqin d 804 AH Siraj al Din al Bulqini d 805 AH Zain al Din al Iraqi d 806 AH Nur al Din al Haythami d 807 AH Ibn al Jazari d 833 AH Ibn Hajar al Asqalani 20 21 22 d 852 AH Al Sakhawi d 902 AH Al Suyuti d 911 AH Nur al Din al Samhudi d 911 AH Jalal al Din al Dawani d 918 AH Al Qastallani d 923 AH Zakariyya al Ansari d 926 AH Shihab al Din al Ramli d 957 AH Al Sha rani d 973 AH Ibn Hajar al Haytami d 974 AH Al Khatib al Shirbini d 977 AH Shams al Din al Ramli d 1004 AH Al Munawi d 1031 AH Abdallah ibn Alawi al Haddad d 1132 AH Hasan al Attar d 1230 AH Ahmad Zayni Dahlan d 1304 AH Bediuzzaman Said Nursi d 1379 AH Ahmad Kaftaru d 1425 AH Noah al Qudah d 1432 AH Abdallah al Harari d 1432 AH Muhammad Said Ramadan al Bouti d 1434 AH Ahmad Badreddin Hassoun Ali Gomaa Ali al Jifri Umar bin Hafiz Gibril Fouad Haddad Nuh Ha Mim Keller Sa id FoudahHanbalis editIbn Aqil 23 d 508 AH Ibn al Jawzi 24 d 534 AH Zahiris editIbn Tumart d 524 AH Ibn Mada d 592 AH Abu Hayyan al Andalusi d 745 AH Hanafi editSome of the Hanafis follow the Ash ari school of thought such as Al Taftazani d 792 AH Shah Waliullah Dehlawi 25 d 1176 AH Ash ari leaders editNizam al Mulk d 485 AH Yusuf ibn Tashfin d 500 AH Abd al Mu min ibn Ali d 558 AH Saladin d 589 AH Abu Bakr ibn Ayyub d 615 AH Al Kamil d 635 AH Al Ashraf Musa d 635 AH Qutuz d 658 AH Al Nasir ibn Qalawun d 741 AH Emir Abdelkader al Jazairi d 1300 AH Omar al Mukhtar d 1350 AH Ibn Abdelkarim al Khattabi d 1382 AH Al Muwahhidun Ayyubid dynasty Sharif ul Hashim of Sulu Sultanate of Sulu Sultanate of MaguindanaoReferences edit a b c Nasr Seyyed Hossein 2006 Part 3 Islamic Philosophy in History Dimensions of the Islamic Intellectual Tradition Kalam Philosophy and Spirituality Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy New York SUNY Press pp 124 126 ISBN 978 0 7914 6800 5 LCCN 2005023943 al Ashʿari Random House Webster s Unabridged Dictionary a b c d Javad Anvari Mohammad 2015 al Ashʿari In Madelung Wilferd Daftary Farhad eds Encyclopaedia Islamica Translated by Melvin Koushki Matthew Leiden and Boston Brill Publishers doi 10 1163 1875 9831 isla COM 0300 ISSN 1875 9823 a b c Thiele Jan 2016 2014 Part I Islamic Theologies during the Formative and the Early Middle period Between Cordoba and Nisabur The Emergence and Consolidation of Ashʿarism Fourth Fifth Tenth Eleventh Century In Schmidtke Sabine ed The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology Oxford and New York Oxford University Press pp 225 241 doi 10 1093 oxfordhb 9780199696703 013 45 ISBN 978 0 19 969670 3 LCCN 2016935488 Frank Richard M January March 1989 Knowledge and Taqlid The Foundations of Religious Belief in Classical Ashʿarism Journal of the American Oriental Society American Oriental Society 109 1 37 62 doi 10 2307 604336 ISSN 0003 0279 JSTOR 604336 LCCN 12032032 Glasse Cyril ed 2003 1989 Ashʿari The New Encyclopedia of Islam 3rd Revised ed California and Maryland AltaMira Press pp 61 63 ISBN 978 0 7591 0190 6 OCLC 1291928025 a b Frank Richard M 2020 2007 Al Ashʿari s conception of the nature and role of speculative reasoning in theology In Frank Richard M Gutas Dimitri eds Early Islamic Theology The Muʿtazilites and al Ashʿari Texts and Studies on the Development and History of Kalam Vol II 1st ed London and New York Routledge pp 136 154 doi 10 4324 9781003110385 ISBN 978 0 86078 978 9 LCCN 2006935669 S2CID 169898034 Hoover John 2020 Early Mamluk Ashʿarism against Ibn Taymiyya on the Nonliteral Reinterpretation taʾwil of God s Attributes In Shihadeh Ayman Thiele Jan eds Philosophical Theology in Islam Later Ashʿarism East and West Islamicate Intellectual History Vol 5 Leiden and Boston Brill Publishers pp 195 230 doi 10 1163 9789004426610 009 ISBN 978 90 04 42661 0 ISSN 2212 8662 LCCN 2020008682 S2CID 219026357 Halverson Jeffry R 2010 Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam The Muslim Brotherhood Ash arism and Political Sunnism Palgrave Macmillan pp 14 15 ISBN 9781137473578 Weeks Douglas The Ideology of Al Muhajiroun Al Muhajiroun Palgrave Macmillan Cham 2020 103 140 Henderson John B 1998 The Making of Orthodoxies The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy Neo Confucian Islamic Jewish and Early Christian Patterns New York SUNY Press pp 55 58 ISBN 978 0 7914 3760 5 Richard McCarthy The theology of al ash ari 1953 Appendix IV Brown Jonathan A C 2014 Misquoting Muhammad The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet s Legacy Oneworld Publications p 53 ISBN 978 1 78074 420 9 Retrieved 4 June 2018 John L Esposito The Oxford History of Islam Oxford University Press 2000 ISBN 978 0 199 88041 6 p 281 Al Bayhaqi 1999 Allah s Names and Attributes Translated by Gibril Fouad Haddad Islamic Supreme Council of America pp 17 18 ISBN 9781930409033 Aaron Spevack The Archetypal Sunni Scholar Law Theology and Mysticism in the Synthesis of Al Bajuri p 55 State University of New York Press 1 Oct 2014 ISBN 143845371X Ahl al Sunna The Ash aris The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars almostaneer com in Arabic Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Abi al Hasan al Ash ari Center for Doctrinal Studies and Research in Arabic Archived from the original on 20 January 2018 Bulliet Richard 1970 A quantitative approach to medieval Muslim biographical dictionaries Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 13 1 195 211 doi 10 1163 156852070X00123 The great Ash ari theological school was flourishing under Abu at Tayyib as Su laki d 398 Ibn Furak d 406 al Hakim an Naisaburi d 405 and Abu Ishaq al Isfara ini Namira Nahouza 2018 Wahhabism and the Rise of the New Salafists Theology Power and Sunni Islam I B Tauris pp 121 122 ISBN 9781838609832 Muhammad ibn Alawi al Maliki The Ash ari School As Sunnah Foundation of America Archived from the original on 12 January 2021 Shaykh al Islam Ahmad ibn Hajar al Asqalani d 852 1449 Rahimahullah the mentor of Hadith scholars and author of the book Fath al Bari bi Sharh Sahih al Bukhari which not a single Islamic scholar can dispense with was Ash ari The shaykh of the scholars of Sunni Islam Imam al Nawawi d 676 1277 Rahimahullah author of Sharh Sahih Muslim and many other famous works was Ash ari The master of Qur anic exegetes Imam al Qurtubi d 671 1273 Rahimahullah author of al Jami li Ahkam al Qur an was Ash ari Shaykh al Islam Ibn Hajar al Haytami d 974 1567 Rahimahullah who wrote al Zawajir an Iqtiraf al Kaba ir was Ash ari The Shaykh of Sacred Law and Hadith the conclusive definitive Zakariyya al Ansari d 926 1520 Rahimahullah was Ash ari Imam Abu Bakr al Baqillani d 403 1013 Rahimahullah Imam al Asqalani Imam al Nasafi d 710 1310 Rahimahullah Imam al Shirbini d 977 1570 Rahimahullah Abu Hayyan al Tawhidi author of the Qur anic commentary al Bahr al Muhit Imam Ibn Juzayy d 741 1340 Rahimahullah author of al Tashil fi Ulum al Tanzil and others all of these were Imams of the Ash aris Ahl al Sunna The Ash aris The Testimony and Proofs of the Scholars almostaneer com in Arabic Archived from the original on 28 January 2021 Louis Massignon 2019 The Passion of Al Hallaj Mystic and Martyr of Islam Volume 2 The Survival of Al Hallaj Translated by Herbert Mason Princeton University Press p 158 ISBN 9780691657219 Boyle J A January 1 1968 The Cambridge History of Iran Vol 5 The Saljuq and Mongol Periods Volume 5 Cambridge University Press p 299 Talbis Iblis by the Ash ari theologian Ibn al Jauzi contains strong attacks on the Sufis though the author makes a distinction between an older purer Sufism and the modern one Mohammad Sharif Khan Mohammad Anwar Saleem 1994 Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers Ashish Publishing House APH Publishing p 25 ISBN 9788170246237 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Ash 27aris amp oldid 1183172335, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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