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Wikipedia

Link light rail

December 20, 2023

Not to be confused with the Light RailLink system in Baltimore or the Link Train in Toronto.
"Seattle subway" redirects here. For the subterranean walkways, see Seattle Underground.

Link light rail is a light rail rapid transit system serving the Seattle metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Washington. It is managed by Sound Transit in partnership with local transit providers, and consists of two non-connected lines: the 1 Line (formerly Central Link) in King County, which travels for 26 miles (42 km) between Seattle and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport; and the T Line (formerly Tacoma Link) in Pierce County, which runs for 4 miles (6.4 km) between Downtown Tacoma and Tacoma Dome Station. In 2022, the system had a ridership of 23.9 million, or about 84,500 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2023, primarily on the 1 Line. Trains run at frequencies of 6 to 24 minutes.

Link light rail
Clockwise from top: the 1 Line at Pioneer Square station, the T Line at Convention Center station, and the 1 Line at Othello station in Seattle
Overview
OwnerSound Transit
LocaleSeattle, Washington, U.S.
Transit typeLight rail
Number of lines2
Number of stations31
Daily ridership84,500 (weekdays, Q3 2023)[1]
Annual ridership23,905,500 (2022)[2]
Websitesoundtransit.org
Operation
Began operationAugust 22, 2003 (2003-08-22)
Operator(s)Sound Transit, King County Metro
Number of vehicles217
Technical
System length30 mi (48.28 km)
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
ElectrificationOverhead line;

The Link light rail system was originally conceived in the 1980s following several earlier proposals for a heavy rail system that were rejected by voters. Sound Transit was created in 1993 and placed a ballot measure to fund and build the system, which was passed on a second attempt in 1996. Tacoma Link began construction first in 2000 and opened on August 22, 2003, at a cost of $80 million. Central Link construction was delayed because of funding issues and routing disputes, but began in November 2003 and was completed on July 18, 2009, for $2.4 billion. Central Link trains initially ran from Downtown Seattle to Tukwila International Boulevard station before being extended south to the airport in December 2009, north to the University of Washington in March 2016, and further south to Angle Lake station in September 2016. An extension to Northgate station opened on October 2, 2021.

Sound Transit plans to expand the Link light rail network to 116 miles (187 km) and 70 stations by 2044, using funding approved by voters in 2008 and 2016 ballot measures. An extension from the University of Washington to Northgate opened on October 2, 2021. Suburban extensions to Bellevue, Redmond, Lynnwood, and Federal Way are scheduled to open between 2024 and 2026 after construction delays. Later projects will expand the system to cover the metropolitan area from Everett to Tacoma, along with branches to Kirkland, Issaquah, and the Seattle neighborhoods of Ballard and West Seattle.

History edit

Main article: History of Link light rail

The first public transit networks in the Puget Sound region were various streetcar, cable cars, and interurbans constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which spurred the development of streetcar suburbs. Some of these systems were consolidated into the Seattle Municipal Street Railway, a city-owned network established in 1918, while others remained under the operation of their private owners.[3][4] Unsuccessful proposals for a rapid transit system to connect Seattle's neighborhoods, and later other cities in the region, also emerged during the peak and later decline of streetcar and interurban service, both of which were dismantled by 1941.[4]

Following the 1968 and 1970 rejection of the Forward Thrust ballot measure to build a rapid transit system, voters in King County approved the creation of a new countywide bus system under the management of Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, an existing water treatment and sewage agency.[5] The system began operating in 1973 and later included the construction of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in the late 1980s to relieve bus congestion on downtown streets.[6] Metro and the Puget Sound Council of Governments also began planning a regional transit system at that time; a joint 1981 study named light rail as the preferred mode that would be able to operate on streets in some areas but generally follow freeway corridors to regional centers.[7][8] A non-binding advisory ballot measure on further development of a light rail system approved by voters in 1988.[9] Metro's transit tunnel opened for buses in September 1990 and included tracks and electrical systems that would be compatible for future conversion to light rail.[10]

In 1993, the state legislature formed a new agency, the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority (now Sound Transit), to oversee development of an inter-county transit system that would include light rail, commuter rail, and express buses in King, Pierce, and Snohomish counties. A ballot measure to fund a $6.7 billion plan (equivalent to $11.8 billion in 2022 dollars)[11] with a 70-mile (110 km) light rail network, which would connect Seattle to Lynnwood, Bellevue, and Tacoma, was rejected by 53 percent of voters on March 14, 1995.[12][13] A revised plan announced the following year cut the light rail line to 25 miles (40 km) between Seattle–Tacoma International Airport and University District in Seattle and a section connecting Downtown Tacoma to the Tacoma Dome.[14] The new package, estimated to cost $3.9 billion (equivalent to $6.75 billion in 2022 dollars)[11] with funding from a sales tax and motor vehicle excise tax, was approved by voters on November 5, 1996.[15] In August 1997, Sound Transit adopted "Link" as the name for the light rail system along with Sounder for commuter rail and Regional Express for buses.[16][17]

The Downtown Tacoma line, named Tacoma Link, was preceded by a shuttle bus from the new Tacoma Dome multimodal station built by Pierce Transit in 1997. The project was anticipated to revitalize the city's downtown and serve the new University of Washington Tacoma campus.[18] The line's 1.6-mile (2.6 km) route—primarily on Commerce Street and Pacific Avenue—was approved in 1999 and construction officially began on October 18, 2000.[19][20] Tacoma Link opened on August 22, 2003, with five stations, and cost $80.4 million (equivalent to $123 million in 2022 dollars)[11] to construct.[21] The line had no fares and exceeded its 2010 ridership projections by early 2003, carrying its 500,000th passenger in April of the year.[22]

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, debates raged over various issues surrounding the Central Link line, which would connect Sea-Tac to Seattle. In the late nineties and early 2000s, Sound Transit underwent a series of financial and political difficulties. The cost of the line rose significantly,[23] and the federal government threatened to withhold necessary grants.[24] In 2001, Sound Transit was forced to shorten the line from the original proposal, and growing enthusiasm for the proposed monorail brought rising opposition to the light rail from Seattle-area residents.[25]

On November 8, 2003, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Central Link light rail line. Central Link opened between Westlake Station and Tukwila on July 18, 2009, at a cost of $2.4 billion (equivalent to $3.2 billion in 2022 dollars).[11][26][27] It was extended 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to SeaTac/Airport on December 19, 2009.[28]

In November 2006, the U.S. Federal Transit Administration approved Sound Transit's plan for University Link, a project to extend light rail 3.1 miles (5 km) north to the University of Washington after completion of an Environmental Impact Study. A grant was approved in November 2008, which allowed University Link to begin construction in December 2008. The line opened, including the University Link Tunnel, on March 19, 2016.[29]

In September 2019, Sound Transit renamed Central Link to the Red Line and Tacoma Link to the Orange Line as part of their update to transit branding.[30] Two months later, the agency announced that it would consider a new name for the Red Line after complaints because of the similarity of the "Red Line" with redlining as well as confusion over King County Metro's RapidRide system (which utilizes red bullets for its service routes).[31] A new naming scheme came into effect in 2021, using the "1 Line" (green) for the existing line in Seattle, the "2 Line" (blue) for East Link, and the "T Line" (orange) for Tacoma Link. Future light rail extensions will use the "3 Line" (magenta) and the "4 Line" (purple), alongside new names for Sounder and bus rapid transit services.[32][33]

Lines edit

 
A geographic map of the Link light rail system with both active lines: the 1 Line in green and the T Line in orange

1 Line (Northgate–Angle Lake) edit

Main article: 1 Line (Sound Transit)

The 1 Line, formerly Central Link, is a light rail line serving 19 stations in Seattle, SeaTac, and Tukwila, using trains of three to four cars that each have a normal capacity of 194 passengers with up to 74 seats.[34][35] It connects Northgate, the University of Washington, and Downtown Seattle to the Rainier Valley and Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, using tunnels, elevated guideways, and surface-running sections.[36] Trains run every 8 minutes during peak periods and 10–15 minutes at other times with trips from 4:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. on weekdays and Saturdays, and from 5:00 a.m. to 12:30 a.m. on Sundays.[37][38] In 2019, the 1 Line carried over 25 million passengers and averaged nearly 80,000 on weekdays, making it the busiest transit route in the Seattle region.[39]

The initial 13.9-mile (22.4 km) segment of Central Link was opened on July 18, 2009, between Westlake and Tukwila International Boulevard stations.[28] The northernmost four stations, in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel, were shared with buses until they were rerouted in 2019.[40] The line was extended six months after opening to SeaTac/Airport station, a 1.7-mile (2.7 km) project that began construction in 2006 due to delays in planning.[41][42] A northern extension to the University of Washington campus with two stations in a 3.15-mile (5.07 km) tunnel opened on March 19, 2016.[43] A one-stop extension to Angle Lake station to the south opened in September of that year.[44] The latest extension, to Northgate with two intermediate stations, opened on October 2, 2021, bringing the line to over 24 miles (39 km).[34]

T Line (Tacoma Dome–St. Joseph) edit

Main article: T Line (Sound Transit)

The T Line, formerly Tacoma Link, is a streetcar line that connects Downtown Tacoma and nearby neighborhoods to Tacoma Dome Station, a regional hub for buses and Sounder commuter rail. The line is 4 miles (6.4 km) long[45] and has twelve stations that serve the University of Washington's Tacoma campus, museums, hospitals, and other facilities.[46][47] It runs primarily in traffic lanes, sharing the Commerce Street transit mall with buses, and uses a mix of single and double-tracked sections.[46][48] Service on the original 1.6-mile (2.6 km) section between Tacoma Dome Station and Downtown Tacoma began on August 26, 2003,[49] and was expanded with the opening of an infill station at Commerce Street/South 11th Street in 2011.[50] An extension to the Hilltop neighborhood with 2.4 miles (3.9 km) of track and seven new stations opened on September 16, 2023.[51]

Trains on the line typically run every 12 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays and every 20 minutes on Sundays and holidays. The T Line has service from 4:30 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. on weekdays and reduced hours on other days,[52] but operating hours are extended for major evening events at the Tacoma Dome.[37][53] In 2019, the line carried approximately 935,000 passengers and averaged 3,100 riders on weekdays.[39] Patronage peaked in 2012 at over 1 million passengers, but has declined since then.[54] Fares were not collected until the 2023 opening of the Hilltop Extension; unlike the rest of the Link network, the T Line uses a flat fare rather than a distance-based fare.[55][56]

Stations edit

Main article: List of Link light rail stations

As of 2023, the Link light rail system has 31 stations—nineteen on the 1 Line and twelve on the T Line.[37][57] The two lines use different types of station designs but share several features, including weather canopies, signage, information kiosks, ticket vending machines, seating, electronic information displays, bicycle parking, and public artwork.[58][59] The system also uses proof-of-payment for fare validation with paid fare zones in lieu of faregates.[60] To comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), all Link stations include accessible seating, signage with Braille lettering, pathways, level boarding, and tactile paving on the edge of platforms.[61]

Platforms for both lines have a minimum width of 12 feet (3.7 m) each for a pair of side platforms and 20 feet (6.1 m) for an at-grade center platform.[62] The majority of the 1 Line's stations are at-grade, especially in the Rainier Valley and SODO, with a mix of elevated and underground stations in other areas.[63] These stations have platforms that are 380 feet (120 m) long to accommodate four-car trainsets and are connected to entrance structures at street level by stairs, elevators, and escalators.[64][65] T Line platforms are typically 90 feet (27 m) long and at-grade with exits to adjacent sidewalks.[66] Some stations also feature parking lots, public restrooms, retail spaces, and designated busking areas.[58][67]

Fares edit

See also: ORCA card

Link uses a proof-of-payment system, requiring valid payment before boarding and lacking a turnstile barrier at stations. Fares can be purchased as paper tickets at ticket vending machines at stations, credit or passes loaded on an ORCA card, or through a mobile ticketing app.[68][69] Fare ambassadors employed by Sound Transit check for valid fares while aboard trains or in the fare-paid zone of stations.[70] Passengers who do not present a valid ticket or validated ORCA card are offered warnings, fined one of two citation amounts, or receive a civil infraction.[71] Until 2021, fare inspectors and transit police officers on the 1 Line checked fares and issued warnings or a $124 citation to passengers who did not present a valid form of payment.[72][73] The penalties for non-paying riders were suspended due to racial disparities and late replaced in 2022 with a new program of fare ambassadors.[74][75]

Fares on the 1 Line and 2 Line are calculated based on distance traveled, ranging from $2.25 to $3.50 for adults.[56] ORCA card users are required to tap a reader before and after riding a train to calculate the fare on the 1 Line and 2 Line.[76] On the T Line, fares are $2 for adults and do not change based on distance.[56] Reduced fares are available to elderly passengers, persons with disabilities, and low-income passengers enrolled in ORCA Lift.[56][77] Transfers from other modes, including buses, water taxis, and streetcars, are only accepted using ORCA cards.[78] Since September 2022, fares for passengers under the age of 19 have been free as part of a statewide transit grant.[79] A flat fare of $3 for adult riders is planned to take effect in late 2024 after the opening of the Lynnwood Link Extension.[80] A daily charge for parking at stations is also under consideration.[81]

Infrastructure edit

1 Line trains are operated and maintained by King County Metro, who also run paratransit service along the corridor. The Central Operations and Maintenance Facility (OMF) in SODO is used to store, maintain, and clean trains during off-peak and overnight hours.[37][82] The facility covers 26 acres (10.5 ha) and is located between SODO and Beacon Hill stations. It opened in 2007 and has a capacity of 105 light rail vehicles, including nine bays inside the 162,000-square-foot (15,100 m2) maintenance building that can hold 16 vehicles.[83][84][85] An additional maintenance facility in Bellevue is planned to open with the 2 Line with a capacity of 96 vehicles.[86] T Line trains are directly operated by Sound Transit and maintained at a facility in Tacoma.[37]

Rolling stock edit

As of 2021, the Link light rail system uses a total of 102 low-floor light rail vehicles—99 for the 1 Line and 3 for the T Line.[37] The 1 Line fleet comprises two models, the Series 1 by Kinkisharyo–Mitsui and the Series 2 by Siemens Mobility, that are both 95 feet (29 m) long with a pair of operator cabs and an articulated center.[87] Both models are able to run in four-car consists but do not have cross-compatibility.[35][88] All Link vehicles allow for level boarding and feature accessible seating areas that can be folded up for wheelchair users.[61] A form of positive train control is used to prevent trains from exceeding the set speed limit for a given area.[89] By 2025, the Link fleet will have 214 total vehicles for use on the 1 Line and 2 Line as well as five for the T Line.[90][91]

The Series 1 fleet of 62 cars, manufactured in Osaka and assembled in Everett, was divided into three orders beginning with a contract signed in 2003.[92][93] The first vehicle was delivered in November 2006 for the Central Link project and was followed by deliveries for the SeaTac/Airport and University Link extensions that concluded in 2011; each unit was valued at $4.2 million in 2014.[94][95] Each car has 74 seats and a capacity of 194 passengers during normal loads, with a maximum "crush load" of 252 people;[35] the layout is 70 percent low floor with raised sections at each end that are accessed via stairs. Railcars include four doors on each side, a wheelchair area, and two bicycle hooks above luggage storage areas.[96][97] The trains have a top speed of 58 miles per hour (93 km/h), but typically operate at 35 mph (56 km/h) on surface sections and 55 mph (89 km/h) on elevated and tunneled sections.[98][99]

The Series 2 fleet, retroactively designated the Siemens S700,[100] was commissioned in 2016 as part of a $642 million order to support the ST2 expansion program. The vehicles were manufactured in Sacramento, California, and are the same length and width as the Series 1 fleet, but feature a wider aisle in the articulated section, improved passenger information displays, and larger windows.[88][101] The first vehicle was delivered in June 2019 and entered service in May 2021;[88] the final car in the full 152-car order is planned to be delivered by 2024.[101][102]

In 2022, Sound Transit began planning specifications for a Series 3 that would have approximately 100 vehicles. It is expected to begin delivery in 2029 and be complete in 2032 for the first batch of ST3 projects.[103]

The T Line fleet consists of three low-floor articulated Škoda 10 T streetcars that were manufactured in the Czech Republic by Škoda Transportation.[104] They are 66 feet (20.12 m) long, 8 feet (2.44 m) wide, and have two articulation joints, between which is a low-floor section.[105] Each vehicle has 30 seats and can carry an additional 85 standing passengers at crush loads.[106] The Škoda fleet will be supplemented in 2023 by a set of five Brookville Liberty streetcars, which were ordered in 2017.[107] The Brookville Liberty streetcars each have 26 seats and can carry a total of 100 passengers; they were delivered in 2022.[91][108]

Electricity edit

Trains are supplied electricity through an overhead catenary that is energized at 1,500 volts direct current for the 1 Line and 700 volts for the T Line. The current is converted to three-phase alternating current through on-board inverters. The 1 Line's use of 1,500 V allowed for a reduced number of electrical substations, which are spaced approximately one mile (1.6 km) apart.[96][109]

Since December 2020, the Link light rail system has been running fully on carbon emissions-free renewable energy through Puget Sound Energy's wind electricity purchase program and Seattle City Light's fully carbon-neutral power supply.[110]

Signals and controls edit

Link light rail uses some form of Positive train control and train-to-wayside communications.[111]

Future expansion edit

 
Redmond Technology station on the 2 Line under construction in 2019

The Link light rail system is planned to be expanded to 116 miles (187 km) with five lines and 70 stations by 2044 that are forecast to carry 750,000 daily passengers.[112][113] The future system is anticipated to serve 750,000 daily passengers at full build-out and cost up to $131 billion.[112] The expansions are primarily funded through local taxes passed by voters in a pair of multimodal transit ballot measures. The Sound Transit 2 (ST2) package, passed in 2008, funded several extensions to be finished by 2025, including three that opened between 2016 and 2021.[114][115] Sound Transit 3 (ST3) was approved in 2016 and funded new extensions of Link that will open between 2024 and 2046, including projects in Pierce and Snohomish counties.[114] Several deferred or truncated projects from ST2 were also funded and accelerated by the ST3 plan.[116]

Since 2016, the original timelines for both expansion packages have been modified due to the COVID-19 pandemic, labor shortages, and construction issues. Sound Transit adopted a "realignment plan" in 2021 that delayed most projects by two to five years, primarily to address a $6.5 billion shortfall in projected revenue that would be needed to avoid reaching a state-imposed debt limit by 2029.[112] The cost estimate for the largest project in the ST3 package, the West Seattle/Ballard Link Extension, increased by 50 percent between 2019 and 2021, reaching $12 billion due to higher property values and lower revenue amid the pandemic.[117][118] A set of new delays, mainly affecting Sound Transit 2 projects, was announced in 2022 following a four-month regional strike by concrete truck drivers, as well as unexpected conditions discovered during work.[114]

All five lines are planned to connect at various hubs and interline in some areas to increase frequency in high-demand corridors. Upon completion of several planned extensions in the 2020s and 2030s, the 1 Line would run from Tacoma Dome Station to Downtown Seattle, where it would use a new tunnel, and continue northwest to Ballard. The 2 Line and 3 Line would interline from the existing Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel on the existing 1 Line corridor to Snohomish County, sharing tracks as far north as Mariner in southern Everett. The 3 Line would continue south to West Seattle and north to Downtown Everett, while the 2 Line serves Bellevue and Redmond.[119][120] The 4 Line, connecting Kirkland to Issaquah, would interline with the 2 Line in Downtown Bellevue.[121] In addition to the new lines, three infill stations in Seattle are planned to be built by 2031 at Boeing Access Road, Graham, and Northeast 130th Street.[122]

In 2023, the Seattle Department of Transportation published its 20-year city transportation plan that included proposals for additional Link light rail lines. These include an east–west connection between Ballard and the University District; a northern extension from Ballard to Northgate and Lake City; a line serving Aurora Avenue North; a line serving Denny Way; a line that follows 23rd Avenue; and additional connections from Tukwila International Boulevard station to West Seattle and SoDo.[123]

2 Line (Mariner–Redmond) edit

Main article: 2 Line (Sound Transit)

The 2 Line is planned to be the third Link light rail line, connecting Seattle to the Eastside suburbs of Mercer Island, Bellevue, and Redmond. Construction began in 2016 and the $3.7 billion line was planned to open in two phases: in 2024 from South Bellevue station to Redmond Technology station in Overlake; and in 2025 from Seattle to Downtown Redmond station.[124] The 2 Line would continue north from Seattle to Lynnwood and southern Everett by sharing tracks with the 1 Line (and later the 3 Line).[121][125] The western half of the East Link Extension is being built in the median of Interstate 90, including a section on a floating bridge that would be first railway of its kind in the world.[126]

3 Line (Everett–West Seattle) edit

Main article: 3 Line (Sound Transit)

The 3 Line is planned to open in 2032 with the completion of the West Seattle Link Extension, which would connect West Seattle to an interim terminus at SODO station. The line would be extended north to replace the 1 Line following the completion of the Ballard Link Extension in 2037, which would include a new 3.3-mile (5.3 km) tunnel in Downtown Seattle for trains arriving from the Rainier Valley.[119][127] The final terminus of the 3 Line is planned to be Everett Station, a multimodal hub in Downtown Everett, upon completion of the Everett Link Extension in 2037 or 2041 depending on funding.[128][129]

4 Line (South Kirkland–Issaquah) edit

The 4 Line, the fifth Link light rail line, is scheduled to open in 2041 or 2044 depending on funding availability and would only serve the Eastside. The line is planned to run from the South Kirkland park-and-ride towards Downtown Bellevue, where it would interline with the 2 Line, and continue along Interstate 90 to Issaquah.[130][131] It is planned to include four new stations and total 11.8 miles (19.0 km) in length;[130] an earlier proposal for the line continued on the Cross Kirkland Corridor to a terminus in Downtown Kirkland but was not included in the ST3 plan due to opposition from local residents.[132][133]

Future segments edit

Some figures and dates are provisional due to quality control, geological risk, and labor issues that have caused delays in some projects.[114][134]

List of Link light rail expansion projects
Project[135] Line(s)[121] Status[136] Termini[121] Length[135] New stations[121] Expected opening[114][137]
East Link Starter Line   2 Line Under construction South Bellevue Redmond Technology 6 miles (9.7 km) 8 2024[124]
Lynnwood Link Extension   1 Line
  2 Line 		Under construction Northgate Lynnwood City Center 8.5 miles (13.7 km) 4 2024[124]
East Link Extension   2 Line Under construction International District/Chinatown South Bellevue 4 miles (6.4 km) 4 2025[124]
Downtown Redmond Link Extension   2 Line Under construction Redmond Technology Downtown Redmond 3.7 miles (6.0 km)[138] 2 2025[124]
Federal Way Link Extension   1 Line Under construction Angle Lake Federal Way Downtown 7.8 miles (12.6 km) 3 2026[139]
West Seattle Link Extension   3 Line Environmental review SODO Alaska Junction 4.7 miles (7.6 km) 3 2032
Tacoma Dome Link Extension   1 Line Environmental review Federal Way Downtown Tacoma Dome 9.7 miles (15.6 km) 4 2035[140]
Ballard Link Extension   1 Line Environmental review International District/Chinatown Ballard 7.1 miles (11.4 km) 8 2037 to 2039
Everett Link Extension   3 Line Planned Lynnwood City Center Everett 16.3 miles (26.2 km) 6–7 2037 to 2041
TCC Tacoma Link Extension   T Line Planned St. Joseph Tacoma Community College 3.5 miles (5.6 km)[141] 6 2039 or 2041
South Kirkland–Issaquah Link Extension   4 Line Planned South Kirkland Issaquah 11.8 miles (19.0 km)[130] 4 2041 or 2044

Land-use impacts edit

An expressed purpose in building the Link light rail system has been to support a "smart growth" approach to handling the region's population growth and development.[142][143] By concentrating new development along light rail lines (a practice known as "transit-oriented development"), more people can live more densely without the increases in automotive commuting traffic that might otherwise be expected.[144] In addition, the concentration of residents near stations helps maintain ridership and revenue. Climate change activists also point out that compact development around light rail lines has been shown to result in reductions in residents' CO2 emissions, compared to more conventional suburban automotive commutes.[145]

Environmentalists, transportation groups and some affordable housing advocates have sought greater government regulatory support for transit-oriented development along Link light rail, and in 2009 a bill was introduced in the Washington State Legislature that would have raised allowable densities (as well as lowering parking requirements and easing some other regulations on development) in station areas. As part of Sound Transit 3 in 2016, the Washington State Legislature mandated that Sound Transit reserve at least 80% of the surplus land surrounding light rail stations for affordable housing developments.[146]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Third Quarter 2023" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 6, 2023.
  2. ^ "Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2022" (PDF). American Public Transportation Association. March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023.
  3. ^ "A look into rail's past". The Seattle Times. February 1, 1987. p. B3.
  4. ^ a b Crowley, Walt (October 2, 2000). "Street Railways in Seattle". HistoryLink. from the original on September 18, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  5. ^ Cohen, Josh (October 14, 2016). . Crosscut.com. Archived from the original on September 17, 2017. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  6. ^ Kershner, Jim (February 21, 2020). "King County Metro Transit". HistoryLink. from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  7. ^ Lane, Bob (March 22, 1981). "'Light rail' system might solve transit problems, says study". The Seattle Times. p. A16.
  8. ^ Gough, William (December 5, 1982). "Rapid-transit system studied for Seattle, Snohomish County". The Seattle Times. p. B31.
  9. ^ Lane, Bob (November 9, 1988). "Ballot Issues: On track, voters say 'hop to' on rail transit". The Seattle Times. p. E9.
  10. ^ Lane, Bob (April 22, 1988). "Metro makes tracks for tracks for future". The Seattle Times. p. B1.
  11. ^ a b c d Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  12. ^ Schaefer, David (February 12, 1995). "On the right track? Questions, answers to the $6.7 billion proposal". The Seattle Times. p. A1.
  13. ^ Schaefer, David; Murakami, Kery (March 15, 1995). "Transit plan derailed: Pierce, Snohomish county voters say no to $6.7 billion proposal". The Seattle Times. p. A1. from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  14. ^ Schaefer, David (October 6, 1996). "Looking at the new transit proposal". The Seattle Times. p. A1. from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  15. ^ Schaefer, David (November 6, 1996). "Voters back transit plan on fourth try". The Seattle Times. p. A1. from the original on November 30, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2007.
  16. ^ ""Sound Transit" to be the Name for Regional Transit Authority Services" (Press release). Sound Transit. August 15, 1997. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
  17. ^ Dudley, Brier (July 19, 1997). "'Link' may join BART and MAX". The News Tribune. p. A1. from the original on November 9, 2022. Retrieved November 9, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  18. ^ "Service gives downtown commuters parking, ride". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. February 16, 1998. p. B2.
  19. ^ (PDF). Sound Transit. July 8, 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  20. ^ "Opening of expanded Tacoma Dome Station, start of Tacoma Link light rail construction to be celebrated" (Press release). Sound Transit. October 6, 2000. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
  21. ^ Corvin, Aaron (August 23, 2003). "Tacoma Link makes its debut". The News Tribune. p. A1. from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  22. ^ Corvin, Aaron (April 28, 2004). "City's streetcar system hits 500,000-rider mark". The News Tribune. p. B2. from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ "Light-rail cost soars $1 billion". The Seattle Times. December 13, 2000. Archived from the original on July 11, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2007.
  24. ^ Andrew Garber (March 30, 2001). "Federal aid in jeopardy for light rail". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2007.
  25. ^ Grass, Michael (March 23, 2016). "With Seattle's Long-Awaited Transit Expansion Now Reality, It's Full Steam Ahead". Route Fifty. Atlantic Media. from the original on March 28, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
  26. ^ "Countdown to a new era: all aboard Link light rail starting July 18" (Press release). Sound Transit. April 20, 2009. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
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December 20, 2023
link, light, rail, confused, with, light, raillink, system, baltimore, link, train, toronto, seattle, subway, redirects, here, subterranean, walkways, seattle, underground, light, rail, rapid, transit, system, serving, seattle, metropolitan, area, state, washi. Not to be confused with the Light RailLink system in Baltimore or the Link Train in Toronto Seattle subway redirects here For the subterranean walkways see Seattle Underground Link light rail is a light rail rapid transit system serving the Seattle metropolitan area in the U S state of Washington It is managed by Sound Transit in partnership with local transit providers and consists of two non connected lines the 1 Line formerly Central Link in King County which travels for 26 miles 42 km between Seattle and Seattle Tacoma International Airport and the T Line formerly Tacoma Link in Pierce County which runs for 4 miles 6 4 km between Downtown Tacoma and Tacoma Dome Station In 2022 the system had a ridership of 23 9 million or about 84 500 per weekday as of the third quarter of 2023 primarily on the 1 Line Trains run at frequencies of 6 to 24 minutes Link light railClockwise from top the 1 Line at Pioneer Square station the T Line at Convention Center station and the 1 Line at Othello station in SeattleOverviewOwnerSound TransitLocaleSeattle Washington U S Transit typeLight railNumber of lines2Number of stations31Daily ridership84 500 weekdays Q3 2023 1 Annual ridership23 905 500 2022 2 Websitesoundtransit wbr orgOperationBegan operationAugust 22 2003 2003 08 22 Operator s Sound Transit King County MetroNumber of vehicles217TechnicalSystem length30 mi 48 28 km Track gauge4 ft 8 1 2 in 1 435 mm standard gaugeElectrificationOverhead line 1 500 V DC 1 Line 750 V DC T Line System mapLegend1 LineLynnwood Link 2024 Lynnwood Link 2024 Lynnwood City CenterMountlake TerraceShoreline North 185thShoreline South 148thNorthgateRooseveltU DistrictUniversity of WashingtonLake WashingtonShip CanalCapitol HillWestlakeUniversity StreetPioneer Square State Ferries amp Water TaxiInternational District Chinatown Downtown SeattleTransit Tunnel East Link Extension 2024 25 East Link Extension 2025 Judkins Park 2025 Homer M Hadley Mem Bridgeover Lake WashingtonMercer Island 2025 East Channel Bridgeover Lake WashingtonSouth Bellevue 2024 East Main 2024 Bellevue Downtown 2024 Wilburton 2024 Spring District 2024 BelRed 2024 Overlake Village 2024 Redmond Technology 2024 SE Redmond 2025 Downtown Redmond 2025 StadiumSODOBeacon HillMount BakerColumbia CityOthelloRainier BeachTukwila International BoulevardSeaTac AirportAngle LakeFederal Way Link 2026 Federal Way Link 2026 Kent Des MoinesStar LakeFederal Way DowntownT LineSt JosephHilltop District6th AvenueTacoma GeneralStadium DistrictS 4th StreetOld City HallTheater DistrictConvention Center South 15th StreetUnion Station South 19th StreetSouth 25th StreetTacoma DomeThis diagram viewtalkeditThe Link light rail system was originally conceived in the 1980s following several earlier proposals for a heavy rail system that were rejected by voters Sound Transit was created in 1993 and placed a ballot measure to fund and build the system which was passed on a second attempt in 1996 Tacoma Link began construction first in 2000 and opened on August 22 2003 at a cost of 80 million Central Link construction was delayed because of funding issues and routing disputes but began in November 2003 and was completed on July 18 2009 for 2 4 billion Central Link trains initially ran from Downtown Seattle to Tukwila International Boulevard station before being extended south to the airport in December 2009 north to the University of Washington in March 2016 and further south to Angle Lake station in September 2016 An extension to Northgate station opened on October 2 2021 Sound Transit plans to expand the Link light rail network to 116 miles 187 km and 70 stations by 2044 using funding approved by voters in 2008 and 2016 ballot measures An extension from the University of Washington to Northgate opened on October 2 2021 Suburban extensions to Bellevue Redmond Lynnwood and Federal Way are scheduled to open between 2024 and 2026 after construction delays Later projects will expand the system to cover the metropolitan area from Everett to Tacoma along with branches to Kirkland Issaquah and the Seattle neighborhoods of Ballard and West Seattle Contents 1 History 2 Lines 2 1 1 Line Northgate Angle Lake 2 2 T Line Tacoma Dome St Joseph 3 Stations 4 Fares 5 Infrastructure 5 1 Rolling stock 5 2 Electricity 5 3 Signals and controls 6 Future expansion 6 1 2 Line Mariner Redmond 6 2 3 Line Everett West Seattle 6 3 4 Line South Kirkland Issaquah 6 4 Future segments 7 Land use impacts 8 See also 9 References 10 External linksHistory editMain article History of Link light rail The first public transit networks in the Puget Sound region were various streetcar cable cars and interurbans constructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries which spurred the development of streetcar suburbs Some of these systems were consolidated into the Seattle Municipal Street Railway a city owned network established in 1918 while others remained under the operation of their private owners 3 4 Unsuccessful proposals for a rapid transit system to connect Seattle s neighborhoods and later other cities in the region also emerged during the peak and later decline of streetcar and interurban service both of which were dismantled by 1941 4 Following the 1968 and 1970 rejection of the Forward Thrust ballot measure to build a rapid transit system voters in King County approved the creation of a new countywide bus system under the management of Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle an existing water treatment and sewage agency 5 The system began operating in 1973 and later included the construction of the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel in the late 1980s to relieve bus congestion on downtown streets 6 Metro and the Puget Sound Council of Governments also began planning a regional transit system at that time a joint 1981 study named light rail as the preferred mode that would be able to operate on streets in some areas but generally follow freeway corridors to regional centers 7 8 A non binding advisory ballot measure on further development of a light rail system approved by voters in 1988 9 Metro s transit tunnel opened for buses in September 1990 and included tracks and electrical systems that would be compatible for future conversion to light rail 10 In 1993 the state legislature formed a new agency the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority now Sound Transit to oversee development of an inter county transit system that would include light rail commuter rail and express buses in King Pierce and Snohomish counties A ballot measure to fund a 6 7 billion plan equivalent to 11 8 billion in 2022 dollars 11 with a 70 mile 110 km light rail network which would connect Seattle to Lynnwood Bellevue and Tacoma was rejected by 53 percent of voters on March 14 1995 12 13 A revised plan announced the following year cut the light rail line to 25 miles 40 km between Seattle Tacoma International Airport and University District in Seattle and a section connecting Downtown Tacoma to the Tacoma Dome 14 The new package estimated to cost 3 9 billion equivalent to 6 75 billion in 2022 dollars 11 with funding from a sales tax and motor vehicle excise tax was approved by voters on November 5 1996 15 In August 1997 Sound Transit adopted Link as the name for the light rail system along with Sounder for commuter rail and Regional Express for buses 16 17 The Downtown Tacoma line named Tacoma Link was preceded by a shuttle bus from the new Tacoma Dome multimodal station built by Pierce Transit in 1997 The project was anticipated to revitalize the city s downtown and serve the new University of Washington Tacoma campus 18 The line s 1 6 mile 2 6 km route primarily on Commerce Street and Pacific Avenue was approved in 1999 and construction officially began on October 18 2000 19 20 Tacoma Link opened on August 22 2003 with five stations and cost 80 4 million equivalent to 123 million in 2022 dollars 11 to construct 21 The line had no fares and exceeded its 2010 ridership projections by early 2003 carrying its 500 000th passenger in April of the year 22 During the late 1990s and early 2000s debates raged over various issues surrounding the Central Link line which would connect Sea Tac to Seattle In the late nineties and early 2000s Sound Transit underwent a series of financial and political difficulties The cost of the line rose significantly 23 and the federal government threatened to withhold necessary grants 24 In 2001 Sound Transit was forced to shorten the line from the original proposal and growing enthusiasm for the proposed monorail brought rising opposition to the light rail from Seattle area residents 25 On November 8 2003 a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the Central Link light rail line Central Link opened between Westlake Station and Tukwila on July 18 2009 at a cost of 2 4 billion equivalent to 3 2 billion in 2022 dollars 11 26 27 It was extended 1 7 miles 2 7 km to SeaTac Airport on December 19 2009 28 In November 2006 the U S Federal Transit Administration approved Sound Transit s plan for University Link a project to extend light rail 3 1 miles 5 km north to the University of Washington after completion of an Environmental Impact Study A grant was approved in November 2008 which allowed University Link to begin construction in December 2008 The line opened including the University Link Tunnel on March 19 2016 29 In September 2019 Sound Transit renamed Central Link to the Red Line and Tacoma Link to the Orange Line as part of their update to transit branding 30 Two months later the agency announced that it would consider a new name for the Red Line after complaints because of the similarity of the Red Line with redlining as well as confusion over King County Metro s RapidRide system which utilizes red bullets for its service routes 31 A new naming scheme came into effect in 2021 using the 1 Line green for the existing line in Seattle the 2 Line blue for East Link and the T Line orange for Tacoma Link Future light rail extensions will use the 3 Line magenta and the 4 Line purple alongside new names for Sounder and bus rapid transit services 32 33 Lines edit nbsp A geographic map of the Link light rail system with both active lines the 1 Line in green and the T Line in orange 1 Line Northgate Angle Lake edit Main article 1 Line Sound Transit The 1 Line formerly Central Link is a light rail line serving 19 stations in Seattle SeaTac and Tukwila using trains of three to four cars that each have a normal capacity of 194 passengers with up to 74 seats 34 35 It connects Northgate the University of Washington and Downtown Seattle to the Rainier Valley and Seattle Tacoma International Airport using tunnels elevated guideways and surface running sections 36 Trains run every 8 minutes during peak periods and 10 15 minutes at other times with trips from 4 00 a m to 1 30 a m on weekdays and Saturdays and from 5 00 a m to 12 30 a m on Sundays 37 38 In 2019 the 1 Line carried over 25 million passengers and averaged nearly 80 000 on weekdays making it the busiest transit route in the Seattle region 39 The initial 13 9 mile 22 4 km segment of Central Link was opened on July 18 2009 between Westlake and Tukwila International Boulevard stations 28 The northernmost four stations in the Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel were shared with buses until they were rerouted in 2019 40 The line was extended six months after opening to SeaTac Airport station a 1 7 mile 2 7 km project that began construction in 2006 due to delays in planning 41 42 A northern extension to the University of Washington campus with two stations in a 3 15 mile 5 07 km tunnel opened on March 19 2016 43 A one stop extension to Angle Lake station to the south opened in September of that year 44 The latest extension to Northgate with two intermediate stations opened on October 2 2021 bringing the line to over 24 miles 39 km 34 T Line Tacoma Dome St Joseph edit Main article T Line Sound Transit The T Line formerly Tacoma Link is a streetcar line that connects Downtown Tacoma and nearby neighborhoods to Tacoma Dome Station a regional hub for buses and Sounder commuter rail The line is 4 miles 6 4 km long 45 and has twelve stations that serve the University of Washington s Tacoma campus museums hospitals and other facilities 46 47 It runs primarily in traffic lanes sharing the Commerce Street transit mall with buses and uses a mix of single and double tracked sections 46 48 Service on the original 1 6 mile 2 6 km section between Tacoma Dome Station and Downtown Tacoma began on August 26 2003 49 and was expanded with the opening of an infill station at Commerce Street South 11th Street in 2011 50 An extension to the Hilltop neighborhood with 2 4 miles 3 9 km of track and seven new stations opened on September 16 2023 51 Trains on the line typically run every 12 minutes on weekdays and Saturdays and every 20 minutes on Sundays and holidays The T Line has service from 4 30 a m to 10 00 p m on weekdays and reduced hours on other days 52 but operating hours are extended for major evening events at the Tacoma Dome 37 53 In 2019 the line carried approximately 935 000 passengers and averaged 3 100 riders on weekdays 39 Patronage peaked in 2012 at over 1 million passengers but has declined since then 54 Fares were not collected until the 2023 opening of the Hilltop Extension unlike the rest of the Link network the T Line uses a flat fare rather than a distance based fare 55 56 Stations editMain article List of Link light rail stations As of 2023 update the Link light rail system has 31 stations nineteen on the 1 Line and twelve on the T Line 37 57 The two lines use different types of station designs but share several features including weather canopies signage information kiosks ticket vending machines seating electronic information displays bicycle parking and public artwork 58 59 The system also uses proof of payment for fare validation with paid fare zones in lieu of faregates 60 To comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ADA all Link stations include accessible seating signage with Braille lettering pathways level boarding and tactile paving on the edge of platforms 61 Platforms for both lines have a minimum width of 12 feet 3 7 m each for a pair of side platforms and 20 feet 6 1 m for an at grade center platform 62 The majority of the 1 Line s stations are at grade especially in the Rainier Valley and SODO with a mix of elevated and underground stations in other areas 63 These stations have platforms that are 380 feet 120 m long to accommodate four car trainsets and are connected to entrance structures at street level by stairs elevators and escalators 64 65 T Line platforms are typically 90 feet 27 m long and at grade with exits to adjacent sidewalks 66 Some stations also feature parking lots public restrooms retail spaces and designated busking areas 58 67 Fares editSee also ORCA card Link uses a proof of payment system requiring valid payment before boarding and lacking a turnstile barrier at stations Fares can be purchased as paper tickets at ticket vending machines at stations credit or passes loaded on an ORCA card or through a mobile ticketing app 68 69 Fare ambassadors employed by Sound Transit check for valid fares while aboard trains or in the fare paid zone of stations 70 Passengers who do not present a valid ticket or validated ORCA card are offered warnings fined one of two citation amounts or receive a civil infraction 71 Until 2021 fare inspectors and transit police officers on the 1 Line checked fares and issued warnings or a 124 citation to passengers who did not present a valid form of payment 72 73 The penalties for non paying riders were suspended due to racial disparities and late replaced in 2022 with a new program of fare ambassadors 74 75 Fares on the 1 Line and 2 Line are calculated based on distance traveled ranging from 2 25 to 3 50 for adults 56 ORCA card users are required to tap a reader before and after riding a train to calculate the fare on the 1 Line and 2 Line 76 On the T Line fares are 2 for adults and do not change based on distance 56 Reduced fares are available to elderly passengers persons with disabilities and low income passengers enrolled in ORCA Lift 56 77 Transfers from other modes including buses water taxis and streetcars are only accepted using ORCA cards 78 Since September 2022 fares for passengers under the age of 19 have been free as part of a statewide transit grant 79 A flat fare of 3 for adult riders is planned to take effect in late 2024 after the opening of the Lynnwood Link Extension 80 A daily charge for parking at stations is also under consideration 81 Infrastructure edit1 Line trains are operated and maintained by King County Metro who also run paratransit service along the corridor The Central Operations and Maintenance Facility OMF in SODO is used to store maintain and clean trains during off peak and overnight hours 37 82 The facility covers 26 acres 10 5 ha and is located between SODO and Beacon Hill stations It opened in 2007 and has a capacity of 105 light rail vehicles including nine bays inside the 162 000 square foot 15 100 m2 maintenance building that can hold 16 vehicles 83 84 85 An additional maintenance facility in Bellevue is planned to open with the 2 Line with a capacity of 96 vehicles 86 T Line trains are directly operated by Sound Transit and maintained at a facility in Tacoma 37 Rolling stock edit As of 2021 update the Link light rail system uses a total of 102 low floor light rail vehicles 99 for the 1 Line and 3 for the T Line 37 The 1 Line fleet comprises two models the Series 1 by Kinkisharyo Mitsui and the Series 2 by Siemens Mobility that are both 95 feet 29 m long with a pair of operator cabs and an articulated center 87 Both models are able to run in four car consists but do not have cross compatibility 35 88 All Link vehicles allow for level boarding and feature accessible seating areas that can be folded up for wheelchair users 61 A form of positive train control is used to prevent trains from exceeding the set speed limit for a given area 89 By 2025 the Link fleet will have 214 total vehicles for use on the 1 Line and 2 Line as well as five for the T Line 90 91 The Series 1 fleet of 62 cars manufactured in Osaka and assembled in Everett was divided into three orders beginning with a contract signed in 2003 92 93 The first vehicle was delivered in November 2006 for the Central Link project and was followed by deliveries for the SeaTac Airport and University Link extensions that concluded in 2011 each unit was valued at 4 2 million in 2014 94 95 Each car has 74 seats and a capacity of 194 passengers during normal loads with a maximum crush load of 252 people 35 the layout is 70 percent low floor with raised sections at each end that are accessed via stairs Railcars include four doors on each side a wheelchair area and two bicycle hooks above luggage storage areas 96 97 The trains have a top speed of 58 miles per hour 93 km h but typically operate at 35 mph 56 km h on surface sections and 55 mph 89 km h on elevated and tunneled sections 98 99 The Series 2 fleet retroactively designated the Siemens S700 100 was commissioned in 2016 as part of a 642 million order to support the ST2 expansion program The vehicles were manufactured in Sacramento California and are the same length and width as the Series 1 fleet but feature a wider aisle in the articulated section improved passenger information displays and larger windows 88 101 The first vehicle was delivered in June 2019 and entered service in May 2021 88 the final car in the full 152 car order is planned to be delivered by 2024 101 102 In 2022 Sound Transit began planning specifications for a Series 3 that would have approximately 100 vehicles It is expected to begin delivery in 2029 and be complete in 2032 for the first batch of ST3 projects 103 The T Line fleet consists of three low floor articulated Skoda 10 T streetcars that were manufactured in the Czech Republic by Skoda Transportation 104 They are 66 feet 20 12 m long 8 feet 2 44 m wide and have two articulation joints between which is a low floor section 105 Each vehicle has 30 seats and can carry an additional 85 standing passengers at crush loads 106 The Skoda fleet will be supplemented in 2023 by a set of five Brookville Liberty streetcars which were ordered in 2017 107 The Brookville Liberty streetcars each have 26 seats and can carry a total of 100 passengers they were delivered in 2022 91 108 Electricity edit Trains are supplied electricity through an overhead catenary that is energized at 1 500 volts direct current for the 1 Line and 700 volts for the T Line The current is converted to three phase alternating current through on board inverters The 1 Line s use of 1 500 V allowed for a reduced number of electrical substations which are spaced approximately one mile 1 6 km apart 96 109 Since December 2020 the Link light rail system has been running fully on carbon emissions free renewable energy through Puget Sound Energy s wind electricity purchase program and Seattle City Light s fully carbon neutral power supply 110 Signals and controls edit Link light rail uses some form of Positive train control and train to wayside communications 111 Future expansion edit nbsp Redmond Technology station on the 2 Line under construction in 2019The Link light rail system is planned to be expanded to 116 miles 187 km with five lines and 70 stations by 2044 that are forecast to carry 750 000 daily passengers 112 113 The future system is anticipated to serve 750 000 daily passengers at full build out and cost up to 131 billion 112 The expansions are primarily funded through local taxes passed by voters in a pair of multimodal transit ballot measures The Sound Transit 2 ST2 package passed in 2008 funded several extensions to be finished by 2025 including three that opened between 2016 and 2021 114 115 Sound Transit 3 ST3 was approved in 2016 and funded new extensions of Link that will open between 2024 and 2046 including projects in Pierce and Snohomish counties 114 Several deferred or truncated projects from ST2 were also funded and accelerated by the ST3 plan 116 Since 2016 the original timelines for both expansion packages have been modified due to the COVID 19 pandemic labor shortages and construction issues Sound Transit adopted a realignment plan in 2021 that delayed most projects by two to five years primarily to address a 6 5 billion shortfall in projected revenue that would be needed to avoid reaching a state imposed debt limit by 2029 112 The cost estimate for the largest project in the ST3 package the West Seattle Ballard Link Extension increased by 50 percent between 2019 and 2021 reaching 12 billion due to higher property values and lower revenue amid the pandemic 117 118 A set of new delays mainly affecting Sound Transit 2 projects was announced in 2022 following a four month regional strike by concrete truck drivers as well as unexpected conditions discovered during work 114 All five lines are planned to connect at various hubs and interline in some areas to increase frequency in high demand corridors Upon completion of several planned extensions in the 2020s and 2030s the 1 Line would run from Tacoma Dome Station to Downtown Seattle where it would use a new tunnel and continue northwest to Ballard The 2 Line and 3 Line would interline from the existing Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel on the existing 1 Line corridor to Snohomish County sharing tracks as far north as Mariner in southern Everett The 3 Line would continue south to West Seattle and north to Downtown Everett while the 2 Line serves Bellevue and Redmond 119 120 The 4 Line connecting Kirkland to Issaquah would interline with the 2 Line in Downtown Bellevue 121 In addition to the new lines three infill stations in Seattle are planned to be built by 2031 at Boeing Access Road Graham and Northeast 130th Street 122 In 2023 the Seattle Department of Transportation published its 20 year city transportation plan that included proposals for additional Link light rail lines These include an east west connection between Ballard and the University District a northern extension from Ballard to Northgate and Lake City a line serving Aurora Avenue North a line serving Denny Way a line that follows 23rd Avenue and additional connections from Tukwila International Boulevard station to West Seattle and SoDo 123 2 Line Mariner Redmond edit Main article 2 Line Sound Transit The 2 Line is planned to be the third Link light rail line connecting Seattle to the Eastside suburbs of Mercer Island Bellevue and Redmond Construction began in 2016 and the 3 7 billion line was planned to open in two phases in 2024 from South Bellevue station to Redmond Technology station in Overlake and in 2025 from Seattle to Downtown Redmond station 124 The 2 Line would continue north from Seattle to Lynnwood and southern Everett by sharing tracks with the 1 Line and later the 3 Line 121 125 The western half of the East Link Extension is being built in the median of Interstate 90 including a section on a floating bridge that would be first railway of its kind in the world 126 3 Line Everett West Seattle edit Main article 3 Line Sound Transit The 3 Line is planned to open in 2032 with the completion of the West Seattle Link Extension which would connect West Seattle to an interim terminus at SODO station The line would be extended north to replace the 1 Line following the completion of the Ballard Link Extension in 2037 which would include a new 3 3 mile 5 3 km tunnel in Downtown Seattle for trains arriving from the Rainier Valley 119 127 The final terminus of the 3 Line is planned to be Everett Station a multimodal hub in Downtown Everett upon completion of the Everett Link Extension in 2037 or 2041 depending on funding 128 129 4 Line South Kirkland Issaquah edit The 4 Line the fifth Link light rail line is scheduled to open in 2041 or 2044 depending on funding availability and would only serve the Eastside The line is planned to run from the South Kirkland park and ride towards Downtown Bellevue where it would interline with the 2 Line and continue along Interstate 90 to Issaquah 130 131 It is planned to include four new stations and total 11 8 miles 19 0 km in length 130 an earlier proposal for the line continued on the Cross Kirkland Corridor to a terminus in Downtown Kirkland but was not included in the ST3 plan due to opposition from local residents 132 133 Future segments edit Some figures and dates are provisional due to quality control geological risk and labor issues that have caused delays in some projects 114 134 List of Link light rail expansion projects Project 135 Line s 121 Status 136 Termini 121 Length 135 New stations 121 Expected opening 114 137 East Link Starter Line nbsp 2 Line Under construction South Bellevue Redmond Technology 6 miles 9 7 km 8 2024 124 Lynnwood Link Extension nbsp 1 Line nbsp 2 Line Under construction Northgate Lynnwood City Center 8 5 miles 13 7 km 4 2024 124 East Link Extension nbsp 2 Line Under construction International District Chinatown South Bellevue 4 miles 6 4 km 4 2025 124 Downtown Redmond Link Extension nbsp 2 Line Under construction Redmond Technology Downtown Redmond 3 7 miles 6 0 km 138 2 2025 124 Federal Way Link Extension nbsp 1 Line Under construction Angle Lake Federal Way Downtown 7 8 miles 12 6 km 3 2026 139 West Seattle Link Extension nbsp 3 Line Environmental review SODO Alaska Junction 4 7 miles 7 6 km 3 2032Tacoma Dome Link Extension nbsp 1 Line Environmental review Federal Way Downtown Tacoma Dome 9 7 miles 15 6 km 4 2035 140 Ballard Link Extension nbsp 1 Line Environmental review International District Chinatown Ballard 7 1 miles 11 4 km 8 2037 to 2039Everett Link Extension nbsp 3 Line Planned Lynnwood City Center Everett 16 3 miles 26 2 km 6 7 2037 to 2041TCC Tacoma Link Extension nbsp T Line Planned St Joseph Tacoma Community College 3 5 miles 5 6 km 141 6 2039 or 2041South Kirkland Issaquah Link Extension nbsp 4 Line Planned South Kirkland Issaquah 11 8 miles 19 0 km 130 4 2041 or 2044Land use impacts editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Link light rail news newspapers books scholar JSTOR August 2023 Learn how and when to remove this template message An expressed purpose in building the Link light rail system has been to support a smart growth approach to handling the region s population growth and development 142 143 By concentrating new development along light rail lines a practice known as transit oriented development more people can live more densely without the increases in automotive commuting traffic that might otherwise be expected 144 In addition the concentration of residents near stations helps maintain ridership and revenue Climate change activists also point out that compact development around light rail lines has been shown to result in reductions in residents CO2 emissions compared to more conventional suburban automotive commutes 145 Environmentalists transportation groups and some affordable housing advocates have sought greater government regulatory support for transit oriented development along Link light rail and in 2009 a bill was introduced in the Washington State Legislature that would have raised allowable densities as well as lowering parking requirements and easing some other regulations on development in station areas As part of Sound Transit 3 in 2016 the Washington State Legislature mandated that Sound Transit reserve at least 80 of the surplus land surrounding light rail stations for affordable housing developments 146 See also editSeattle Streetcar List of rail transit systems in the United StatesReferences edit Transit Ridership Report Third Quarter 2023 PDF American Public Transportation Association November 30 2023 Retrieved December 6 2023 Transit Ridership Report Fourth Quarter 2022 PDF American Public Transportation Association March 1 2023 Retrieved March 29 2023 A look into rail s past The Seattle Times February 1 1987 p B3 a b Crowley Walt October 2 2000 Street Railways in Seattle HistoryLink Archived from the original on September 18 2017 Retrieved November 9 2022 Cohen Josh October 14 2016 How Seattle blew its chance at a subway system Crosscut com Archived from the original on September 17 2017 Retrieved November 9 2022 Kershner Jim February 21 2020 King County Metro Transit HistoryLink Archived from the original on November 9 2022 Retrieved November 9 2022 Lane Bob March 22 1981 Light rail system might solve transit problems says study The Seattle Times p A16 Gough William December 5 1982 Rapid transit system studied for Seattle Snohomish County The Seattle Times p B31 Lane Bob November 9 1988 Ballot Issues On track voters say hop to on rail transit The Seattle Times p E9 Lane Bob April 22 1988 Metro makes tracks for tracks for future The Seattle Times p B1 a b c d Johnston Louis Williamson Samuel H 2023 What Was the U S GDP Then MeasuringWorth Retrieved November 30 2023 United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series Schaefer David February 12 1995 On the right track Questions answers to the 6 7 billion proposal The Seattle Times p A1 Schaefer David Murakami Kery March 15 1995 Transit plan derailed Pierce Snohomish county voters say no to 6 7 billion proposal The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on November 9 2022 Retrieved November 9 2022 Schaefer David October 6 1996 Looking at the new transit proposal The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on November 9 2022 Retrieved November 9 2022 Schaefer David November 6 1996 Voters back transit plan on fourth try The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on November 30 2020 Retrieved February 26 2007 Sound Transit to be the Name for Regional Transit Authority Services Press release Sound Transit August 15 1997 Retrieved November 9 2022 Dudley Brier July 19 1997 Link may join BART and MAX The News Tribune p A1 Archived from the original on November 9 2022 Retrieved November 9 2022 via Newspapers com Service gives downtown commuters parking ride Seattle Post Intelligencer February 16 1998 p B2 Sound Transit Motion No M99 28 PDF Sound Transit July 8 1999 Archived from the original PDF on March 4 2016 Retrieved November 10 2022 Opening of expanded Tacoma Dome Station start of Tacoma Link light rail construction to be celebrated Press release Sound Transit October 6 2000 Retrieved November 10 2022 Corvin Aaron August 23 2003 Tacoma Link makes its debut The News Tribune p A1 Archived from the original on November 11 2022 Retrieved November 10 2022 via Newspapers com Corvin Aaron April 28 2004 City s streetcar system hits 500 000 rider mark The News Tribune p B2 Archived from the original on November 11 2022 Retrieved November 10 2022 via Newspapers com Light rail cost soars 1 billion The Seattle Times December 13 2000 Archived from the original on July 11 2012 Retrieved February 28 2007 Andrew Garber March 30 2001 Federal aid in jeopardy for light rail The Seattle Times Archived from the original on July 8 2012 Retrieved April 21 2007 Grass Michael March 23 2016 With Seattle s Long Awaited Transit Expansion Now Reality It s Full Steam Ahead Route Fifty Atlantic Media Archived from the original on March 28 2016 Retrieved April 12 2016 Countdown to a new era all aboard Link light rail starting July 18 Press release Sound Transit April 20 2009 Retrieved March 20 2016 Gutierrez Scott June 23 2011 Link light rail under 2 4 billion after contract dispute ends Seattle Post Intelligencer Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 a b Countdown to airport connection Link light rail to Sea Tac Airport starts Dec 19 Press release Sound Transit November 13 2009 Retrieved March 20 2016 Yardley William April 4 2016 Seattle continues quest to get greener as it grows with transformative light rail expansion Los Angeles Times Archived from the original on April 11 2016 Retrieved April 12 2016 Netzler Kat September 18 2019 Link light rail debuts line colors The Platform Sound Transit Archived from the original on September 22 2019 Retrieved September 18 2019 Martinez Vasquez Jackie November 14 2019 Sound Transit will drop the Red Line name The Platform Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 15 2019 Retrieved November 14 2019 Shaner Zee April 9 2020 New line names coming in 2021 The Platform Sound Transit Archived from the original on April 22 2020 Retrieved April 9 2020 Transit line naming Frequently asked questions FAQs PDF Sound Transit April 2020 Archived PDF from the original on April 28 2020 Retrieved April 9 2020 a b Lindblom Mike Baruchman Michelle September 26 2021 Fast facts about light rail expansion to U District Roosevelt Northgate The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 a b c Lindblom Mike August 8 2016 Sound Transit keeping close eye on crowded light rail trains The Seattle Times p A7 Archived from the original on September 18 2017 Retrieved November 14 2022 Earl Joni July 16 2009 6 years and 2 4B later Central Link ready to roll Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 a b c d e f Transit Development Plan 2022 2027 and 2021 Annual Report PDF Sound Transit August 25 2022 pp 15 19 Archived PDF from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Lindblom Mike June 9 2021 Sound Transit light rail will improve to 8 minute frequency this weekend The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 a b Q4 2019 Service Delivery Quarterly Performance Report PDF Sound Transit February 27 2020 Archived PDF from the original on September 20 2020 Retrieved November 14 2022 Groover Heidi March 25 2019 Buses no longer using Seattle s transit tunnel Monday commutes test new routes The Seattle Times Archived from the original on March 25 2019 Retrieved November 14 2022 Lindblom Mike September 23 2006 Construction under way for airport rail link The Seattle Times Archived from the original on February 2 2018 Retrieved November 14 2022 Lindblom Mike December 16 2009 Airport rail station opens Saturday The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on January 16 2017 Retrieved November 14 2022 On Saturday it s all aboard U Link Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce March 18 2016 Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Lindblom Mike September 22 2016 Angle Lake light rail station opens Saturday with party The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Modes of service Sound Transit Retrieved September 16 2023 a b Stephens Terry September 20 2001 Sound Transit seeks success in Tacoma Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Cross Robert March 26 2006 Tacoma under glass Chicago Tribune sec 8 pp 1 7 Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Corvin Aaron August 17 2003 Future Link Tacoma or bust The News Tribune pp A15 A18 Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 via Newspapers com Hadley Jane August 22 2003 Tacoma s light rail 1 6 historic miles Seattle Post Intelligencer p B1 Archived from the original on November 12 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Tacoma Link Commerce Street Station opens tomorrow Press release Sound Transit September 14 2011 Retrieved November 14 2022 Lindblom Mike September 16 2023 Sound Transit s Tacoma streetcar climbs the Hilltop starting this weekend The Seattle Times Retrieved September 16 2023 T Line schedule Tacoma Dome St Joseph PDF Sound Transit September 16 2023 Retrieved September 16 2023 Ellouk Bernard October 30 2017 Sound Transit will make it easier to get to Garth Brooks concerts KING 5 News Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Lynn Adam December 21 2016 Tacoma Link ridership heads downhill The News Tribune p A1 Archived from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved November 14 2022 Sailor Craig September 14 2023 Tacoma Link doubles in length Saturday Sound Transit isn t delivering what they promised The News Tribune Retrieved September 16 2023 a b c d Fares Sound Transit Retrieved November 1 2023 Hilltop Tacoma Link Extension opens for passengers tomorrow Press release Sound Transit September 15 2023 Retrieved September 16 2023 a b Station Experience Design Guidelines PDF Sound Transit June 2022 pp 32 36 38 64 65 69 Archived PDF from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Tacoma Link Expansion Project Overview PDF Sound Transit July 2015 Archived PDF from the original on February 2 2023 Retrieved November 18 2022 Baruchman Michelle April 16 2018 Why Sound Transit doesn t use turnstiles at light rail stations The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 a b Transit accessibility Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Sound Transit Design Criteria Manual Revision 5 Amendment 11 PDF Sound Transit May 2021 p 9 20 Archived PDF from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Sipe Tyler Wasson Lindsey December 12 2016 Transit tourism Explore Seattle by Link light rail The Seattle Times Archived from the original on July 13 2021 Retrieved November 18 2022 East Link Extension Light Rail 101 PDF Sound Transit June 2017 Archived PDF from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Chapter 2 Alternatives Considered PDF Regional Transit Long Range Plan Update Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement Sound Transit June 2014 p 2 2 Archived 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The Seattle Times p B1 Archived from the original on September 18 2017 Retrieved September 17 2017 Kroman David September 1 2022 Free transit starts today for most youths across WA The Seattle Times Retrieved October 31 2022 Lindblom Mike December 15 2023 Sound Transit light rail to cost 3 a ride for trips near or far The Seattle Times Retrieved December 16 2023 Lindblom Mike September 26 2023 What fare is fair Sound Transit wants your opinion The Seattle Times Retrieved September 27 2023 Overnight cleaning and maintenance keeps Link running squeaky clean The Platform Sound Transit February 18 2016 Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Link Operations amp Maintenance Satellite Facility Core Light Rail System Plan Review PDF Report Sound Transit September 2012 p 1 Retrieved November 22 2022 ST opens state of the art Link light rail Operations amp Maintenance Facility Press release Sound Transit March 4 2007 Retrieved November 22 2022 Cohen Aubrey June 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Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Sound Transit Resolution No R2022 12 PDF Sound Transit May 26 2022 Archived PDF from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 The Tacoma Link Light Rail Vehicles are Coming Press release Sound Transit July 25 2002 Retrieved November 18 2022 Skoda breaks into the urban market Railway Gazette International April 1 2001 Archived from the original on April 12 2019 Retrieved November 22 2022 The Tacoma Link Light Rail Vehicles are Coming Press release Sound Transit July 25 2002 Retrieved November 22 2022 Metzger Katie March 30 2022 Fresh pics New light rail vehicle arrives in Tacoma The Platform Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Final new light rail vehicle arrives for Hilltop Tacoma link Press release Sound Transit November 10 2022 Retrieved November 22 2022 Middleton William D April 1 2006 Sound Transit builds for LRT Projected growth over the next 25 years is driving the Seattle region s rapid push to expand light rail Railway Age Chicago Illinois Simmons Boardman Publishing 43 45 ISSN 0033 8826 OCLC 1586268 Archived from the original on May 2 2006 Retrieved November 18 2022 Sound Transit light rail trains are now running on clean energy Press release Sound Transit December 1 2020 Retrieved December 1 2020 State finally getting satellite based train controls 20 years after fatal crash The Seattle Times May 27 2015 Retrieved August 5 2023 a b c Lindblom Mike Baruchman Michelle August 15 2021 Sound Transit faces a 6 5 billion shortfall Here s what it might do The Seattle Times Archived from the original on August 15 2021 Retrieved November 14 2022 Sound Transit Annual Program Review At a glance summary report PDF Sound Transit April 2022 Archived PDF from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 a b c d e Lindblom Mike August 18 2022 More delays for light rail to Bellevue Redmond Federal Way Lynnwood The Seattle Times Archived from the original on August 18 2022 Retrieved August 18 2022 Haglund Noah August 24 2017 Light rail to Lynnwood 500M over budget behind schedule The Everett Herald Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Lindblom Mike November 3 2016 Still deciding on Sound Transit 3 Here s a Q amp A The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 14 2022 Increased project cost estimates presented to Sound Transit Board Executive Committee The Platform Sound Transit January 7 2021 Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Craighead Callie January 11 2021 Estimated cost of West Seattle Ballard link extension increases by 50 Seattle Post Intelligencer Archived from the original on November 17 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 a b West Seattle and Ballard Link Extensions Draft Environmental Impact Statement Executive Summary PDF Sound Transit January 2022 p ES 2 Archived PDF from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Transit line naming Frequently asked questions FAQs PDF Sound Transit April 2020 pp 1 4 7 Archived PDF from the original on August 12 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 a b c d e Sound Transit future service PDF Map Sound Transit March 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Engelson Andrew August 5 2021 Sound Transit Approves Plan that Accelerates Timeline for Seattle Stations Addresses Funding Gap The Stranger Archived from the original on December 4 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Denny Way and 23rd Ave light rail lines 20 year Seattle Transportation Plan taking shape Capitol Hill Seattle Blog August 25 2023 Retrieved September 1 2023 a b c d e Lindblom Mike August 24 2023 Eastside only light rail should open in March Sound Transit says The Seattle Times Retrieved August 24 2023 Lindblom Mike November 9 2022 An Eastside only light rail line Here s why it might happen The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Lindblom Mike May 14 2017 World s first light rail on a floating bridge For I 90 Sound Transit had to invent a brilliant solution The Seattle Times p A1 Archived from the original on September 2 2017 Retrieved November 17 2022 Lindblom Mike January 24 2022 Rolling in the deep Sound Transit s downtown Seattle tunnel would bring riders 145 feet below the street The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Watanabe Ben December 8 2021 City of Everett outlines light rail priorities for 2037 The Everett Herald Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Everett Link Extension fact sheet PDF Sound Transit 2021 Archived PDF from the original on February 2 2023 Retrieved November 17 2022 a b c South Kirkland Issaquah Link Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 15 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Lindblom Mike Baruchman Michelle July 8 2019 Could Sound Transit build light rail faster It wouldn t be easy The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 17 2022 Thompson Lynn April 26 2016 Kirkland Renton leaders want more from Sound Transit 3 package The Seattle Times Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Howard John William March 30 2016 Draft plan for ST3 does not include transit on Kirkland trail Kirkland Reporter Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Action plans to address current Link construction risks PDF Sound Transit August 17 2022 Archived PDF from the original on August 31 2022 Retrieved August 30 2022 a b Agency Progress Report Capital Programs PDF Sound Transit September 2022 p 10 Archived PDF from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 System expansion Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 18 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Realigned Capital Program Pursuant to Sound Transit Board action of August 5 2021 PDF Sound Transit August 12 2021 Archived PDF from the original on August 14 2021 Retrieved August 13 2021 Light rail guideway construction underway in BelRed Press release Sound Transit March 29 2018 Retrieved November 18 2022 Lindblom Mike May 26 2023 Wetlands bridge adds delay and 72 million to light rail project The Seattle Times Retrieved July 5 2023 Sailor Craig February 28 2023 Light rail from Tacoma to Seattle delayed again Here s why according to Sound Transit The News Tribune Retrieved March 1 2023 TCC Tacoma Link Extension Sound Transit Archived from the original on November 19 2022 Retrieved November 18 2022 Project Summary LINK Light Rail King County Department of Transportation September 17 2003 Archived from the original on October 13 2006 Regional View Newsletter Puget Sound Regional Council July 2001 Archived December 4 2008 at the Wayback Machine Transit Cooperative Research Program Research Results Digest Oct 2002 Number 52 Subject Area VI Public Transit Robert Cervero Christopher Ferrell and Steven Murphy Hawken Paul ed 2017 Drawdown the most comprehensive plan ever proposed to reverse global warming New York New York Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 313044 4 Cohen Josh May 8 2018 Seattle Raises the Equity Bar on Transit Oriented Development Next City Archived from the original on April 6 2019 Retrieved March 27 2019 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Link light rail KML file edit help Template Attached KML Link light railKML is not from Wikidata Sound Transit website System expansion Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Link light rail amp oldid 1190312657, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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