fbpx
Wikipedia

Scarlet lily beetle

April 11, 2024

The scarlet lily beetle, red lily beetle, or lily leaf beetle (Lilioceris lilii), is a leaf beetle that eats the leaves, stem, buds, and flowers, of lilies, fritillaries and other members of the family Liliaceae. It lays its eggs most often on Lilium and Fritillaria species. In the absence of Lilium and Fritillaria species, there are fewer eggs laid and the survival rate of eggs and larvae is reduced.[2] It is now a pest in most temperate climates where lilies are cultivated.

Scarlet lily beetle
mating, Oxfordshire, UK
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Subfamily: Criocerinae
Tribe: Criocerini
Genus: Lilioceris
Species:
L. lilii
Binomial name
Lilioceris lilii

Description edit

This lily beetle belongs to the order Coleoptera, and the family Chrysomelidae, the leaf beetles. The adult lily beetle is about 6 to 9 mm (¼–⅜ in) in length, with relatively long legs and antennae. Its elytra (harder forewings) are bright scarlet and shiny. Its underside, legs, eyes, antennae and head are all black. It has large eyes, a slim thorax, and a wide abdomen.[3] Each antenna is made up of 11 segments. The eyes are notched and there are two grooves on the thorax.[4]

This lily beetle may be confused with the cardinal beetle (Pyrochroa serraticornis), which also has red elytra and a black underside. The wing cases of the lily leaf beetle are dimpled and are shinier and more rounded than those of the cardinal beetle, which are relatively dull, and narrower, flatter, and more elongated. The cardinal beetle also has comb-like antennae.[5] The lily leaf beetle is herbivorous, while the cardinal beetle preys on insects.[6] The lily leaf beetle is also confused with unspotted ladybirds, but it is narrower in shape.[3]

Natural history edit

Distribution edit

The lily leaf beetle is indigenous to parts of Europe and Asia. It is thought to have been introduced to North America through the importation of plant bulbs in 1943.[7] First spotted in Montreal, it spread throughout Canada and appeared in Massachusetts in 1992, and by 2012 was in all six New England States, as well as New York and Washington states. In Canada it is found from the Maritime Provinces west to Manitoba.[4][7] As of 2001, it spread as far west as Alberta, and as of 2017 full infestations reported as far north as the Edmonton, AB area. It has also become established as an invasive species in the United Kingdom since being first recorded in 1839, although the first colony did not become established until 1939 and it did not spread far until the 1980s, then more rapidly from the 1980s.[8][9] Since then it has spread from Surrey in southern England as far north as Inverness, Scotland. It is also found in Ireland.[8] It is also found in the Middle East and North Africa.[7]

Life cycle edit

 
Larvae eating lily leaf

The beetle overwinters in the soil and emerges early in spring. The adult is generally found in moist, cool environments.[10] It emerges in spring to feed and mate.[3] The female can lay up to 450 eggs each season in batches of about 12 on the undersides of leaves. It arranges the red-orange to brown eggs in narrow irregular lines along the midrib, where they are more concealed. The eggs then hatch into yellow, brown or orange larvae in about 1–2 weeks.[7]

The larvae feed for up to 24 days, beginning underneath the leaf then working up the rest of the plant, and cause the most damage. Their preferred feeding locale is underneath the leaf or at the node where the leaf meets the stem. They then burrow in the ground to pupate in a cocoon of soil bound with saliva. In about 20 days they emerge as adults and continue to feed until winter. More than one cycle can occur in one year.[11][7]

Behaviour edit

Often the first evidence of lily leaf beetle infestation is sticky brown frass piles containing larvae on leaves. The larvae remain in the frass for protection from the sun and predators. However, the fecal shield is not effective protection against parasitoids, and it may actually make it easier for parasitoids such as the wasp Lemophagus pulcher to locate the larvae.[12]

An adult that senses danger displays a defense mechanism, thanatosis, becoming motionless, folding up its appendages and falling with its black under surface facing up, thereby helping it camouflage with the ground to get away. If unable to escape, they are also able to ‘squeak’, by rubbing two parts of their body together, which may be used to startle the attacker. [13] This process is known as stridulation and could even shock a bird or any other predator that may attack the lily leaf beetle.[3]

Lilies may first show evidence of holes chewed in the leaves from consumption, and if left unchecked rapidly progress to blackening, and total loss of the leaves, leaving only the stem. Beetles and their larvae may also inhabit and devour the developing flower buds. Invasion may occur shortly after the new plants emerge from the soil, particularly if there are nearby Fritillaria which emerge earlier than Lilium. While Lilium and Fritillaria are affected, Hemerocallis is not. All types of lily may be affected, but while Asiatic lilies are the most vulnerable, some Oriental lilies may be more resistant. Resistant types include Lilium henryi 'Madame Butterfly', Lilium speciosum 'Uchida', and Lilium 'Black Beauty'. Other garden plants affected include Convallaria majalis, Polygonatum, potato (Solanum tuberosum), flowering tobacco (Nicotiana), hollyhock (Alcea) and Hosta.[7]

Pest impact edit

 
Adult eating lily leaf

Fritillaria and Lilium specimens in Canadian gardens, particularly around Halifax, Nova Scotia are significantly affected by the lily leaf beetle. A garden in Waverley, Nova Scotia has reported decline of lily species and cultivars from 50 in 1996 to only one in 2006.[14]

Control edit

The most surefire strategy for preventing infestation by any pest is to avoid planting susceptible plants in the first place, with lily beetle this necessitates avoiding growing so many desirable cultivars of Lilium, that other strategies may be preferred. Regular handpicking and crushing of eggs, larvae and adults is effective if somewhat laborious. Domestic insecticides registered for general leaf beetle control containing carbaryl, methoxychlor, malathion and rotenone can prove useful in controlling populations.[4] However, malathion and carbaryl, effective on adults and larvae, are toxic to bees and other insects, respectively.[15] Products based on neem extracts are useful in killing very young larvae and repelling adults without comparable harm to other insects, although this option is perhaps less effective than handpicking. Neem products should be applied every 5 to 7 days after egg hatch. Thiacloprid is also effective.[15] Floating row cover has been effective in preventing the adults from feeding and laying eggs in the spring.[16][17]

Biological control edit

In Europe, total parasitism rate in the last instar stage averages about 90% on wild Lilium martagon, 75% in gardens and 60% in cultivated lily fields. Most lily leaf beetle parasitoids are wasps that lay eggs inside the host and effectively kill all infected individuals. Diaparsis jucunda (Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae), dominates over 90% of the parasitoid infections in lily leaf beetle. However, in gardens and commercial fields, Tetrastichus setifer (Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae) and Lemophagus pulcher (Eulophidae: Campopleginae) become the dominant parasitoids in the later season.[18]

There are no natural predators or parasites of lily leaf beetle in North America. In 1996, University of Rhode Island began testing the effectiveness of biological control of lily leaf beetle using six natural parasitoids from Europe. CAB International Bioscience Switzerland Center has also participated in this project from 1998 till 2001.[18] The European parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus setifer was used in Massachusetts from 1999 to 2001; the experiment showed reduction of the beetle population. Population decline was also observed at another experiment site in Rhode Island.[19] In 2003, another parasitoid, Lemophagus errabundus, was released in Massachusetts and is now established in the region.[14] Similar parasitoid releases have been made in Boston with positive results.[20]

References edit

  1. ^ Scopoli, I.A. (1763). Entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo Linnæana. Vindobonae [= Vienna]: Trattner. pp. [30] + 420 pp. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  2. ^ Ernst, Crystal; Cappuccino, Naomi; Arnason, John Thor (2007). "Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in eastern North America". Ecological Entomology. 32 (1): 45–52. Bibcode:2007EcoEn..32...45E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00834.x. S2CID 84675688.
  3. ^ a b c d Ernst, C. The Lily Leaf Beetle (Lilioceris lilii): an unwelcome invader. 2005 NALS Yearbook. North American Lily Society. pp. 29-34. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  4. ^ a b c . Archived from the original on 2012-10-12. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  5. ^ "UK Safari. Lily Beetles". Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  6. ^ "Royal Horticultural Society. Red-headed cardinal beetle - Pyrochroa serraticornis". Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Ann Whitman. Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles. Gardeners' Supply Company
  8. ^ a b "Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli, 1763) | BEETLES and BEETLE RECORDING in GREAT BRITAIN". www.coleoptera.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  9. ^ "Learn more about lily beetle and how to help the RHS with research / RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-01-18.
  10. ^ Lily Leaf Beetle Lilioceris lilii. 2013-06-16 at the Wayback Machine University of Rhode Island Landscape Horticulture Program Factsheets. 2002. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  11. ^ Shand 2008.
  12. ^ Schaffner, U. and C. Muller. 2001. Exploitation of the fecal shield of the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by the specialist parasitoid Lemophagus pulcher (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 14(6): 739-57.
  13. ^ Biology of Leaf Beetles. Jolivet, P. Verma, K.K. 2002. Intercept. ISBN 9781898298861
  14. ^ a b Majka, C. G.; LeSage L. (2008). "Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces, 5: the lily leaf beetle, Lilioceris lilii (Scopoli) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)" (PDF). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 110 (1): 186–195. doi:10.4289/0013-8797-110.1.186. S2CID 84398137. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  15. ^ a b . Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  17. ^ "Gary Westlake. Lily Leaf Beetle. Peterborough Examiner". Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  18. ^ a b "Kenis, M., Haye, T., Casagrande, R. A., Gold, M. S., and Tewksbury, L. A. Unspecified. Selection and importation of European parasitoids for the biological control of the lily leaf beetle in North America, and prospects for control in Europe. 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods 1: 416-419" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  19. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  20. ^ "BBC - h2g2 - The Lily Leaf Beetle, 2007". Retrieved 2009-02-21.

Bibliography edit

  • . Shand Greenhouse. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. Retrieved 2012-08-21.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilioceris lilii.
 
Wikispecies has information related to Lilioceris lilii.
  • Royal Horticultural Society: Lily beetle
    • see also

April 11, 2024
scarlet, lily, beetle, scarlet, lily, beetle, lily, beetle, lily, leaf, beetle, lilioceris, lilii, leaf, beetle, that, eats, leaves, stem, buds, flowers, lilies, fritillaries, other, members, family, liliaceae, lays, eggs, most, often, lilium, fritillaria, spe. The scarlet lily beetle red lily beetle or lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii is a leaf beetle that eats the leaves stem buds and flowers of lilies fritillaries and other members of the family Liliaceae It lays its eggs most often on Lilium and Fritillaria species In the absence of Lilium and Fritillaria species there are fewer eggs laid and the survival rate of eggs and larvae is reduced 2 It is now a pest in most temperate climates where lilies are cultivated Scarlet lily beetlemating Oxfordshire UKScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectaOrder ColeopteraInfraorder CucujiformiaFamily ChrysomelidaeSubfamily CriocerinaeTribe CrioceriniGenus LiliocerisSpecies L liliiBinomial nameLilioceris lilii Scopoli 1763 1 Contents 1 Description 2 Natural history 2 1 Distribution 2 2 Life cycle 2 3 Behaviour 3 Pest impact 3 1 Control 3 2 Biological control 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksDescription editThis lily beetle belongs to the order Coleoptera and the family Chrysomelidae the leaf beetles The adult lily beetle is about 6 to 9 mm in in length with relatively long legs and antennae Its elytra harder forewings are bright scarlet and shiny Its underside legs eyes antennae and head are all black It has large eyes a slim thorax and a wide abdomen 3 Each antenna is made up of 11 segments The eyes are notched and there are two grooves on the thorax 4 This lily beetle may be confused with the cardinal beetle Pyrochroa serraticornis which also has red elytra and a black underside The wing cases of the lily leaf beetle are dimpled and are shinier and more rounded than those of the cardinal beetle which are relatively dull and narrower flatter and more elongated The cardinal beetle also has comb like antennae 5 The lily leaf beetle is herbivorous while the cardinal beetle preys on insects 6 The lily leaf beetle is also confused with unspotted ladybirds but it is narrower in shape 3 Natural history editDistribution edit The lily leaf beetle is indigenous to parts of Europe and Asia It is thought to have been introduced to North America through the importation of plant bulbs in 1943 7 First spotted in Montreal it spread throughout Canada and appeared in Massachusetts in 1992 and by 2012 was in all six New England States as well as New York and Washington states In Canada it is found from the Maritime Provinces west to Manitoba 4 7 As of 2001 it spread as far west as Alberta and as of 2017 full infestations reported as far north as the Edmonton AB area It has also become established as an invasive species in the United Kingdom since being first recorded in 1839 although the first colony did not become established until 1939 and it did not spread far until the 1980s then more rapidly from the 1980s 8 9 Since then it has spread from Surrey in southern England as far north as Inverness Scotland It is also found in Ireland 8 It is also found in the Middle East and North Africa 7 Life cycle edit nbsp Larvae eating lily leafThe beetle overwinters in the soil and emerges early in spring The adult is generally found in moist cool environments 10 It emerges in spring to feed and mate 3 The female can lay up to 450 eggs each season in batches of about 12 on the undersides of leaves It arranges the red orange to brown eggs in narrow irregular lines along the midrib where they are more concealed The eggs then hatch into yellow brown or orange larvae in about 1 2 weeks 7 The larvae feed for up to 24 days beginning underneath the leaf then working up the rest of the plant and cause the most damage Their preferred feeding locale is underneath the leaf or at the node where the leaf meets the stem They then burrow in the ground to pupate in a cocoon of soil bound with saliva In about 20 days they emerge as adults and continue to feed until winter More than one cycle can occur in one year 11 7 Behaviour edit Often the first evidence of lily leaf beetle infestation is sticky brown frass piles containing larvae on leaves The larvae remain in the frass for protection from the sun and predators However the fecal shield is not effective protection against parasitoids and it may actually make it easier for parasitoids such as the wasp Lemophagus pulcher to locate the larvae 12 An adult that senses danger displays a defense mechanism thanatosis becoming motionless folding up its appendages and falling with its black under surface facing up thereby helping it camouflage with the ground to get away If unable to escape they are also able to squeak by rubbing two parts of their body together which may be used to startle the attacker 13 This process is known as stridulation and could even shock a bird or any other predator that may attack the lily leaf beetle 3 Lilies may first show evidence of holes chewed in the leaves from consumption and if left unchecked rapidly progress to blackening and total loss of the leaves leaving only the stem Beetles and their larvae may also inhabit and devour the developing flower buds Invasion may occur shortly after the new plants emerge from the soil particularly if there are nearby Fritillaria which emerge earlier than Lilium While Lilium and Fritillaria are affected Hemerocallis is not All types of lily may be affected but while Asiatic lilies are the most vulnerable some Oriental lilies may be more resistant Resistant types include Lilium henryi Madame Butterfly Lilium speciosum Uchida and Lilium Black Beauty Other garden plants affected include Convallaria majalis Polygonatum potato Solanum tuberosum flowering tobacco Nicotiana hollyhock Alcea and Hosta 7 Pest impact edit nbsp Adult eating lily leafFritillaria and Lilium specimens in Canadian gardens particularly around Halifax Nova Scotia are significantly affected by the lily leaf beetle A garden in Waverley Nova Scotia has reported decline of lily species and cultivars from 50 in 1996 to only one in 2006 14 Control edit The most surefire strategy for preventing infestation by any pest is to avoid planting susceptible plants in the first place with lily beetle this necessitates avoiding growing so many desirable cultivars of Lilium that other strategies may be preferred Regular handpicking and crushing of eggs larvae and adults is effective if somewhat laborious Domestic insecticides registered for general leaf beetle control containing carbaryl methoxychlor malathion and rotenone can prove useful in controlling populations 4 However malathion and carbaryl effective on adults and larvae are toxic to bees and other insects respectively 15 Products based on neem extracts are useful in killing very young larvae and repelling adults without comparable harm to other insects although this option is perhaps less effective than handpicking Neem products should be applied every 5 to 7 days after egg hatch Thiacloprid is also effective 15 Floating row cover has been effective in preventing the adults from feeding and laying eggs in the spring 16 17 Biological control edit In Europe total parasitism rate in the last instar stage averages about 90 on wild Lilium martagon 75 in gardens and 60 in cultivated lily fields Most lily leaf beetle parasitoids are wasps that lay eggs inside the host and effectively kill all infected individuals Diaparsis jucunda Ichneumonidae Tersilochinae dominates over 90 of the parasitoid infections in lily leaf beetle However in gardens and commercial fields Tetrastichus setifer Eulophidae Tetrastichinae and Lemophagus pulcher Eulophidae Campopleginae become the dominant parasitoids in the later season 18 There are no natural predators or parasites of lily leaf beetle in North America In 1996 University of Rhode Island began testing the effectiveness of biological control of lily leaf beetle using six natural parasitoids from Europe CAB International Bioscience Switzerland Center has also participated in this project from 1998 till 2001 18 The European parasitoid wasp Tetrastichus setifer was used in Massachusetts from 1999 to 2001 the experiment showed reduction of the beetle population Population decline was also observed at another experiment site in Rhode Island 19 In 2003 another parasitoid Lemophagus errabundus was released in Massachusetts and is now established in the region 14 Similar parasitoid releases have been made in Boston with positive results 20 References edit Scopoli I A 1763 Entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta carnioliae indigena et distributa in ordines genera species varietates Methodo Linnaeana Vindobonae Vienna Trattner pp 30 420 pp Retrieved 23 June 2021 Ernst Crystal Cappuccino Naomi Arnason John Thor 2007 Potential novel hosts for the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli Coleoptera Chrysomelidae in eastern North America Ecological Entomology 32 1 45 52 Bibcode 2007EcoEn 32 45E doi 10 1111 j 1365 2311 2006 00834 x S2CID 84675688 a b c d Ernst C The Lily Leaf Beetle Lilioceris lilii an unwelcome invader 2005 NALS Yearbook North American Lily Society pp 29 34 Retrieved 2012 08 21 a b c University of Guelph Pest Diagnostic Clinic Ian Smith The Leaf Lily Beetle 2003 Archived from the original on 2012 10 12 Retrieved 2012 08 21 UK Safari Lily Beetles Retrieved 2012 08 21 Royal Horticultural Society Red headed cardinal beetle Pyrochroa serraticornis Retrieved 2012 08 21 a b c d e f Ann Whitman Controlling Lily Leaf Beetles Gardeners Supply Company a b Lilioceris lilii Scopoli 1763 BEETLES and BEETLE RECORDING in GREAT BRITAIN www coleoptera org uk Retrieved 2016 01 18 Learn more about lily beetle and how to help the RHS with research RHS Gardening www rhs org uk Retrieved 2016 01 18 Lily Leaf Beetle Lilioceris lilii Archived 2013 06 16 at the Wayback Machine University of Rhode Island Landscape Horticulture Program Factsheets 2002 Retrieved 2012 08 21 Shand 2008 Schaffner U and C Muller 2001 Exploitation of the fecal shield of the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Coleoptera Chrysomelidae by the specialist parasitoid Lemophagus pulcher Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae Journal of Insect Behavior 14 6 739 57 Biology of Leaf Beetles Jolivet P Verma K K 2002 Intercept ISBN 9781898298861 a b Majka C G LeSage L 2008 Introduced leaf beetles of the Maritime Provinces 5 the lily leaf beetle Lilioceris lilii Scopoli Coleoptera Chrysomelidae PDF Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 110 1 186 195 doi 10 4289 0013 8797 110 1 186 S2CID 84398137 Retrieved 16 March 2014 a b Manitoba Regional Lily Society Archived from the original on October 6 2006 Retrieved 2009 02 21 Montreal Botanical Garden Criocere du lis Archived from the original on 2011 06 15 Retrieved 2009 02 21 Gary Westlake Lily Leaf Beetle Peterborough Examiner Retrieved 2012 08 21 a b Kenis M Haye T Casagrande R A Gold M S and Tewksbury L A Unspecified Selection and importation of European parasitoids for the biological control of the lily leaf beetle in North America and prospects for control in Europe 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods 1 416 419 PDF Retrieved 2009 02 21 Biology and Control of the Lily Leaf Beetle News amp Views for New Hampshire s Green Industry University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension April June 2005 PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2008 09 05 Retrieved 2009 02 21 BBC h2g2 The Lily Leaf Beetle 2007 Retrieved 2009 02 21 Bibliography edit Have You Seen the Red Lily Beetle Shand Greenhouse 2008 Archived from the original on 2008 07 29 Retrieved 2012 08 21 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lilioceris lilii nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Lilioceris lilii Royal Horticultural Society Lily beetle see also Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Scarlet lily beetle amp oldid 1214465324, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.