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Lifestyle disease

August 22, 2023

Lifestyle diseases can be defined as diseases linked with one's lifestyle. These diseases are non-communicable diseases. They are caused by lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating, alcohol, substance use disorders and smoking tobacco, which can lead to heart disease, stroke, obesity, type II diabetes and lung cancer.[1][2] The diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer include Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma, cancer, chronic liver disease or cirrhosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, PCOD, stroke, depression, obesity and vascular dementia.

Lifestyle disease may soon have an impact on the workforce and the cost of health care. Treating these non-communicable diseases can be expensive.[3] It can be critical for the patients health to receive primary prevention and identify early symptoms of these non-communicable diseases. These lifestyle diseases are expected to increase throughout the years if people do not improve their lifestyle choices.[4]

Some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence.[5] Certain diseases, such as diabetes, dental caries and asthma, appear at greater rates in young populations living in the "western" way; their increased incidence is not related to age, so the terms cannot accurately be used interchangeably for all diseases.[6]

Tamer

Diet and lifestyle are major factors thought to influence susceptibility to many diseases. Substance use disorders, such as tobacco smoking, and excessive consumption of alcohol, and a lack of or too much exercise may also increase the risk of developing certain diseases, especially later in life.[7][8][9]

In many Western countries, people began to consume more meat, dairy products, vegetable oils, tobacco, sugary foods, sugary beverages, and alcoholic beverages during the latter half of the 20th century. People also developed sedentary lifestyles and greater rates of obesity.[10] Rates of colorectal, breast, prostate, endometrial and lung cancer started increasing after this dietary change. People in developing countries, whose diets still depend largely on low-sugar starchy foods with little meat or fat have lower rates of these cancers.[11] Causes are not just from smoking tobacco and alcohol use. Adults can develop lifestyle diseases through behavioral factors that impact on them. Behavioral factors including unemployment, unsafe life, poor social environment, working conditions, stress and home life can increase their risk of developing one of these non-communicable diseases.[12]

Death statistics in Australia

Between 1995 and 2005, 813,000 Australians were hospitalized due to alcohol.[13] In 2014, 11.2 million Australians were overweight or obese.

In 2013 there were 147,678 deaths within Australia mostly from lifestyle diseases. Smoking tobacco, alcohol use and other substances, violence, and unhealthy weight have impacted the Australians' death rate. The leading cause of death of Australian males was heart disease with 11,016 deaths, followed by lung cancer with 4,995 deaths, and chronic pulmonary disease killing 3,572. All these conditions were mainly attributed to smoking, excessive alcohol use or an unhealthy lifestyle.[14] In 2013, coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death in 8,750 women, mainly as a result of their lifestyle. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease came second, affecting 7,277 females and thirdly, cerebrovascular disease, killing 6,368. These top three causes of deaths could be minimized through lifestyle changes within the Australian population.[15]

The table shows that ages of people dying and the top five diseases of which they are dying.[15]

Age 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
45-64 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer Breast cancer Colorectal cancer Suicide
65-74 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer COPD Cerebrovascular disease Colorectal cancer
75-84 Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Dementia and Alzheimer's disease Lung cancer COPD
85-94 Coronary heart disease Dementia and Alzheimer's disease Cerebrovascular disease COPD Influenza and pneumonia

Death statistics in the United States

In 1900, the top three causes of death in the United States were pneumonia/influenza, tuberculosis, and diarrhea/enteritis. Communicable diseases accounted for about 60 percent of all deaths. In 1900, heart disease and cancer were ranked number four and eight, respectively. Since the 1940s, the majority of deaths in the United States have resulted from heart disease, cancer, and other degenerative diseases. By the late 1990s, degenerative diseases accounted for more than 60 percent of all deaths.[16]

Lifestyle diseases have their onset later in an individual's life; they appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer.[17] This suggests that the life expectancy at birth of 49.24 years in 1900[18] was too short for degenerative diseases to occur, compared to a life expectancy at birth of 77.8 years in 2004. Also, survivorship to the age of 50 was 58.5% in 1900, and 93.7% in 2007.[19]

Death statistics in India

According to a report[20] published by the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2017, 3 of the 5 leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non-communicable, with ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause. The range of disease burden or DALY rate among the states in 2016 was 9-fold for ischemic heart disease, 4-fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 6-fold for stroke, and 4-fold for diabetes across India. Of the total death from major disease groups, 62% of all deaths were caused by non-communicable diseases.[citation needed]

Distribution of deaths from major disease groups, by age (2016)
Death rate per 1,000,000 [percent of total deaths in that age group]
Age group Communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases Non-communicable diseases Injuries
0–14 years 22.6 [80.8] 3.4 [12.0] 2.0 [7.2]
15–39 years 5.9 [29.1] 6.9 [34.4] 7.3 [36.5]
40–69 years 19.6 [17.4] 82.4 [73.2] 10.5 [9.4]
70+ years 186.7 [23.0] 580.5 [71.6] 43.5 [5.4]
All ages 20.5 [27.5] 46 [61.8] 8.0 [10.7]

Prevention

Prevention of these non-communicable diseases are remedies or activities that aim to reduce the likelihood of a disease or disorder affecting people. Lifestyle diseases are preventable for children if parents set them on the correct path, as early life decisions and influences can impact people later on in life.[12] Lifestyle diseases can be prevented through reduction in smoking of tobacco.[21] The Australian Government started by introducing plain packaging for all tobacco products and increasing the prices of tobacco production.[22] Obesity can be prevented through a well-balanced lifestyle through healthy eating and exercise. 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily or by doing 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a week can be the start to a new lifestyle change.[23] Examples of moderate exercise include a brisk walk, swim, bicycle ride or it can also be everyday life activities like mowing the lawn or house cleaning.[24] In addition, studies have suggested that early life exercise can reduce the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adulthood.[25] All causes of lifestyle disease can be prevented through giving up smoking and other substances, reducing ones intake of alcohol, processed meats (like bacon and sausages), red meats (like pork, beef and lamb), fatty foods and by engaging in daily exercise. However, new studies also show preventive effects on recurrent respiratory tract infections in children through the intake of unprocessed food. Beef, green vegetables, and whole dairy can be beneficial because they are unprocessed compared to processed foods. Beef, unlike other types of red meat, can contribute to the health-promoting effects.[26] Eating an excess amount of these foods can have an impact on ones health. Certain foods and activities such as smoking and drinking should be done in moderation.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Lifestyle disease". MedicineNet. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  2. ^ Mathur, Prashant; Mascarenhas, Leena (2019). "Lifestyle diseases: Keeping fit for a better tomorrow". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 149 (Suppl 1): S129–S135. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.251669. PMC 6515727. PMID 31070189.
  3. ^ "Lifestyle diseases 'cost economy'". Cape Argus. Cape Town. 13 September 2011. ProQuest 889325276.
  4. ^ Engelen, Lina; Gale, Joanne; Chau, Josephine Y.; Hardy, Louise L.; Mackey, Martin; Johnson, Nathan; Shirley, Debra; Bauman, Adrian (2017). "Who is at risk of chronic disease? Associations between risk profiles of physical activity, sitting and cardio-metabolic disease in Australian adults". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 41 (2): 178–183. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12627. PMID 27960249. S2CID 34368321. ProQuest 2290216359.
  5. ^ Bitar, Adrienne Rose (January 2018). Diet and the Disease of Civilization. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-8964-0.
  6. ^ Pollan, Michael (2008). In Defense of Food: An Eater's Manifesto. Penguin Press HC, The. ISBN 978-1-59420-145-5.
  7. ^ Vaillant, George E.; Mukamal, Kenneth (June 2001). "Successful Aging". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (6): 839–847. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.839. PMID 11384887.
  8. ^ Fraser, Gary E.; Shavlik, David J. (9 July 2001). "Ten Years of Life: Is It a Matter of Choice?". Archives of Internal Medicine. 161 (13): 1645–1652. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.13.1645. PMID 11434797.
  9. ^ Steyn, K; Fourie, J; Bradshaw, D (1992). "The impact of chronic diseases of lifestyle and their major risk factors on mortality in South Africa". S Afr Med J. 82 (4): 227–31. PMID 1411817.
  10. ^ "Main Features - Key findings". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  11. ^ Key, TJ; Allen, NE; Spencer, EA (Sep 2002). "The effect of diet on risk of cancer". The Lancet. 360 (9336): 861–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09958-0. PMID 12243933. S2CID 44965668.
  12. ^ a b Vallgårda, Signild (November 2011). "Why the concept 'lifestyle diseases' should be avoided". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 39 (7): 773–775. doi:10.1177/1403494811421978. PMID 21948978. S2CID 33946127.
  13. ^ "Smoking, risky drinking and obesity". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Dec 2009. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  14. ^ "Health status". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  15. ^ a b "Leading causes of death". Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  16. ^ National Center for Health Statistics, National Office of Vital Statistics, 1947 for the year 1900 (page 67), for the year 1938 (page 55).
  17. ^ Olshansky, S. Jay; Carnes, Bruce A. (2002). The Quest for Immortality: Science at the Frontiers of Aging. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 191. ISBN 978-0393323276.
  18. ^ Life expectancy by age, race, and sex, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FastStats, 2007, retrieved 2009-06-11
  19. ^ Survivorship by age, race, and sex, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, FastStats, 2007, retrieved 2009-06-11
  20. ^ India: Health of the Nation's States 2017 Published by Indian Council of Medical Research. Retrieved: Jan 2020
  21. ^ . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  22. ^ "Tobacco product regulation and disclosure". Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  23. ^ . Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  24. ^ "What is Moderate-intensity and Vigorous-intensity Physical Activity?". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2016-05-12.
  25. ^ Falcão‐Tebas, Filippe; Kuang, Jujiao; Arceri, Chelsea; Kerris, Jarrod P.; Andrikopoulos, Sofianos; Marin, Evelyn C.; McConell, Glenn K. (1 January 2019). "Four weeks of exercise early in life reprograms adult skeletal muscle insulin resistance caused by a paternal high‐fat diet". The Journal of Physiology. 597 (1): 121–136. doi:10.1113/JP276386. PMC 6312425. PMID 30406963.
  26. ^ van der Gaag, Ellen; Brandsema, Ruben; Nobbenhuis, Rosan; van der Palen, Job; Hummel, Thalia (20 January 2020). "Influence of Dietary Advice Including Green Vegetables, Beef, and Whole Dairy Products on Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial". Nutrients. 12 (1): 272. doi:10.3390/nu12010272. PMC 7019298. PMID 31968697.

External links

  •   Media related to Lifestyle disease at Wikimedia Commons
  • Hu, Frank; Cheung, Lilian; Otis, Brett; Oliveira, Nancy; Musicus, Aviva, eds. (19 January 2021). "The Nutrition Source – Healthy Living Guide 2020/2021: A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living". Boston: Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.

August 22, 2023
lifestyle, disease, defined, diseases, linked, with, lifestyle, these, diseases, communicable, diseases, they, caused, lack, physical, activity, unhealthy, eating, alcohol, substance, disorders, smoking, tobacco, which, lead, heart, disease, stroke, obesity, t. Lifestyle diseases can be defined as diseases linked with one s lifestyle These diseases are non communicable diseases They are caused by lack of physical activity unhealthy eating alcohol substance use disorders and smoking tobacco which can lead to heart disease stroke obesity type II diabetes and lung cancer 1 2 The diseases that appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer include Alzheimer s disease arthritis atherosclerosis asthma cancer chronic liver disease or cirrhosis chronic obstructive pulmonary disease colitis irritable bowel syndrome type 2 diabetes heart disease hypertension metabolic syndrome chronic kidney failure osteoporosis PCOD stroke depression obesity and vascular dementia Lifestyle disease may soon have an impact on the workforce and the cost of health care Treating these non communicable diseases can be expensive 3 It can be critical for the patients health to receive primary prevention and identify early symptoms of these non communicable diseases These lifestyle diseases are expected to increase throughout the years if people do not improve their lifestyle choices 4 Some commenters maintain a distinction between diseases of longevity and diseases of civilization or diseases of affluence 5 Certain diseases such as diabetes dental caries and asthma appear at greater rates in young populations living in the western way their increased incidence is not related to age so the terms cannot accurately be used interchangeably for all diseases 6 Contents 1 Tamer 2 Death statistics in Australia 3 Death statistics in the United States 4 Death statistics in India 5 Prevention 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksTamer EditDiet and lifestyle are major factors thought to influence susceptibility to many diseases Substance use disorders such as tobacco smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol and a lack of or too much exercise may also increase the risk of developing certain diseases especially later in life 7 8 9 In many Western countries people began to consume more meat dairy products vegetable oils tobacco sugary foods sugary beverages and alcoholic beverages during the latter half of the 20th century People also developed sedentary lifestyles and greater rates of obesity 10 Rates of colorectal breast prostate endometrial and lung cancer started increasing after this dietary change People in developing countries whose diets still depend largely on low sugar starchy foods with little meat or fat have lower rates of these cancers 11 Causes are not just from smoking tobacco and alcohol use Adults can develop lifestyle diseases through behavioral factors that impact on them Behavioral factors including unemployment unsafe life poor social environment working conditions stress and home life can increase their risk of developing one of these non communicable diseases 12 Death statistics in Australia EditBetween 1995 and 2005 813 000 Australians were hospitalized due to alcohol 13 In 2014 11 2 million Australians were overweight or obese In 2013 there were 147 678 deaths within Australia mostly from lifestyle diseases Smoking tobacco alcohol use and other substances violence and unhealthy weight have impacted the Australians death rate The leading cause of death of Australian males was heart disease with 11 016 deaths followed by lung cancer with 4 995 deaths and chronic pulmonary disease killing 3 572 All these conditions were mainly attributed to smoking excessive alcohol use or an unhealthy lifestyle 14 In 2013 coronary heart disease was the leading cause of death in 8 750 women mainly as a result of their lifestyle Dementia and Alzheimer s disease came second affecting 7 277 females and thirdly cerebrovascular disease killing 6 368 These top three causes of deaths could be minimized through lifestyle changes within the Australian population 15 The table shows that ages of people dying and the top five diseases of which they are dying 15 Age 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th45 64 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer Breast cancer Colorectal cancer Suicide65 74 Coronary heart disease Lung cancer COPD Cerebrovascular disease Colorectal cancer75 84 Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular disease Dementia and Alzheimer s disease Lung cancer COPD85 94 Coronary heart disease Dementia and Alzheimer s disease Cerebrovascular disease COPD Influenza and pneumoniaDeath statistics in the United States EditIn 1900 the top three causes of death in the United States were pneumonia influenza tuberculosis and diarrhea enteritis Communicable diseases accounted for about 60 percent of all deaths In 1900 heart disease and cancer were ranked number four and eight respectively Since the 1940s the majority of deaths in the United States have resulted from heart disease cancer and other degenerative diseases By the late 1990s degenerative diseases accounted for more than 60 percent of all deaths 16 Lifestyle diseases have their onset later in an individual s life they appear to increase in frequency as countries become more industrialized and people live longer 17 This suggests that the life expectancy at birth of 49 24 years in 1900 18 was too short for degenerative diseases to occur compared to a life expectancy at birth of 77 8 years in 2004 Also survivorship to the age of 50 was 58 5 in 1900 and 93 7 in 2007 19 Death statistics in India EditAccording to a report 20 published by the Indian Council of Medical Research in 2017 3 of the 5 leading individual causes of disease burden in India were non communicable with ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as the top two causes and stroke as the fifth leading cause The range of disease burden or DALY rate among the states in 2016 was 9 fold for ischemic heart disease 4 fold for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and 6 fold for stroke and 4 fold for diabetes across India Of the total death from major disease groups 62 of all deaths were caused by non communicable diseases citation needed Distribution of deaths from major disease groups by age 2016 Death rate per 1 000 000 percent of total deaths in that age group Age group Communicable maternal neonatal and nutritional diseases Non communicable diseases Injuries0 14 years 22 6 80 8 3 4 12 0 2 0 7 2 15 39 years 5 9 29 1 6 9 34 4 7 3 36 5 40 69 years 19 6 17 4 82 4 73 2 10 5 9 4 70 years 186 7 23 0 580 5 71 6 43 5 5 4 All ages 20 5 27 5 46 61 8 8 0 10 7 Prevention EditPrevention of these non communicable diseases are remedies or activities that aim to reduce the likelihood of a disease or disorder affecting people Lifestyle diseases are preventable for children if parents set them on the correct path as early life decisions and influences can impact people later on in life 12 Lifestyle diseases can be prevented through reduction in smoking of tobacco 21 The Australian Government started by introducing plain packaging for all tobacco products and increasing the prices of tobacco production 22 Obesity can be prevented through a well balanced lifestyle through healthy eating and exercise 30 minutes of moderate exercise daily or by doing 150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise a week can be the start to a new lifestyle change 23 Examples of moderate exercise include a brisk walk swim bicycle ride or it can also be everyday life activities like mowing the lawn or house cleaning 24 In addition studies have suggested that early life exercise can reduce the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adulthood 25 All causes of lifestyle disease can be prevented through giving up smoking and other substances reducing ones intake of alcohol processed meats like bacon and sausages red meats like pork beef and lamb fatty foods and by engaging in daily exercise However new studies also show preventive effects on recurrent respiratory tract infections in children through the intake of unprocessed food Beef green vegetables and whole dairy can be beneficial because they are unprocessed compared to processed foods Beef unlike other types of red meat can contribute to the health promoting effects 26 Eating an excess amount of these foods can have an impact on ones health Certain foods and activities such as smoking and drinking should be done in moderation citation needed See also EditAffluenza Diseases of affluence Health Health care in Australia Healthcare in the United KingdomReferences Edit Lifestyle disease MedicineNet Retrieved 2016 05 12 Mathur Prashant Mascarenhas Leena 2019 Lifestyle diseases Keeping fit for a better tomorrow The Indian Journal of Medical Research 149 Suppl 1 S129 S135 doi 10 4103 0971 5916 251669 PMC 6515727 PMID 31070189 Lifestyle diseases cost economy Cape Argus Cape Town 13 September 2011 ProQuest 889325276 Engelen Lina Gale Joanne Chau Josephine Y Hardy Louise L Mackey Martin Johnson Nathan Shirley Debra Bauman Adrian 2017 Who is at risk of chronic disease Associations between risk profiles of physical activity sitting and cardio metabolic disease in Australian adults Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 41 2 178 183 doi 10 1111 1753 6405 12627 PMID 27960249 S2CID 34368321 ProQuest 2290216359 Bitar Adrienne Rose January 2018 Diet and the Disease of Civilization Rutgers University Press ISBN 978 0 8135 8964 0 Pollan Michael 2008 In Defense of Food An Eater s Manifesto Penguin Press HC The ISBN 978 1 59420 145 5 Vaillant George E Mukamal Kenneth June 2001 Successful Aging American Journal of Psychiatry 158 6 839 847 doi 10 1176 appi ajp 158 6 839 PMID 11384887 Fraser Gary E Shavlik David J 9 July 2001 Ten Years of Life Is It a Matter of Choice Archives of Internal Medicine 161 13 1645 1652 doi 10 1001 archinte 161 13 1645 PMID 11434797 Steyn K Fourie J Bradshaw D 1992 The impact of chronic diseases of lifestyle and their major risk factors on mortality in South Africa S Afr Med J 82 4 227 31 PMID 1411817 Main Features Key findings Australian Bureau of Statistics Retrieved 2016 05 12 Key TJ Allen NE Spencer EA Sep 2002 The effect of diet on risk of cancer The Lancet 360 9336 861 8 doi 10 1016 S0140 6736 02 09958 0 PMID 12243933 S2CID 44965668 a b Vallgarda Signild November 2011 Why the concept lifestyle diseases should be avoided Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 39 7 773 775 doi 10 1177 1403494811421978 PMID 21948978 S2CID 33946127 Smoking risky drinking and obesity Australian Bureau of Statistics Dec 2009 Retrieved 2016 05 12 Health status Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Retrieved 2016 05 12 a b Leading causes of death Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Retrieved 2016 05 12 National Center for Health Statistics National Office of Vital Statistics 1947 for the year 1900 page 67 for the year 1938 page 55 Olshansky S Jay Carnes Bruce A 2002 The Quest for Immortality Science at the Frontiers of Aging W W Norton amp Company p 191 ISBN 978 0393323276 Life expectancy by age race and sex Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FastStats 2007 retrieved 2009 06 11 Survivorship by age race and sex Centers for Disease Control and Prevention FastStats 2007 retrieved 2009 06 11 India Health of the Nation s States 2017 Published by Indian Council of Medical Research Retrieved Jan 2020 Preventing and treating ill health Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Archived from the original on May 30 2016 Retrieved 2016 05 12 Tobacco product regulation and disclosure Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care Retrieved 2016 05 12 Lifestyle factors Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Archived from the original on May 2 2016 Retrieved 2016 05 12 What is Moderate intensity and Vigorous intensity Physical Activity World Health Organization Retrieved 2016 05 12 Falcao Tebas Filippe Kuang Jujiao Arceri Chelsea Kerris Jarrod P Andrikopoulos Sofianos Marin Evelyn C McConell Glenn K 1 January 2019 Four weeks of exercise early in life reprograms adult skeletal muscle insulin resistance caused by a paternal high fat diet The Journal of Physiology 597 1 121 136 doi 10 1113 JP276386 PMC 6312425 PMID 30406963 van der Gaag Ellen Brandsema Ruben Nobbenhuis Rosan van der Palen Job Hummel Thalia 20 January 2020 Influence of Dietary Advice Including Green Vegetables Beef and Whole Dairy Products on Recurrent Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Children A Randomized Controlled Trial Nutrients 12 1 272 doi 10 3390 nu12010272 PMC 7019298 PMID 31968697 External links Edit Media related to Lifestyle disease at Wikimedia Commons Hu Frank Cheung Lilian Otis Brett Oliveira Nancy Musicus Aviva eds 19 January 2021 The Nutrition Source Healthy Living Guide 2020 2021 A Digest on Healthy Eating and Healthy Living Boston Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health Archived from the original on 5 October 2021 Retrieved 11 October 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lifestyle disease amp oldid 1164658300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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