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Liberation Army of the South

January 01, 1970

For the modern movement taking place in Chiapas, see Zapatista Army of National Liberation.

The Liberation Army of the South (Spanish: Ejército Libertador del Sur, ELS) was a guerrilla force led for most of its existence by Emiliano Zapata that took part in the Mexican Revolution from 1911 to 1920.[1] During that time, the Zapatistas fought against the national governments of Porfirio Díaz, Francisco Madero, Victoriano Huerta, and Venustiano Carranza. Their goal was rural land reform, specifically reclaiming communal lands stolen by hacendados in the period before the revolution. Although rarely active outside their base in Morelos, they allied with Pancho Villa to support the Conventionists against the Carrancistas. After Villa's defeat, the Zapatistas remained in open rebellion. It was only after Zapata's 1919 assassination and the overthrow of the Carranza government that Zapata's successor, Gildardo Magaña, negotiated peace with President Álvaro Obregón.

Liberation Army of the South
Zapatistas
Ejército Libertador del Sur
Zapata's Liberation Army of the South on the march in Morelos
Leaders
Other Commanders
Dates of operation1911–1920
Allegiance Morelos Commune
HeadquartersVariously Ayala or the mountains
Active regionsBased in Morelos, with incursions into Puebla, Guerrero, and Mexico City
IdeologyZapatismo
Agrarian socialism
Indigenism
Political positionFar-left
Size25,000 (1914)[1]
Part ofConventionists (1914–1917)
AlliesFrancisco I. Madero (until November 1911)
OpponentsPresidents of Mexico

Factions

Battles and warsMexican Revolution

Background edit

The Zapatistas were formed in Morelos, a small and densely populated state with a largely agricultural economy. Most inhabitants lived in indigenous Nahua villages and worked common land prior to the Porfiriato.[2] However, the completion of the Interoceanic Railway between Mexico City and Veracruz in 1891 led to significant change in the local economy.[3] It became profitable to produce sugar for export, and these new haciendas came in conflict over land, labor, and water with the indigenous villages.[4][5] Hacendado-friendly courts awarded the orchards, fields, and water sources of the villages to the haciendas. Between 1884 and 1905, eighteen towns in Morelos disappeared as lands were taken away.[6] Deprived of their means of subsistence, the population of Morelos was suffering from famine and general impoverishment by the turn of the century. Thousands had become wage laborers on the haciendas or left the state entirely to seek work elsewhere.[4] In 1909, Pablo Escandón y Barrón became governor in a rigged election, siding even more aggressively with the hacendados. In response, village leaders including Emiliano Zapata, Gabriel Tepepa, and Pablo Torres Burgos formed a local defense committee. When news of Francisco Madero's Plan of San Luis Potosí reached Morelos, the committee took up arms to support his cause in February 1911.[3]

History edit

Maderista revolution and interim presidency, Feb–Nov 1911 edit

 
Principal battles during the fight to oust Díaz, November 1910-May 1911. Although the decisive Battle of Ciudad Juárez was fought in the north, the Zapatistas played an extremely important role in tying down Porfirian troops, since Morelos is just south of Mexico City.

The Morelos' defense committee originally aligned with Madero due to the promises of land reform in the Plan of San Luis Potosí,[5] with Torres Burgos being appointed commanding officer. However, there was essentially no coordination with Pascual Orozco's forces in the north. They saw great early success in recruiting from among the desperate population, amassing a force of around 5,000.[1] Governor Escandón fled the state with a portion of the federal forces, giving the rebels an opening to attack cities. In March, Torres Burgos was killed and Zapata was elected leader. He managed to avoid a trap laid by reactionary rebels under the Figueroa brothers and continue to gather strength. In May, Zapata scored a series of victories, first at Jojutla and then at Cuautla. The Battle of Cuautla was bloody and prolonged, pitting numerically superior rebels against a better-equipped and well-entrenched federal army. After suffering mass casualties from machine guns, the rebels had to take the city street by street. Nonetheless, Zapata's eventual victory put him dangerously close to the capital, and helped convince Porfirio Díaz to resign the presidency.[1]

 
The leading commanders of the Liberation Army of the South

During the interim presidency of Francisco León de la Barra, Madero insisted Zapata disarm and disband his forces.[1][7] Madero's reluctance to take action on land reform made Zapata reluctant, but he had little choice but to comply. Tensions flared when the hacendado governor attempted to block Zapata from taking up his promised position as commander of the local police.[8] In July, news of a plot to assassinate Madero in the neighboring state of Puebla alarmed Zapata, and he rapidly re-mobilized to march to the politician's defense. Although the march was called off, Zapata and the other rebel commanders were now much more wary of laying down their arms. De la Barra ordered General Huerta to force Zapata to surrender unconditionally.[9] Huerta quickly took over the state, and civil law was suspended in August.[8] Although Madero attempted negotiations to avoid violence, on August 23 Huerta and Ambrosia Figueroa (now allied with the regime) began military operations against the rebels. This made them feel that Madero had betrayed them, and set the stage for their break with him three months later. The small rebel force evaded destruction by first fleeing to Puebla, then reappearing in Morelos once Huerta had moved his army to follow them. The Morelos rebels swelled to around 1,500 and by late October lay claim to important territory near Mexico City.[8]

Break with Madero, Nov 1911 edit

After Madero's inauguration on November 6, it appeared as if the rebellion in Morelos could end peacefully. Negotiations in Ayala seemed to be proceeding well when the federal army under Casso Lopez suddenly surrounded Zapata's forces. Madero issued an order for Zapata to surrender with the promise the compromise would be honored.[8] Zapata refused, as he received this order as the federal forces were already preparing to attack. His forces escaped into the Puebla mountains and there Zapata issued the Plan of Ayala, written by Otilio Montaño.[1]

Revolution against Huerta, Feb 1913–July 1914 edit

In February 1913, Madero was assassinated and Victoriano Huerta ascended to the presidency. However, Emiliano Zapata continued his rebellion under the Plan of Ayala (while expunging the name of counter-revolutionary Pascual Orozco from it), calling for the expropriation of land and redistribution to peasants. Huerta offered peace to Zapata, who rejected it.[10] The Zapatistas thus played a remarkably similar role in the fight against Huerta as they had in the fight against Diaz, tying down Federal soldiers in the south while a rebel army marched down from the north. As the Huerta regime began to collapse, Zapata advanced. His forces took Chilpancingo in mid-March 1914; he followed this soon afterward with the capture of Acapulco, Iguala, Taxco, and Buenavista de Cuellar. Next he confronted the federal garrisons in Morelos, the majority of which defected to him with their weapons. Finally he moved against Mexico City itself.[11]

Convention and civil war, 1914–1917 edit

 
The Zapatistas briefly occupied Mexico City at the start of the civil war against Carranza. There were significant cultural clashes between the rural villagers and residents of the capital.

Rather than First Chief Carranza being named president of Mexico at the convention, General Eulalio Gutiérrez was chosen for a term of 20 days. The convention declared Carranza in rebellion against it. Civil war resumed, this time between revolutionary armies that had fought in a united cause to oust Huerta in 1913–14. Although during the Convention Constitutionalist General Álvaro Obregón had attempted to be a moderating force and had been the one to convey the convention's call for Carranza to resign, when the convention forces declared Carranza in rebellion against it, Obregón supported Carranza rather than Villa and Zapata.

In 1914, Zapata met at the head of his army with Pancho Villa and his forces at Mexico City to determine the course of the revolution.[12] In practice, the alliance between Villa and Zapata as the Army of the Convention did not continue to function when the two parted. The Zapatistas fortified themselves and focused on creating the Morelos Commune, rather than venturing out to attack the Constitutionalists.[13]

Zapata's assassination and decline edit

 
After the death of Zapata, Gildardo Magaña played a crucial role in negotiating a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Morelos.

Eliminating Zapata was a top priority for President Carranza. Carranza was unwilling to compromise with domestic foes and wanted to demonstrate to Mexican elites and to American interests that Carranza was the "only viable alternative to both anarchy and radicalism."[14] In mid-March 1919, General Pablo González ordered his subordinate Jesús Guajardo to begin operations against the Zapatistas in the mountains around Huautla. Zapata was deceived into believing that Guajardo planned to defect, and agreed to a final meeting on April 10, 1919.[15][16] However, when Zapata arrived at the Hacienda de San Juan, in Chinameca, Ayala, Guajardo's men riddled him with bullets. His body was photographed and his death widely publicized in an attempt to demoralize the Zapatistas.[17]

 
Rebel Armies between 1916 and 1920, after the defeat of Villa

Although Zapata's assassination weakened the Liberation Army of the South, they continued the fight against Carranza.[14] For Carranza the death of Zapata was the removal of an ongoing threat, for many Zapata's assassination undermined "worker and peasant support for Carranza and [Pablo] González."[18] In spite of González's attempts to sully the name of Zapata and the Plan de Ayala during his 1920 campaign for the presidency,[19] the people of Morelos continued to support Zapatista generals, providing them with weapons, supplies and protection. Carranza was wary of the threat of a U.S. intervention, and Zapatista generals decided to take a conciliatory approach. Bands of Zapatistas started surrendering in exchange for amnesties, and many Zapatista generals went on to become local authorities, such as Fortino Ayaquica who became municipal president of Tochimilco.[20]

As Venustiano Carranza moved to curb his former allies and now rivals in 1920 to impose a civilian, Ignacio Bonillas, as his successor in the presidency, Obregón sought to align himself with the Zapatista movement against that of Carranza. Genovevo de la O and Magaña supported him in the coup by former Constitutionalists, fighting in Morelos against Carranza and helping prompt Carranza to flee Mexico City toward Veracruz in May 1920. "Obregón and Genovevo de la O entered Mexico City in triumph."[21] Zapatistas were given important posts in the interim government of Adolfo de la Huerta and the administration of Álvaro Obregón, following his election to the presidency after the coup. Zapatistas had almost total control of the state of Morelos, where they carried out a program of agrarian reform and land redistribution based on the provisions of the Plan de Ayala and with the support of the government.[22]

 
The Zapatistas have featured prominently in murals produced about the revolution, including The History of Mexico by Diego Rivera

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Alba, Victor. "Emiliano Zapata". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  2. ^ [Socio demographic profile]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Morelos (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  3. ^ a b Watkins, Thayer. "Emiliano Zapata". sjsu.edu. San José State University Department of Economics. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Morelos: The Land of Zapata". Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  5. ^ a b Brunk, Samuel (Apr 1996). "'The Sad Situation of Civilians and Soldiers': The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution". The American Historical Review. 101 (2): 331–353. doi:10.2307/2170394. JSTOR 2170394.
  6. ^ Morelos: Monografía estatal: 1982. Secretaria de Educación Publica. pp. 152–158.
  7. ^ Beezley, William H.; MacLachan, Colin M. (2009). Mexicans in Revolution, 1910-1946 : An Introduction. pp. 20–22.
  8. ^ a b c d Womack, John (2011). Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
  9. ^ Ross, Stanley R. Francisco I. Madero: Apostle of Democracy, pp. 188-202.
  10. ^ Richmond, Douglas W., "Victoriano Huerta" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, p. 657. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
  11. ^ McLynn, Frank (2001). "The End of Huerta". Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution. United States: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1088-8.
  12. ^ Adolfo Gilly,The Mexican Revolution
  13. ^ Tuñon Pablos, Esperanza. "Mexican Revolution: February 1913 – October 1915" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, p. 858. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
  14. ^ a b Katz 1981, p. 533.
  15. ^ Womack 1968, pp. 323–4.
  16. ^ . Latinamericanhistory.about.com. April 10, 1919. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
  17. ^ Brunk 2008, pp. 42–3.
  18. ^ Brunk 2008, p. 64.
  19. ^ Brunk 2008, pp. 63–4.
  20. ^ Womack 1968.
  21. ^ Brunk 2008, pp. 64–5.
  22. ^ Russell (2011). The History of Mexico: From Pre-Conquest to Present. Routledge. pp. 338–41. ISBN 9781136968280.

Cited sources edit

  • Brunk, Samuel (2008), The Posthumous Career of Emiliano Zapata, University of Texas Press, ISBN 9780292717800
  • Katz, Friedrich (1981), The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-42588-6
  • Knight, Alan (1986), The Mexican Revolution, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0803277709
  • Krauze, Enrique (1997), Mexico: Biography of Power, New York: HarperCollins, ISBN 9780060929176
  • Womack, John Jr. (1968), Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, New York: Vintage, ISBN 978-0-394-70853-9
Library resources about
Liberation Army of the South

External links edit

  •   Media related to Zapatistas of the Mexican Revolution at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
liberation, army, south, modern, movement, taking, place, chiapas, zapatista, army, national, liberation, spanish, ejército, libertador, guerrilla, force, most, existence, emiliano, zapata, that, took, part, mexican, revolution, from, 1911, 1920, during, that,. For the modern movement taking place in Chiapas see Zapatista Army of National Liberation The Liberation Army of the South Spanish Ejercito Libertador del Sur ELS was a guerrilla force led for most of its existence by Emiliano Zapata that took part in the Mexican Revolution from 1911 to 1920 1 During that time the Zapatistas fought against the national governments of Porfirio Diaz Francisco Madero Victoriano Huerta and Venustiano Carranza Their goal was rural land reform specifically reclaiming communal lands stolen by hacendados in the period before the revolution Although rarely active outside their base in Morelos they allied with Pancho Villa to support the Conventionists against the Carrancistas After Villa s defeat the Zapatistas remained in open rebellion It was only after Zapata s 1919 assassination and the overthrow of the Carranza government that Zapata s successor Gildardo Magana negotiated peace with President Alvaro Obregon Liberation Army of the SouthZapatistasEjercito Libertador del SurZapata s Liberation Army of the South on the march in MorelosLeadersPablo Torres Burgos 1911 Emiliano Zapata 1911 1919 Gildardo Magana 1919 1920 Other Commanders Genovevo de la O Manuel Palafox Felipe Neri Otilio Montano Sanchez Antonio Diaz Soto y Gama Amador Salazar Eufemio Zapata Dates of operation1911 1920AllegianceMorelos CommuneHeadquartersVariously Ayala or the mountainsActive regionsBased in Morelos with incursions into Puebla Guerrero and Mexico CityIdeologyZapatismoAgrarian socialismIndigenismPolitical positionFar leftSize25 000 1914 1 Part ofConventionists 1914 1917 AlliesFrancisco I Madero until November 1911 OpponentsPresidents of Mexico Porfirio Diaz Francisco I Madero after November 1911 Victoriano Huerta Venustiano Carranza Factions ConstitutionalistsBattles and warsMexican Revolution Contents 1 Background 2 History 2 1 Maderista revolution and interim presidency Feb Nov 1911 2 2 Break with Madero Nov 1911 2 3 Revolution against Huerta Feb 1913 July 1914 2 4 Convention and civil war 1914 1917 2 5 Zapata s assassination and decline 3 See also 4 References 5 Cited sources 6 External linksBackground editThe Zapatistas were formed in Morelos a small and densely populated state with a largely agricultural economy Most inhabitants lived in indigenous Nahua villages and worked common land prior to the Porfiriato 2 However the completion of the Interoceanic Railway between Mexico City and Veracruz in 1891 led to significant change in the local economy 3 It became profitable to produce sugar for export and these new haciendas came in conflict over land labor and water with the indigenous villages 4 5 Hacendado friendly courts awarded the orchards fields and water sources of the villages to the haciendas Between 1884 and 1905 eighteen towns in Morelos disappeared as lands were taken away 6 Deprived of their means of subsistence the population of Morelos was suffering from famine and general impoverishment by the turn of the century Thousands had become wage laborers on the haciendas or left the state entirely to seek work elsewhere 4 In 1909 Pablo Escandon y Barron became governor in a rigged election siding even more aggressively with the hacendados In response village leaders including Emiliano Zapata Gabriel Tepepa and Pablo Torres Burgos formed a local defense committee When news of Francisco Madero s Plan of San Luis Potosi reached Morelos the committee took up arms to support his cause in February 1911 3 History editMaderista revolution and interim presidency Feb Nov 1911 edit nbsp Principal battles during the fight to oust Diaz November 1910 May 1911 Although the decisive Battle of Ciudad Juarez was fought in the north the Zapatistas played an extremely important role in tying down Porfirian troops since Morelos is just south of Mexico City The Morelos defense committee originally aligned with Madero due to the promises of land reform in the Plan of San Luis Potosi 5 with Torres Burgos being appointed commanding officer However there was essentially no coordination with Pascual Orozco s forces in the north They saw great early success in recruiting from among the desperate population amassing a force of around 5 000 1 Governor Escandon fled the state with a portion of the federal forces giving the rebels an opening to attack cities In March Torres Burgos was killed and Zapata was elected leader He managed to avoid a trap laid by reactionary rebels under the Figueroa brothers and continue to gather strength In May Zapata scored a series of victories first at Jojutla and then at Cuautla The Battle of Cuautla was bloody and prolonged pitting numerically superior rebels against a better equipped and well entrenched federal army After suffering mass casualties from machine guns the rebels had to take the city street by street Nonetheless Zapata s eventual victory put him dangerously close to the capital and helped convince Porfirio Diaz to resign the presidency 1 nbsp The leading commanders of the Liberation Army of the South During the interim presidency of Francisco Leon de la Barra Madero insisted Zapata disarm and disband his forces 1 7 Madero s reluctance to take action on land reform made Zapata reluctant but he had little choice but to comply Tensions flared when the hacendado governor attempted to block Zapata from taking up his promised position as commander of the local police 8 In July news of a plot to assassinate Madero in the neighboring state of Puebla alarmed Zapata and he rapidly re mobilized to march to the politician s defense Although the march was called off Zapata and the other rebel commanders were now much more wary of laying down their arms De la Barra ordered General Huerta to force Zapata to surrender unconditionally 9 Huerta quickly took over the state and civil law was suspended in August 8 Although Madero attempted negotiations to avoid violence on August 23 Huerta and Ambrosia Figueroa now allied with the regime began military operations against the rebels This made them feel that Madero had betrayed them and set the stage for their break with him three months later The small rebel force evaded destruction by first fleeing to Puebla then reappearing in Morelos once Huerta had moved his army to follow them The Morelos rebels swelled to around 1 500 and by late October lay claim to important territory near Mexico City 8 Break with Madero Nov 1911 edit After Madero s inauguration on November 6 it appeared as if the rebellion in Morelos could end peacefully Negotiations in Ayala seemed to be proceeding well when the federal army under Casso Lopez suddenly surrounded Zapata s forces Madero issued an order for Zapata to surrender with the promise the compromise would be honored 8 Zapata refused as he received this order as the federal forces were already preparing to attack His forces escaped into the Puebla mountains and there Zapata issued the Plan of Ayala written by Otilio Montano 1 Revolution against Huerta Feb 1913 July 1914 edit In February 1913 Madero was assassinated and Victoriano Huerta ascended to the presidency However Emiliano Zapata continued his rebellion under the Plan of Ayala while expunging the name of counter revolutionary Pascual Orozco from it calling for the expropriation of land and redistribution to peasants Huerta offered peace to Zapata who rejected it 10 The Zapatistas thus played a remarkably similar role in the fight against Huerta as they had in the fight against Diaz tying down Federal soldiers in the south while a rebel army marched down from the north As the Huerta regime began to collapse Zapata advanced His forces took Chilpancingo in mid March 1914 he followed this soon afterward with the capture of Acapulco Iguala Taxco and Buenavista de Cuellar Next he confronted the federal garrisons in Morelos the majority of which defected to him with their weapons Finally he moved against Mexico City itself 11 Convention and civil war 1914 1917 edit nbsp The Zapatistas briefly occupied Mexico City at the start of the civil war against Carranza There were significant cultural clashes between the rural villagers and residents of the capital Rather than First Chief Carranza being named president of Mexico at the convention General Eulalio Gutierrez was chosen for a term of 20 days The convention declared Carranza in rebellion against it Civil war resumed this time between revolutionary armies that had fought in a united cause to oust Huerta in 1913 14 Although during the Convention Constitutionalist General Alvaro Obregon had attempted to be a moderating force and had been the one to convey the convention s call for Carranza to resign when the convention forces declared Carranza in rebellion against it Obregon supported Carranza rather than Villa and Zapata In 1914 Zapata met at the head of his army with Pancho Villa and his forces at Mexico City to determine the course of the revolution 12 In practice the alliance between Villa and Zapata as the Army of the Convention did not continue to function when the two parted The Zapatistas fortified themselves and focused on creating the Morelos Commune rather than venturing out to attack the Constitutionalists 13 Zapata s assassination and decline edit nbsp After the death of Zapata Gildardo Magana played a crucial role in negotiating a peaceful resolution to the conflict in Morelos Eliminating Zapata was a top priority for President Carranza Carranza was unwilling to compromise with domestic foes and wanted to demonstrate to Mexican elites and to American interests that Carranza was the only viable alternative to both anarchy and radicalism 14 In mid March 1919 General Pablo Gonzalez ordered his subordinate Jesus Guajardo to begin operations against the Zapatistas in the mountains around Huautla Zapata was deceived into believing that Guajardo planned to defect and agreed to a final meeting on April 10 1919 15 16 However when Zapata arrived at the Hacienda de San Juan in Chinameca Ayala Guajardo s men riddled him with bullets His body was photographed and his death widely publicized in an attempt to demoralize the Zapatistas 17 nbsp Rebel Armies between 1916 and 1920 after the defeat of Villa Although Zapata s assassination weakened the Liberation Army of the South they continued the fight against Carranza 14 For Carranza the death of Zapata was the removal of an ongoing threat for many Zapata s assassination undermined worker and peasant support for Carranza and Pablo Gonzalez 18 In spite of Gonzalez s attempts to sully the name of Zapata and the Plan de Ayala during his 1920 campaign for the presidency 19 the people of Morelos continued to support Zapatista generals providing them with weapons supplies and protection Carranza was wary of the threat of a U S intervention and Zapatista generals decided to take a conciliatory approach Bands of Zapatistas started surrendering in exchange for amnesties and many Zapatista generals went on to become local authorities such as Fortino Ayaquica who became municipal president of Tochimilco 20 As Venustiano Carranza moved to curb his former allies and now rivals in 1920 to impose a civilian Ignacio Bonillas as his successor in the presidency Obregon sought to align himself with the Zapatista movement against that of Carranza Genovevo de la O and Magana supported him in the coup by former Constitutionalists fighting in Morelos against Carranza and helping prompt Carranza to flee Mexico City toward Veracruz in May 1920 Obregon and Genovevo de la O entered Mexico City in triumph 21 Zapatistas were given important posts in the interim government of Adolfo de la Huerta and the administration of Alvaro Obregon following his election to the presidency after the coup Zapatistas had almost total control of the state of Morelos where they carried out a program of agrarian reform and land redistribution based on the provisions of the Plan de Ayala and with the support of the government 22 nbsp The Zapatistas have featured prominently in murals produced about the revolution including The History of Mexico by Diego RiveraSee also edit nbsp Mexico portal nbsp History portal Division del Norte Matlatzinca people Reform War List of peasant revoltsReferences edit a b c d e f Alba Victor Emiliano Zapata Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica inc Retrieved 23 July 2020 Perfil Sociodemografico Socio demographic profile Enciclopedia de los Municipios de Mexico Estado de Morelos in Spanish Mexico Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal 2005 Archived from the original on July 18 2011 Retrieved September 9 2010 a b Watkins Thayer Emiliano Zapata sjsu edu San Jose State University Department of Economics Retrieved 10 April 2021 a b Morelos The Land of Zapata Retrieved 23 July 2020 a b Brunk Samuel Apr 1996 The Sad Situation of Civilians and Soldiers The Banditry of Zapatismo in the Mexican Revolution The American Historical Review 101 2 331 353 doi 10 2307 2170394 JSTOR 2170394 Morelos Monografia estatal 1982 Secretaria de Educacion Publica pp 152 158 Beezley William H MacLachan Colin M 2009 Mexicans in Revolution 1910 1946 An Introduction pp 20 22 a b c d Womack John 2011 Zapata and the Mexican Revolution Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group Ross Stanley R Francisco I Madero Apostle of Democracy pp 188 202 Richmond Douglas W Victoriano Huerta in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol 1 p 657 Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 McLynn Frank 2001 The End of Huerta Villa and Zapata A History of the Mexican Revolution United States Carroll amp Graf Publishers ISBN 0 7867 1088 8 Adolfo Gilly The Mexican Revolution Tunon Pablos Esperanza Mexican Revolution February 1913 October 1915 in Encyclopedia of Mexico p 858 Chicago Fitzroy Dearborn 1997 a b Katz 1981 p 533 Womack 1968 pp 323 4 Biography of Emiliano Zapata Latinamericanhistory about com April 10 1919 Archived from the original on January 13 2012 Retrieved December 18 2011 Brunk 2008 pp 42 3 Brunk 2008 p 64 Brunk 2008 pp 63 4 Womack 1968 Brunk 2008 pp 64 5 Russell 2011 The History of Mexico From Pre Conquest to Present Routledge pp 338 41 ISBN 9781136968280 Cited sources editBrunk Samuel 2008 The Posthumous Career of Emiliano Zapata University of Texas Press ISBN 9780292717800 Katz Friedrich 1981 The Secret War in Mexico Europe the United States and the Mexican Revolution Chicago University of Chicago Press ISBN 0 226 42588 6 Knight Alan 1986 The Mexican Revolution vol 1 Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0803277709 Krauze Enrique 1997 Mexico Biography of Power New York HarperCollins ISBN 9780060929176 Womack John Jr 1968 Zapata and the Mexican Revolution New York Vintage ISBN 978 0 394 70853 9 Library resources about Liberation Army of the South Online books Resources in your library Resources in other librariesExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Zapatistas of the Mexican Revolution at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liberation Army of the South amp oldid 1208536955, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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