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Leptictida (leptos iktis "small/slender weasel") is a possibly paraphyletic extinct order of eutherian mammals. Their classification is contentious: according to cladistic studies, they may be (distantly) related to Euarchontoglires (rodents, primates and their relatives), although they are more recently regarded as the first branch to split from basal eutherians.[2] One recent large-scale cladistic analysis of eutherian mammals favored lepictidans as close to the placental crown-clade;[3] and several other recent analyses that included data from Cretaceous non-eutherian mammals found Leptictis to belong to the superorder Afrotheria.[4]
The leptictids are a characteristic example of the non-specialized placental mammals that took part in the late Cretaceous-Paleoceneevolutionary radiation, originally bunched together in the order Insectivora. The leptictids became extinct during the Oligocene. Their archaic cranium and dentition make it difficult to determine their relationship to other groups. Leptictid postcranial anatomy has been studied from the well-preserved middle EoceneLeptictidium specimens found at Messel, Germany.[6]
Judging from these specimens, lepticids were small placentals with a body length ranging from 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in). The head had a long and slender snout, probably featuring a short trunk, which may have been used for scratching the undergrowth in search of insects and worms. The mouth's archaic dentition included two or three incisors, a canine, and V-shaped cheek-teeth - four premolars and three molars.[6]
Their forelegs were shortened, but their hind legs were elongated. While this anatomy is reminiscent of small kangaroos and jerboas, suggesting a jumping locomotion, the structure of the tarsal bones hints at a specialization for terrestrial running. Perhaps these animals were capable of both modes of locomotion; running slowly in search for food, and jumping quickly to avoid threats. Additionally, the Messel specimens feature a surprisingly long tail, unique among modern placental mammals, formed by 40 vertebrae and probably used for balance.[6]
^Hooker, J. J.; O'Regan, H. (2013-07-15). "Origin and evolution of the Pseudorhyncocyonidae, a European Paleogene family of insectivorous placental mammals". Palaeontology. 56 (4): 807–835. Bibcode:2013Palgy..56..807H. doi:10.1111/pala.12018.
^Zack, S. P.; Penkrot, T. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Rose, K. D. (March 2005). "Affinities of 'Hyopsodontids' to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria" (PDF). Nature. 434 (7032): 497–501. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..497Z. doi:10.1038/nature03351. PMID 15791254. S2CID 4428738.
^Wible, J. R.; Rougier, G. W.; Novacek, M. J.; Asher, R. J. (September 2009). "The eutherian mammal Maelestes gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and the phylogeny of Cretaceous Eutheria". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 2009 (327): 1–123. doi:10.1206/623.1. hdl:2246/6001. S2CID 86337881.
^O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; et al. (8 February 2013). "The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals". Science. 339 (6120): 662–667. Bibcode:2013Sci...339..662O. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. hdl:11336/7302. PMID 23393258. S2CID 206544776.
^Halliday, Thomas J. D. (2015). "Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals" (PDF). Biological Reviews. 92 (1): 521–550. doi:10.1111/brv.12242. PMC6849585. PMID 28075073.
Agustí, Jordi; Antón, Mauricio (2002). Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Millions Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-11640-4. OCLC 51534272.
Further readingedit
Meehan, T. J.; Martin, Larry D. (2010). "New leptictids (Mammalia: Insectivora) from the Early Oligocene of Nebraska, USA". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 256 (1): 99–107. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0035.
Novacek, Michael J (1977). "A review of Paleocene and Eocene Leptictidae (Eutheria, Mammalia) from North America" (PDF). PaleoBios. 1: 24.
External linksedit
Insectivore-like mammals: Tiny teeth and their enigmatic owners
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian April 2019 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Italian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 021 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at it Leptictida see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated it Leptictida to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Leptictida leptos iktis small slender weasel is a possibly paraphyletic extinct order of eutherian mammals Their classification is contentious according to cladistic studies they may be distantly related to Euarchontoglires rodents primates and their relatives although they are more recently regarded as the first branch to split from basal eutherians 2 One recent large scale cladistic analysis of eutherian mammals favored lepictidans as close to the placental crown clade 3 and several other recent analyses that included data from Cretaceous non eutherian mammals found Leptictis to belong to the superorder Afrotheria 4 LeptictidansTemporal range Late Cretaceous Oligocene Possible descendant taxon Placentalia survives to present 70 33 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NFossil specimen of Leptictidium auderienseScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaClade EutheriaOrder LeptictidaMcKenna 1975Subgroups 1 Gypsonictopidae Leptictidae PseudorhyncocyonidaeThe most recent phylogenetic studies recover it as actually a paraphyletic assemblage leading to Placentalia 5 Contents 1 Description 2 Classification 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksDescription editThe leptictids are a characteristic example of the non specialized placental mammals that took part in the late Cretaceous Paleocene evolutionary radiation originally bunched together in the order Insectivora The leptictids became extinct during the Oligocene Their archaic cranium and dentition make it difficult to determine their relationship to other groups Leptictid postcranial anatomy has been studied from the well preserved middle Eocene Leptictidium specimens found at Messel Germany 6 Judging from these specimens lepticids were small placentals with a body length ranging from 60 to 90 cm 24 to 35 in The head had a long and slender snout probably featuring a short trunk which may have been used for scratching the undergrowth in search of insects and worms The mouth s archaic dentition included two or three incisors a canine and V shaped cheek teeth four premolars and three molars 6 Their forelegs were shortened but their hind legs were elongated While this anatomy is reminiscent of small kangaroos and jerboas suggesting a jumping locomotion the structure of the tarsal bones hints at a specialization for terrestrial running Perhaps these animals were capable of both modes of locomotion running slowly in search for food and jumping quickly to avoid threats Additionally the Messel specimens feature a surprisingly long tail unique among modern placental mammals formed by 40 vertebrae and probably used for balance 6 Classification editOrder Leptictida Family Gypsonictopidae Genus Gypsonictops Genus Sikuomys Family Leptictidae Genus Amphigyion Genus Gallolestes Genus Labes Genus Lainodon Genus Leptonysson Genus Palaeictops Genus Praolestes Genus Wania Subfamily Leptictinae Genus Blacktops Genus Ictopidium Genus Leptictis Genus Myrmecoboides Genus Ongghonia Genus Prodiacodon Genus Protictops Family Pseudorhyncocyonidae Genus Diaphyodectes Genus Leptictidium Genus Phakodon Genus PseudorhyncocyonNotes edit Hooker J J O Regan H 2013 07 15 Origin and evolution of the Pseudorhyncocyonidae a European Paleogene family of insectivorous placental mammals Palaeontology 56 4 807 835 Bibcode 2013Palgy 56 807H doi 10 1111 pala 12018 Zack S P Penkrot T A Bloch J I Rose K D March 2005 Affinities of Hyopsodontids to elephant shrews and a Holarctic origin of Afrotheria PDF Nature 434 7032 497 501 Bibcode 2005Natur 434 497Z doi 10 1038 nature03351 PMID 15791254 S2CID 4428738 Wible J R Rougier G W Novacek M J Asher R J September 2009 The eutherian mammal Maelestes gobiensis from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and the phylogeny of Cretaceous Eutheria Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2009 327 1 123 doi 10 1206 623 1 hdl 2246 6001 S2CID 86337881 O Leary Maureen A Bloch Jonathan I Flynn John J et al 8 February 2013 The Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post K Pg Radiation of Placentals Science 339 6120 662 667 Bibcode 2013Sci 339 662O doi 10 1126 science 1229237 hdl 11336 7302 PMID 23393258 S2CID 206544776 Halliday Thomas J D 2015 Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals PDF Biological Reviews 92 1 521 550 doi 10 1111 brv 12242 PMC 6849585 PMID 28075073 a b c Augusti and Anton 2002 p 5References editAgusti Jordi Anton Mauricio 2002 Mammoths Sabertooths and Hominids 65 Millions Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 11640 4 OCLC 51534272 Further reading editMeehan T J Martin Larry D 2010 New leptictids Mammalia Insectivora from the Early Oligocene of Nebraska USA Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 256 1 99 107 doi 10 1127 0077 7749 2010 0035 Novacek Michael J 1977 A review of Paleocene and Eocene Leptictidae Eutheria Mammalia from North America PDF PaleoBios 1 24 External links editInsectivore like mammals Tiny teeth and their enigmatic owners nbsp This prehistoric mammal related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leptictida amp oldid 1192044032, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
