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Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany

January 01, 1970

Leopold II[nb 1] (3 October 1797 – 29 January 1870) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1824 to 1859. He married twice; first to Maria Anna of Saxony, and after her death in 1832, to Maria Antonia of the Two-Sicilies. By the latter, he begat his eventual successor, Ferdinand. Leopold was recognised contemporarily as a liberal monarch, authorising the Tuscan Constitution of 1848, and allowing a degree of press freedom.

Leopold II
Portrait of Leopold II, by Giuseppe Bezzuoli
Grand Duke of Tuscany
Reign18 June 1824 – 21 July 1859
PredecessorFerdinand III
SuccessorFerdinand IV
Born3 October 1797
Florence, Tuscany
Died29 January 1870(1870-01-29) (aged 72)
Rome, Papal States
ConsortPrincess Maria Anna of Saxony
(m. 1817; died 1832)
Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies
(m. 1833)
Issue
Detail
Names
Leopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand Karl
HouseHabsburg-Lorraine (initially)
Habsburg-Tuscany (founded)
FatherFerdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany
MotherPrincess Luisa of the Two Sicilies
ReligionRoman Catholicism
Signature
Grand Duke Leopold in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal, 1828, by Pietro Benvenuti

The Grand Duke was deposed briefly by a provisional government in 1849, only to be restored the same year with the assistance of Austrian troops, who occupied the state until 1855. Leopold attempted a policy of neutrality with regard to the Second Italian War of Independence but was expelled by a bloodless coup on 27 April 1859, just before the beginning of the war. The Grand Ducal family left for Bologna, papal territory since the Congress of Vienna. Tuscany was occupied by soldiers of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia for the duration of the conflict. The Armistice of Villafranca, agreed to between Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on 11 July, provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence, but Leopold himself was considered too unpopular to be accepted, and on 21 July 1859, he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, Ferdinand. Ferdinand was not, however, any more acceptable to the revolutionaries in control of Florence, and his accession was not proclaimed. Instead, the provisional government proclaimed the deposition of the House of Habsburg (16 August).

Biography edit

Born in Florence, Leopold II was the son of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Princess Luisa Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies, who were double first cousins. His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Carolina of Austria.

He succeeded his father on 18 June 1824. During the first twenty years of his reign he devoted himself to the internal development of the state. His was the mildest and least reactionary of all the Italian despotisms of the day, and although always subject to Austrian influence he refused to adopt the Austrian methods of government, allowed a fair measure of liberty to the press, and permitted many political exiles from other states to dwell in Tuscany undisturbed.

But when during the early 1840s unrest spread throughout Italy, even in Tuscany demands for a constitution and other political reforms were advanced; in 1845 and 1846, riots occurred in various parts of the country, and Leopold granted a number of administrative reforms. But Austrian influence prevented him from doing more, even had he wished to do so. The election of Pope Pius IX gave fresh encouragement to Liberalism, and on 4 September 1847 Leopold instituted the National Guard – a preparation for a constitution; soon afterward the marchese Cosimo Ridolfi (1794–1865) was appointed prime minister. The granting of the Neapolitan and Piedmontese constitutions was followed (17 February 1848) by that of Tuscany, composed by Gino Capponi.

The uprisings in Milan and in Vienna aroused patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany, where war against Austria was demanded; Leopold, yielding to popular pressure, sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co-operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign. His speech on their departure was uncompromisingly Italian and Liberal. "Soldiers," he said, "the holy cause of Italian freedom is being decided to-day on the fields of Lombardy. Already the citizens of Milan have purchased their liberty with their blood and with a heroism of which history offers few examples... Honour to the arms of Italy! Long live Italian independence!" The Tuscan contingent fought bravely, though unsuccessfully, at Curtatone and Montanara.

On 26 June, the first Tuscan parliament assembled but the disturbances consequent on the failure of the campaign in Lombardy resulted in the resignation of the Ridolfi ministry, which was succeeded by that of Gino Capponi. The riots continued, especially at Livorno, which was prey to actual civil war, and the democratic party of which Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giuseppe Montanelli were organizers became every day more influential. Capponi resigned, and Leopold agreed reluctantly to a Montanelli-Guerrazzi ministry, which in its turn had to fight against the extreme republican party.

New elections in the autumn of 1848 returned a constitutional majority, but it ended by voting in favour of a constituent assembly. There was talk of instituting a central Italian kingdom with Leopold as king, to form part of a larger Italian federation, but in the meanwhile the grand-duke, alarmed at the revolutionary and republican agitations in Tuscany and encouraged by the success of the Austrian troops, was, according to Montanelli, negotiating with Field Marshal Radetzky and with Pius IX, who had now abandoned his liberal tendencies, and fled to Gaeta. Leopold had left Florence for Siena, and eventually for Porto Santo Stefano, leaving a letter to Guerrazzi in which, on account of a protest from the pope, he declared that he could not agree to the proposed constituent assembly. The utmost confusion prevailed in Florence and other parts of Tuscany.

On 18 February 1849 a republic was proclaimed and on that same day Leopold sailed for Gaeta. A third parliament was elected and Guerrazzi appointed dictator. But there was great discontent, and the defeat of Charles Albert at Novara caused consternation among the Liberals. The majority, while fearing an Austrian invasion, desired the return of the grand duke who had never been unpopular, and in April 1849 the municipal council usurped the powers of the assembly and invited him to return, "to save us by means of the restoration of the constitutional monarchy surrounded by popular institutions, from the shame and ruin of a foreign invasion." Leopold accepted, although he said nothing about the foreign invasion, and on 1 May sent Count Luigi Serristori to Tuscany with full powers.

But at the same time the Austrians occupied Lucca and Livorno, and although Leopold simulated surprise at their action it has since been proved, as the Austrian general d'Aspre declared at the time, that Austrian intervention was due to the request of the grand duke. On 24 May the latter appointed G Baldasseroni prime minister, on the 25th the Austrians entered Florence and on 28 July Leopold himself returned. In April 1850 he concluded a treaty with Austria suspending the continuation for an indefinite period of the Austrian occupation with 10,000 men; in September he dismissed parliament, and the next year established a concordat with the Church of a very clerical character. He feebly asked Austria if he might maintain the constitution, and the Austrian premier, Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg, advised him to consult the pope, the king of Naples and the dukes of Parma and Modena.

On their advice he formally revoked the constitution (1852). Political trials were held, Guerrazzi and many others being condemned to long terms of imprisonment, and although in 1855 the Austrian troops left Tuscany, Leopold's popularity was gone. Some of the Liberals, however, still believed in the possibility of a constitutional grand duke who could be induced for a second time to join Piedmont in a war against Austria, whereas the popular party headed by Ferdinando Bartolommei and Giuseppe Dolfi realised that only by the expulsion of Leopold could the national aspirations be realised. When in 1859 France and Piedmont made war on Austria, Leopold's government failed to prevent numbers of young Tuscan volunteers from joining the Franco-Piedmontese forces. Finally an agreement was arrived at between the aristocratic constitutionalists and the popular party, as a result of which the grand-duke's participation in the war was formally demanded.

Leopold at first gave way, and entrusted Don Neri Corsini with the formation of a ministry. The popular demands presented by Corsini were for the abdication of Leopold in favour of his son, an alliance with Piedmont and the reorganisation of Tuscany in accordance with the eventual and definite reorganisation of Italy. Leopold hesitated and finally rejected the proposals as derogatory to his dignity. On 27 April there was great excitement in Florence, Italian colours appeared everywhere, but order was maintained, and the grand duke and his family departed for Bologna undisturbed. Thus the revolution was accomplished without blood being shed, and after a period of provisional government Tuscany was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy. On 21 July Leopold abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand IV of Tuscany, who never reigned, but issued a protest from Dresden (26 March 1860).

Evaluation edit

Leopold of Tuscany was a well-meaning, not unkindly man, and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots, but he was weak, and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal.[according to whom?] Had he not joined the conclave of autocrats at Gaeta, and, above all, had he not summoned Austrian assistance while denying that he had done so, in 1849, he might yet have preserved his throne, and even changed the course of Italian history. At the same time his rule, if not harsh, was demoralising.

Along with his wife he was the founding patron of L'Istituto Statale della Ss. Annunziata, the first female boarding school in Florence, that would educate aristocratic and noble young ladies. Leopold ordered the construction of La Botte, a water tunnel under the Arno river, which allowed for the final drainage of the Lago di Bientina, which had previously been the largest lake in Tuscany. Completed in 1859, La Botte remains an integral part of the Tuscan water management system.

He spent his last years in Austria, and died in Rome on 29th January 1870.

Marriages and children edit

 
Maria Anna of Saxony

In Dresden on 28 October 1817, and by proxy in Florence on 16 November 1817, Leopold married Princess Maria Anna of Saxony. She was a daughter of Maximilian, Prince of Saxony and Caroline of Bourbon-Parma. Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand, Duke of Parma and Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria. Leopold and his wife were second cousins as they were both great-grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. They had three children:

 
Maria Antonietta of Two Sicilies

Maria Anna died in Pisa on 24 April 1832. On 7 June 1833, in Naples, Leopold married secondly Maria Antonietta of the Two Sicilies. His new wife was the second daughter of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain. Marie Antoinette was his first cousin. They had ten children:

Honours edit

Ancestry edit

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Italian: Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo, German: Leopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand Karl, English: Leopold John Joseph Francis Ferdinand Charles.
  1. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1859), Genealogy p. 4
  2. ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie (1868), Ritter-orden pp. 40, 43
  3. ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ H. Tarlier (1854). Almanach royal officiel, publié, exécution d'un arrête du roi (in French). Vol. 1. p. 37.
  5. ^ "Capitolo XIV: Ordini cavallereschi", Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie (in Italian), 1829, pp. 416, 421, retrieved 8 October 2020
  6. ^ Almanacco di corte (in Italian). 1858. p. 220. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  7. ^ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66. Heinrich. 1866. p. 3.

References edit

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
  • A listing of his descendants
Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Born: 3 October 1797 Died: 29 January 1870
Regnal titles
Preceded by Grand Duke of Tuscany
1824–1849 		Succeeded by
Republic
Preceded by
Republic
 Grand Duke of Tuscany
1849–1859 		Succeeded by

January 01, 1970
leopold, grand, duke, tuscany, this, article, relies, largely, entirely, single, source, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, improve, this, article, introducing, citations, additional, sources, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources Find sources Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany news newspapers books scholar JSTOR February 2012 Leopold II nb 1 3 October 1797 29 January 1870 was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1824 to 1859 He married twice first to Maria Anna of Saxony and after her death in 1832 to Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies By the latter he begat his eventual successor Ferdinand Leopold was recognised contemporarily as a liberal monarch authorising the Tuscan Constitution of 1848 and allowing a degree of press freedom Leopold IIPortrait of Leopold II by Giuseppe BezzuoliGrand Duke of TuscanyReign18 June 1824 21 July 1859PredecessorFerdinand IIISuccessorFerdinand IVBorn3 October 1797Florence TuscanyDied29 January 1870 1870 01 29 aged 72 Rome Papal StatesConsortPrincess Maria Anna of Saxony m 1817 died 1832 Princess Maria Antonia of the Two Sicilies m 1833 IssueDetailArchduchess Caroline Auguste Ferdinande Princess of Bavaria Archduchess Maria Maximiliana Maria Isabella Countess of Trapani Ferdinand IV Grand Duke of Tuscany Archduchess Maria Theresa Archduchess Maria Christina Archduke Karl Salvator Archduchess Maria Anna Archduke Rainer Maria Luisa Princess of Isenburg and Budingen Archduke Ludwig Salvator Count of Neuendorf Archduke Johann SalvatorNamesLeopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand KarlHouseHabsburg Lorraine initially Habsburg Tuscany founded FatherFerdinand III Grand Duke of TuscanyMotherPrincess Luisa of the Two SiciliesReligionRoman CatholicismSignature Grand Duke Leopold in the uniform of an Austrian field marshal 1828 by Pietro Benvenuti The Grand Duke was deposed briefly by a provisional government in 1849 only to be restored the same year with the assistance of Austrian troops who occupied the state until 1855 Leopold attempted a policy of neutrality with regard to the Second Italian War of Independence but was expelled by a bloodless coup on 27 April 1859 just before the beginning of the war The Grand Ducal family left for Bologna papal territory since the Congress of Vienna Tuscany was occupied by soldiers of Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia for the duration of the conflict The Armistice of Villafranca agreed to between Napoleon III of France and Franz Joseph I of Austria on 11 July provided for the return of the Lorraines to Florence but Leopold himself was considered too unpopular to be accepted and on 21 July 1859 he abdicated the throne in favour of his son Ferdinand Ferdinand was not however any more acceptable to the revolutionaries in control of Florence and his accession was not proclaimed Instead the provisional government proclaimed the deposition of the House of Habsburg 16 August Contents 1 Biography 2 Evaluation 3 Marriages and children 4 Honours 5 Ancestry 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External linksBiography editBorn in Florence Leopold II was the son of Ferdinand III Grand Duke of Tuscany and Princess Luisa Maria Amelia Teresa of the Two Sicilies who were double first cousins His maternal grandparents were Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Marie Carolina of Austria He succeeded his father on 18 June 1824 During the first twenty years of his reign he devoted himself to the internal development of the state His was the mildest and least reactionary of all the Italian despotisms of the day and although always subject to Austrian influence he refused to adopt the Austrian methods of government allowed a fair measure of liberty to the press and permitted many political exiles from other states to dwell in Tuscany undisturbed But when during the early 1840s unrest spread throughout Italy even in Tuscany demands for a constitution and other political reforms were advanced in 1845 and 1846 riots occurred in various parts of the country and Leopold granted a number of administrative reforms But Austrian influence prevented him from doing more even had he wished to do so The election of Pope Pius IX gave fresh encouragement to Liberalism and on 4 September 1847 Leopold instituted the National Guard a preparation for a constitution soon afterward the marchese Cosimo Ridolfi 1794 1865 was appointed prime minister The granting of the Neapolitan and Piedmontese constitutions was followed 17 February 1848 by that of Tuscany composed by Gino Capponi The uprisings in Milan and in Vienna aroused patriotic enthusiasm in Tuscany where war against Austria was demanded Leopold yielding to popular pressure sent a force of regulars and volunteers to co operate with Piedmont in the Lombard campaign His speech on their departure was uncompromisingly Italian and Liberal Soldiers he said the holy cause of Italian freedom is being decided to day on the fields of Lombardy Already the citizens of Milan have purchased their liberty with their blood and with a heroism of which history offers few examples Honour to the arms of Italy Long live Italian independence The Tuscan contingent fought bravely though unsuccessfully at Curtatone and Montanara On 26 June the first Tuscan parliament assembled but the disturbances consequent on the failure of the campaign in Lombardy resulted in the resignation of the Ridolfi ministry which was succeeded by that of Gino Capponi The riots continued especially at Livorno which was prey to actual civil war and the democratic party of which Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and Giuseppe Montanelli were organizers became every day more influential Capponi resigned and Leopold agreed reluctantly to a Montanelli Guerrazzi ministry which in its turn had to fight against the extreme republican party New elections in the autumn of 1848 returned a constitutional majority but it ended by voting in favour of a constituent assembly There was talk of instituting a central Italian kingdom with Leopold as king to form part of a larger Italian federation but in the meanwhile the grand duke alarmed at the revolutionary and republican agitations in Tuscany and encouraged by the success of the Austrian troops was according to Montanelli negotiating with Field Marshal Radetzky and with Pius IX who had now abandoned his liberal tendencies and fled to Gaeta Leopold had left Florence for Siena and eventually for Porto Santo Stefano leaving a letter to Guerrazzi in which on account of a protest from the pope he declared that he could not agree to the proposed constituent assembly The utmost confusion prevailed in Florence and other parts of Tuscany On 18 February 1849 a republic was proclaimed and on that same day Leopold sailed for Gaeta A third parliament was elected and Guerrazzi appointed dictator But there was great discontent and the defeat of Charles Albert at Novara caused consternation among the Liberals The majority while fearing an Austrian invasion desired the return of the grand duke who had never been unpopular and in April 1849 the municipal council usurped the powers of the assembly and invited him to return to save us by means of the restoration of the constitutional monarchy surrounded by popular institutions from the shame and ruin of a foreign invasion Leopold accepted although he said nothing about the foreign invasion and on 1 May sent Count Luigi Serristori to Tuscany with full powers But at the same time the Austrians occupied Lucca and Livorno and although Leopold simulated surprise at their action it has since been proved as the Austrian general d Aspre declared at the time that Austrian intervention was due to the request of the grand duke On 24 May the latter appointed G Baldasseroni prime minister on the 25th the Austrians entered Florence and on 28 July Leopold himself returned In April 1850 he concluded a treaty with Austria suspending the continuation for an indefinite period of the Austrian occupation with 10 000 men in September he dismissed parliament and the next year established a concordat with the Church of a very clerical character He feebly asked Austria if he might maintain the constitution and the Austrian premier Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg advised him to consult the pope the king of Naples and the dukes of Parma and Modena On their advice he formally revoked the constitution 1852 Political trials were held Guerrazzi and many others being condemned to long terms of imprisonment and although in 1855 the Austrian troops left Tuscany Leopold s popularity was gone Some of the Liberals however still believed in the possibility of a constitutional grand duke who could be induced for a second time to join Piedmont in a war against Austria whereas the popular party headed by Ferdinando Bartolommei and Giuseppe Dolfi realised that only by the expulsion of Leopold could the national aspirations be realised When in 1859 France and Piedmont made war on Austria Leopold s government failed to prevent numbers of young Tuscan volunteers from joining the Franco Piedmontese forces Finally an agreement was arrived at between the aristocratic constitutionalists and the popular party as a result of which the grand duke s participation in the war was formally demanded Leopold at first gave way and entrusted Don Neri Corsini with the formation of a ministry The popular demands presented by Corsini were for the abdication of Leopold in favour of his son an alliance with Piedmont and the reorganisation of Tuscany in accordance with the eventual and definite reorganisation of Italy Leopold hesitated and finally rejected the proposals as derogatory to his dignity On 27 April there was great excitement in Florence Italian colours appeared everywhere but order was maintained and the grand duke and his family departed for Bologna undisturbed Thus the revolution was accomplished without blood being shed and after a period of provisional government Tuscany was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy On 21 July Leopold abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand IV of Tuscany who never reigned but issued a protest from Dresden 26 March 1860 Evaluation editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2021 Learn how and when to remove this message Leopold of Tuscany was a well meaning not unkindly man and fonder of his subjects than were the other Italian despots but he was weak and too closely bound by family ties and Habsburg traditions ever to become a real Liberal according to whom Had he not joined the conclave of autocrats at Gaeta and above all had he not summoned Austrian assistance while denying that he had done so in 1849 he might yet have preserved his throne and even changed the course of Italian history At the same time his rule if not harsh was demoralising Along with his wife he was the founding patron of L Istituto Statale della Ss Annunziata the first female boarding school in Florence that would educate aristocratic and noble young ladies Leopold ordered the construction of La Botte a water tunnel under the Arno river which allowed for the final drainage of the Lago di Bientina which had previously been the largest lake in Tuscany Completed in 1859 La Botte remains an integral part of the Tuscan water management system He spent his last years in Austria and died in Rome on 29th January 1870 Marriages and children edit nbsp Maria Anna of Saxony In Dresden on 28 October 1817 and by proxy in Florence on 16 November 1817 Leopold married Princess Maria Anna of Saxony She was a daughter of Maximilian Prince of Saxony and Caroline of Bourbon Parma Her maternal grandparents were Ferdinand Duke of Parma and Archduchess Maria Amalia of Austria Leopold and his wife were second cousins as they were both great grandchildren of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria They had three children Archduchess Carolina Auguste Elisabeth Vincentia Johanna Josepha Florence 19 November 1822 Florence 5 October 1841 Archduchess Auguste Ferdinande of Austria 1 April 1825 26 April 1864 married Luitpold Prince Regent of Bavaria Archduchess Maria Maximiliana Thekla Johanna Josepha Florence 9 January 1827 Florence 18 May 1834 nbsp Maria Antonietta of Two SiciliesMaria Anna died in Pisa on 24 April 1832 On 7 June 1833 in Naples Leopold married secondly Maria Antonietta of the Two Sicilies His new wife was the second daughter of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain Marie Antoinette was his first cousin They had ten children Archduchess Maria Isabella Annunziata Giovanna Giuseppa Umilta Appolonia Philomena Virginia Gabriela 21 May 1834 14 July 1901 married her maternal uncle Prince Francis Count of Trapani youngest son of Francis I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Isabella of Spain Ferdinand IV Grand Duke of Tuscany 10 June 1835 17 January 1908 Archduchess Maria Theresia Annunziata Johanna Josepha Paulina Luisa Virginia Apollonia Philomena Florence 29 June 1836 Florence 5 August 1838 Archduchess Maria Christina Annunziata Agatha Dorothea Johanna Josephina Luisa Philomena Anna Florence 5 February 1838 Florence 1 September 1849 Archduke Karl Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Philipp Jakob Marzius Ludwig 30 April 1839 18 January 1892 married Princess Maria Immaculata of Bourbon Two Sicilies second daughter of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria Archduchess Maria Anna Karoline Annunziata Johanna Josepha Gabriela Theresia Katharina Margarethe Philomena Florence 9 June 1840 Florence 13 August 1841 Archduke Rainer Salvator Maria Stephan Joseph Johann Philipp Jakob Antonin Zenobius Alois von Gonzaga Florence 1 May 1842 Florence 14 August 1844 Archduchess Maria Luisa Annunziata Anna Giovanna Giuseppa Antonietta Philomena Apollonia Tommasa Florence 31 October 1845 27 August 1917 married in Schloss Brandeis Bohemia on 31 May 1865 to Karl Prince of Isenburg Budingen Her husband was a grandson of Karl last sovereign Prince of Isenburg They are the ancestors of Sophie Princess of Prussia wife of Georg Friedrich Prince of Prussia the head of the House of Hohenzollern Archduke Ludwig Salvator Maria Joseph Johann Baptist Dominicus Rainerius Ferdinand Carl Zenobius Antonin 4 August 1847 12 October 1915 Archduke Johann Salvator Nepomuk Maria Annunziata Giuseppe Johann Batista Ferdinando Baldassare Luigi Gonzaga Pietro Alessandrino Zenobius Antonin 25 November 1852 reported lost at sea in 1890 speculation of his survival under an alias Johann Orth Honours edit nbsp Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1 Grand Master of the Order of St Joseph Grand Master of the Military Order of St Stephen nbsp Austrian Empire 2 Knight of the Golden Fleece 1810 Grand Cross of St Stephen 1838 3 nbsp Belgium Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold 1 October 1844 4 nbsp Two Sicilies 5 Knight of St Januarius Grand Cross of St Ferdinand and Merit nbsp Duchy of Parma Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St George with Collar 1851 6 nbsp Kingdom of Saxony Knight of the Rue Crown 1817 7 Ancestry editThis section does not cite any sources Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed February 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message Ancestors of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany8 Francis I Holy Roman Emperor4 Leopold II Holy Roman Emperor9 Maria Theresa of Austria2 Ferdinand III Grand Duke of Tuscany10 Charles III of Spain5 Maria Louisa of Spain11 Maria Amalia of Saxony1 Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany12 Charles III of Spain 10 6 Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies13 Maria Amalia of Saxony 11 3 Luisa of Naples and Sicily14 Francis I Holy Roman Emperor 8 7 Maria Carolina of Austria15 Maria Theresa of Austria 9 See also editUnification of ItalyNotes edit Italian Leopoldo Giovanni Giuseppe Francesco Ferdinando Carlo German Leopold Johann Joseph Franz Ferdinand Karl English Leopold John Joseph Francis Ferdinand Charles Hof und Staats Handbuch der Osterreichisch Ungarischen Monarchie 1859 Genealogy p 4 Hof und Staats Handbuch der Osterreichisch Ungarischen Monarchie 1868 Ritter orden pp 40 43 A Szent Istvan Rend tagjai Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine H Tarlier 1854 Almanach royal officiel publie execution d un arrete du roi in French Vol 1 p 37 Capitolo XIV Ordini cavallereschi Almanacco Reale del Regno Delle Due Sicilie in Italian 1829 pp 416 421 retrieved 8 October 2020 Almanacco di corte in Italian 1858 p 220 Retrieved 24 April 2019 Staatshandbuch fur den Freistaat Sachsen 1865 66 Heinrich 1866 p 3 References edit nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Leopold II of Habsburg Lorraine Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany A listing of his descendants Leopold II Grand Duke of TuscanyHouse of HabsburgBorn 3 October 1797 Died 29 January 1870 Regnal titles Preceded byFerdinand III Grand Duke of Tuscany1824 1849 Succeeded byRepublic Preceded byRepublic Grand Duke of Tuscany1849 1859 Succeeded byFerdinand IV Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany amp oldid 1220594043, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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