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Lena (river)

January 20, 2023

The Lena (Russian: Ле́на, IPA: [ˈlʲɛnə]; Evenki: Елюенэ, Eljune; Yakut: Өлүөнэ, Ölüöne; Buryat: Зүлхэ, Zülkhe; Mongolian: Зүлгэ, Zülge) is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean (the other two being the Ob and the Yenisey). Permafrost underlies most of the catchment, 77% of which is continuous. It is 4,294 km (2,668 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 2,490,000 km2 (960,000 sq mi).[6] The Lena is the eleventh-longest river in the world, and the longest river entirely within Russia.

Lena
The Lena Pillars along the river near Yakutsk
Lena watershed
Native name
Location
CountryRussia
Physical characteristics
SourceBaikal Mountains, Irkutsk Oblast
 • coordinates53°58′3″N 107°52′56″E / 53.96750°N 107.88222°E / 53.96750; 107.88222 (approximately)
 • elevation1,640 m (5,380 ft)
MouthLena Delta
 • location
Arctic Ocean, Laptev Sea
 • coordinates
72°24′31″N 126°41′05″E / 72.4087°N 126.6847°E / 72.4087; 126.6847Coordinates: 72°24′31″N 126°41′05″E / 72.4087°N 126.6847°E / 72.4087; 126.6847
Length4,294 km (2,668 mi)
Basin size2,460,742 km2 (950,098 sq mi) to 2,490,000 km2 (960,000 sq mi)
Width 
 • maximum10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Depth 
 • maximum28 m (92 ft)
Discharge 
 • locationKyusyur, Russia (Basin size: 2,440,000 km2 (940,000 sq mi) to 2,418,974 km2 (933,971 sq mi)[1]
 • average(Period of data: 1971-2015)17,773 m3/s (627,600 cu ft/s)[1]

(Period of data: 1970-1999)17,067 m3/s (602,700 cu ft/s)[2]

15,500 m3/s (550,000 cu ft/s)[3]
 • minimum366 m3/s (12,900 cu ft/s)
 • maximum241,000 m3/s (8,500,000 cu ft/s)

Lena Delta, Laptev Sea, Russia (Period of data: 1984-2018)577 km3/a (18,300 m3/s)[1]

(Period of data: 1940-2019) 545.7 km3/a (17,290 m3/s)[4]
Discharge 
 • locationVilyuy
 • average12,100 m3/s (430,000 cu ft/s)

Tabaga, Yakutsk (Basin size: 987,000 km2 (381,000 sq mi)

(Period of data: 1967-2017) 7,453.2 m3/s (263,210 cu ft/s)[5](max. 51,600 m3/s (1,820,000 cu ft/s))[5]
Discharge 
 • locationOlyokminsk
 • average4,500 m3/s (160,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationVitim
 • average1,700 m3/s (60,000 cu ft/s)
Discharge 
 • locationKirensk
 • average480 m3/s (17,000 cu ft/s)
Basin features
Tributaries 
 • leftVilyuy
 • rightKirenga, Vitim, Olyokma, Aldan

Course

 
Map including the lower course of the Lena
 
Map including the upper reaches of the Lena

Originating at an elevation of 1,640 meters (5,381 ft) at its source in the Baikal Mountains south of the Central Siberian Plateau, 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Lake Baikal, the Lena flows northeast across the Lena-Angara Plateau, being joined by the Kirenga, Vitim and Olyokma. From Yakutsk it enters the Central Yakutian Lowland and flows north until joined by its right-hand tributary the Aldan and its most important left-hand tributary, the Vilyuy. After that, it bends westward and northward, flowing between the Kharaulakh Range, part of the Verkhoyansk Range, in the east and the Chekanovsky Ridge in the west. Making its way nearly due north it expands into a large delta and ends in the Laptev Sea, a division of the Arctic Ocean, south-west of the New Siberian Islands. The Lena Delta is 30,000 square kilometres (12,000 sq mi) in area,[7] being traversed by seven main branches, the most important being the Bykovsky channel, farthest east.

Basin

The area of the Lena river basin is calculated at 2,490,000 square kilometres (960,000 sq mi) and the mean annual discharge is 489 cubic kilometers per year. Gold is washed out of the sands of the Vitim and the Olyokma, and mammoth tusks have been dug out of the delta. There are numerous lakes in the floodplain of the river. Lakes Nedzheli and Ulakhan-Kyuel are the largest in the basin of the Lena.

Tributaries

The Kirenga flows north between the upper Lena River and Lake Baikal. The Vitim drains the area northeast of Lake Baikal. The Olyokma flows north. The Amga makes a long curve southeast and parallel to the Lena and flows into the Aldan. The Aldan also curves roughly parallel to the Lena until it turns east and flows into the Lena north of Yakutsk. The Maya, a tributary of the Aldan, drains an area almost to the Sea of Okhotsk. The T-shaped Chona-Vilyuy system drains most of the area to the west.

The main tributaries of the Lena are, from source to mouth:

History

Lena River from a source to Kachug
Legend
 
 unnamed lake
Tyrka
 
 
 
 
 
 
Uhta 2nd
 
 
 
 
Uhta 1st
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pankukcha
Shevukan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Negnedai
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Anai River
 
 
 
 
 Anai
 
 
 
 
 
 Alilei
 
 
 
 
 
 Chanchur River
 
 
 
 Chanchur
 
 
 
 
 
Kurungui
 
 
 
 
 Ilikta
Kurungui River
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maliy Tarel
Birulka
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ice bridge
 
 
 
 
Birulka River
 
 
 
 
 
 
Ushina
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Zhuya
 
 
 
 
 Bolshoi Kosogol
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Manzurka
Khalsk
 
 
 
 
 
R 148
Bolshiye Goly
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Iset
R 148

It is commonly believed that the Lena derives its name from the original Even-Evenk name Elyu-Ene, which means "the Large River".

 
The river around 1890

According to folktales related a century later, in the years 1620–1623 a party of Russian fur hunters under the leadership of Demid Pyanda sailed up Nizhnyaya Tunguska, discovered the Lena, and either carried their boats there or built new ones. In 1623 Pyanda explored some 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) of the river from its upper reaches to the central Yakutia.[8] In 1628 Vasily Bugor and 10 men reached the Lena, collected 'yasak' (tribute) from the 'natives' and then founded Kirinsk in 1632. In 1631 the voyevoda of Yeniseysk sent Pyotr Beketov and 20 men to construct a fortress at Yakutsk (founded in 1632). From Yakutsk other expeditions spread out to the south and east. The Lena delta was reached in 1633.

Two of the three groups of survivors of ill-fated Jeannette expedition reached Lena Delta in September 1881. The one led by engineer George W. Melville was rescued by native Tungus huntsmen. Of the group led by Captain George W. De Long only two of the men survived, the others died of starvation.

Baron Eduard Von Toll, accompanied by Alexander von Bunge, led an expedition that explored the Lena delta and the islands of New Siberia on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1885. In 1886 they investigated the New Siberian Islands and the Yana River and its tributaries. During one year and two days the expedition covered 25,000 kilometres (16,000 mi), of which 4,200 kilometres (2,600 mi) were up rivers, carrying out geodesic surveys en route.

The Lena massacre was the name given to the 1912 shooting-down of striking goldminers and local citizens who protested at the working conditions in the mine near Bodaybo in northern Irkutsk. The incident was reported in the Duma (parliament) by Kerensky and is credited with stimulating revolutionary feeling in Russia.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov may have taken his alias, Lenin, from the river Lena, when he was exiled to the Central Siberian Plateau.

Delta

 
Lena River Delta in Autumn 2014
 
Lena river Delta by Landsat, February 2000
See also: Fyodor Matisen

At the end of the Lena River there is a large delta that extends 100 kilometres (62 mi) into the Laptev Sea and is about 400 km (250 mi) wide. The delta is frozen tundra for about seven months of the year, but in May the region is transformed into a lush wetland for a few months. Part of the area is protected as the Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve.

The Lena delta divides into a multitude of flat islands. The most important are (from west to east): Chychas Aryta, Petrushka, Sagastyr, Samakh Ary Diyete, Turkan Bel'keydere, Sasyllakh Ary, Kolkhoztakh Bel'keydere, Grigoriy Diyelyakh Bel'kee (Grigoriy Islands), Nerpa Uolun Aryta, Misha Bel'keydere, Atakhtay Bel'kedere, Arangastakh, Urdiuk Pastakh Bel'key, Agys Past' Aryta, Dallalakh Island, Otto Ary, Ullakhan Ary and Orto Ues Aryta.

Turukannakh-Kumaga is a long and narrow island off the Lena delta's western shore.

One of the Lena delta islands, Ostrov Amerika-Kuba-Aryta or Ostrov Kuba-Aryta, was named after the island of Cuba during Soviet times. It is on the northern edge of the delta.[9]

 
Map of mammoth place near Sagastyr (from the 1886 Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Pétersbourg

Further reading

  • Alexander von Bunge & Eduard von Toll (1887), The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Yana country, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences.
  • Jeffrey Tayler (2006), River of No Reprieve: Descending Siberia's Waterway of Exile, Death, and Destiny

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Stadnyk, Tricia A.; Tefs, A.; Broesky, M.; Déry, S. J.; Myers, P. G.; Ridenour, N. A.; Koenig, K.; Vonderbank, L.; Gustafsson, D. (2021). "Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 9. doi:10.1525/elementa.2020.00098. S2CID 236682638.
  2. ^ "Variations of the Present-Day Annual and Seasonal Runoff in the Far East and Siberia with the Use of Regional Hydrological and Global Climate Models" (PDF). 2018.
  3. ^ http://www.abratsev.narod.ru/biblio/sokolov/p1ch23b.html, Sokolov, Eastern Siberia // Hydrography of USSR. (in russian)
  4. ^ "River Discharge".
  5. ^ a b "HAL". 2021.
  6. ^ "Река Лена in the State Water Register of Russia". textual.ru (in Russian).
  7. ^ "Lena River Delta - A Global Ecoregion". World Wide Fund for Nature. 2006-07-06. Archived from the original on 2007-06-30. Retrieved 2008-05-23.
  8. ^ "Открытие русскими Средней и Восточной Сибири". www.randewy.ru. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  9. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
  •   This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lena". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

External links

  •   Media related to Lena River at Wikimedia Commons
  • Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO)
  • Permafrost in the Lena Delta
  • Alfred Wegner institute (AWI) Publications, - free, downloadable research reports on the biology, geology, oceanography, hydrology, paleontology, paleoclimatology, fauna, flora, soils, cryology, and so forth of the Lena Delta, Laptev Sea, and other parts of the Arctic Circle.

January 20, 2023
lena, river, this, article, require, cleanup, meet, wikipedia, quality, standards, specific, problem, formatting, layout, poor, grammar, syntax, english, words, please, help, improve, this, article, august, 2013, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, l. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia s quality standards The specific problem is formatting layout poor grammar and syntax use of non English words Please help improve this article if you can August 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Lena Russian Le na IPA ˈlʲɛne Evenki Elyuene Eljune Yakut Өlүone Oluone Buryat Zүlhe Zulkhe Mongolian Zүlge Zulge is the easternmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean the other two being the Ob and the Yenisey Permafrost underlies most of the catchment 77 of which is continuous It is 4 294 km 2 668 mi long and has a drainage basin of 2 490 000 km2 960 000 sq mi 6 The Lena is the eleventh longest river in the world and the longest river entirely within Russia LenaThe Lena Pillars along the river near YakutskLena watershedNative nameLena Russian Өlүone Yakut Elyuene Evenki Zүlhe Buryat Zүlge Mongolian LocationCountryRussiaPhysical characteristicsSourceBaikal Mountains Irkutsk Oblast coordinates53 58 3 N 107 52 56 E 53 96750 N 107 88222 E 53 96750 107 88222 approximately elevation1 640 m 5 380 ft MouthLena Delta locationArctic Ocean Laptev Sea coordinates72 24 31 N 126 41 05 E 72 4087 N 126 6847 E 72 4087 126 6847 Coordinates 72 24 31 N 126 41 05 E 72 4087 N 126 6847 E 72 4087 126 6847Length4 294 km 2 668 mi Basin size2 460 742 km2 950 098 sq mi to 2 490 000 km2 960 000 sq mi Width maximum10 000 m 33 000 ft Depth maximum28 m 92 ft Discharge locationKyusyur Russia Basin size 2 440 000 km2 940 000 sq mi to 2 418 974 km2 933 971 sq mi 1 average Period of data 1971 2015 17 773 m3 s 627 600 cu ft s 1 Period of data 1970 1999 17 067 m3 s 602 700 cu ft s 2 15 500 m3 s 550 000 cu ft s 3 minimum366 m3 s 12 900 cu ft s maximum241 000 m3 s 8 500 000 cu ft s Lena Delta Laptev Sea Russia Period of data 1984 2018 577 km3 a 18 300 m3 s 1 Period of data 1940 2019 545 7 km3 a 17 290 m3 s 4 Discharge locationVilyuy average12 100 m3 s 430 000 cu ft s Tabaga Yakutsk Basin size 987 000 km2 381 000 sq mi Period of data 1967 2017 7 453 2 m3 s 263 210 cu ft s 5 max 51 600 m3 s 1 820 000 cu ft s 5 Discharge locationOlyokminsk average4 500 m3 s 160 000 cu ft s Discharge locationVitim average1 700 m3 s 60 000 cu ft s Discharge locationKirensk average480 m3 s 17 000 cu ft s Basin featuresTributaries leftVilyuy rightKirenga Vitim Olyokma Aldan Contents 1 Course 2 Basin 2 1 Tributaries 3 History 4 Delta 5 Further reading 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksCourse Edit Map including the lower course of the Lena Map including the upper reaches of the Lena Originating at an elevation of 1 640 meters 5 381 ft at its source in the Baikal Mountains south of the Central Siberian Plateau 7 kilometres 4 mi west of Lake Baikal the Lena flows northeast across the Lena Angara Plateau being joined by the Kirenga Vitim and Olyokma From Yakutsk it enters the Central Yakutian Lowland and flows north until joined by its right hand tributary the Aldan and its most important left hand tributary the Vilyuy After that it bends westward and northward flowing between the Kharaulakh Range part of the Verkhoyansk Range in the east and the Chekanovsky Ridge in the west Making its way nearly due north it expands into a large delta and ends in the Laptev Sea a division of the Arctic Ocean south west of the New Siberian Islands The Lena Delta is 30 000 square kilometres 12 000 sq mi in area 7 being traversed by seven main branches the most important being the Bykovsky channel farthest east Basin EditThe area of the Lena river basin is calculated at 2 490 000 square kilometres 960 000 sq mi and the mean annual discharge is 489 cubic kilometers per year Gold is washed out of the sands of the Vitim and the Olyokma and mammoth tusks have been dug out of the delta There are numerous lakes in the floodplain of the river Lakes Nedzheli and Ulakhan Kyuel are the largest in the basin of the Lena Tributaries Edit The Kirenga flows north between the upper Lena River and Lake Baikal The Vitim drains the area northeast of Lake Baikal The Olyokma flows north The Amga makes a long curve southeast and parallel to the Lena and flows into the Aldan The Aldan also curves roughly parallel to the Lena until it turns east and flows into the Lena north of Yakutsk The Maya a tributary of the Aldan drains an area almost to the Sea of Okhotsk The T shaped Chona Vilyuy system drains most of the area to the west The main tributaries of the Lena are from source to mouth Tutura right Ilga left Kuta left Tayura right Kirenga right Pilyuda left Chechuy right Ichera left Chaya right Chuya right Vitim right Peleduy left Nyuya left Derba left Ura left Bolshoy Patom right Cherendey left Biryuk left Olyokma right Chara Markha left Tuolba right Sinyaya left Buotama right Menda right Myla right Tamma right Lyutenge right Suola right Aldan right Batamay right Belyanka right Munni Lyapiske right Tympylykan left Dyanyshka right Tyugyuene left Sitte left Khanchaly left Kenkeme left Lungkha left Namana left Vilyuy left Chona Linde left Undyulyung right Nuora left Begidyan right Khoruongka left Sobolokh Mayan right Muna left Menkere right Motorchuna left Molodo left Syungyude Natara right Uel Siktyakh right Kuranakh Siktyakh right Eyekit left Bulkur left History EditvteLena River from a source to KachugLegend unnamed lakeTyrka Uhta 2nd Uhta 1st PankukchaShevukan Negnedai Anai River Anai Alilei Chanchur River Chanchur Kurungui IliktaKurungui River Maliy TarelBirulka Ice bridge Birulka River Ushina Zhuya Bolshoi Kosogol ManzurkaKhalsk R 148Bolshiye Goly Iset R 148It is commonly believed that the Lena derives its name from the original Even Evenk name Elyu Ene which means the Large River The river around 1890 According to folktales related a century later in the years 1620 1623 a party of Russian fur hunters under the leadership of Demid Pyanda sailed up Nizhnyaya Tunguska discovered the Lena and either carried their boats there or built new ones In 1623 Pyanda explored some 2 400 kilometres 1 500 mi of the river from its upper reaches to the central Yakutia 8 In 1628 Vasily Bugor and 10 men reached the Lena collected yasak tribute from the natives and then founded Kirinsk in 1632 In 1631 the voyevoda of Yeniseysk sent Pyotr Beketov and 20 men to construct a fortress at Yakutsk founded in 1632 From Yakutsk other expeditions spread out to the south and east The Lena delta was reached in 1633 Two of the three groups of survivors of ill fated Jeannette expedition reached Lena Delta in September 1881 The one led by engineer George W Melville was rescued by native Tungus huntsmen Of the group led by Captain George W De Long only two of the men survived the others died of starvation Baron Eduard Von Toll accompanied by Alexander von Bunge led an expedition that explored the Lena delta and the islands of New Siberia on behalf of the Russian Imperial Academy of Sciences in 1885 In 1886 they investigated the New Siberian Islands and the Yana River and its tributaries During one year and two days the expedition covered 25 000 kilometres 16 000 mi of which 4 200 kilometres 2 600 mi were up rivers carrying out geodesic surveys en route The Lena massacre was the name given to the 1912 shooting down of striking goldminers and local citizens who protested at the working conditions in the mine near Bodaybo in northern Irkutsk The incident was reported in the Duma parliament by Kerensky and is credited with stimulating revolutionary feeling in Russia Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov may have taken his alias Lenin from the river Lena when he was exiled to the Central Siberian Plateau Delta Edit Lena River Delta in Autumn 2014 Lena river Delta by Landsat February 2000 See also Fyodor Matisen At the end of the Lena River there is a large delta that extends 100 kilometres 62 mi into the Laptev Sea and is about 400 km 250 mi wide The delta is frozen tundra for about seven months of the year but in May the region is transformed into a lush wetland for a few months Part of the area is protected as the Lena Delta Wildlife Reserve The Lena delta divides into a multitude of flat islands The most important are from west to east Chychas Aryta Petrushka Sagastyr Samakh Ary Diyete Turkan Bel keydere Sasyllakh Ary Kolkhoztakh Bel keydere Grigoriy Diyelyakh Bel kee Grigoriy Islands Nerpa Uolun Aryta Misha Bel keydere Atakhtay Bel kedere Arangastakh Urdiuk Pastakh Bel key Agys Past Aryta Dallalakh Island Otto Ary Ullakhan Ary and Orto Ues Aryta Turukannakh Kumaga is a long and narrow island off the Lena delta s western shore One of the Lena delta islands Ostrov Amerika Kuba Aryta or Ostrov Kuba Aryta was named after the island of Cuba during Soviet times It is on the northern edge of the delta 9 Map of mammoth place near Sagastyr from the 1886 Bulletin de l Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St PetersbourgFurther reading EditAlexander von Bunge amp Eduard von Toll 1887 The Expedition to the New Siberian Islands and the Yana country equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences Jeffrey Tayler 2006 River of No Reprieve Descending Siberia s Waterway of Exile Death and DestinySee also EditLena Cheeks Lena Pillars Lena Plateau List of rivers of Russia List of longest undammed rivers Tukulan William Barr writer of The First Soviet Convoy to the Mouth of the Lena Siberia portalReferences Edit a b c Stadnyk Tricia A Tefs A Broesky M Dery S J Myers P G Ridenour N A Koenig K Vonderbank L Gustafsson D 2021 Changing freshwater contributions to the Arctic Elementa Science of the Anthropocene 9 doi 10 1525 elementa 2020 00098 S2CID 236682638 Variations of the Present Day Annual and Seasonal Runoff in the Far East and Siberia with the Use of Regional Hydrological and Global Climate Models PDF 2018 http www abratsev narod ru biblio sokolov p1ch23b html Sokolov Eastern Siberia Hydrography of USSR in russian River Discharge a b HAL 2021 Reka Lena in the State Water Register of Russia textual ru in Russian Lena River Delta A Global Ecoregion World Wide Fund for Nature 2006 07 06 Archived from the original on 2007 06 30 Retrieved 2008 05 23 Otkrytie russkimi Srednej i Vostochnoj Sibiri www randewy ru Retrieved 4 April 2018 Google Maps Google Maps Retrieved 4 April 2018 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Chisholm Hugh ed 1911 Lena Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 16 11th ed Cambridge University Press External links Edit Media related to Lena River at Wikimedia Commons Arctic Great Rivers Observatory ArcticGRO NASA Earth Observatory page on flooding on the Lena River Information and a map of the Lena s watershed Permafrost in the Lena Delta Alfred Wegner institute AWI Publications Berichte zur Polar und Meeresforschung Reports on polar and marine research free downloadable research reports on the biology geology oceanography hydrology paleontology paleoclimatology fauna flora soils cryology and so forth of the Lena Delta Laptev Sea and other parts of the Arctic Circle Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lena river amp oldid 1127732226, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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