Larrimah, Northern Territory
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Larrimah is a town and a locality in the Northern Territory of Australia located about 431 kilometres (268 mi) southeast of the territorial capital of Darwin and about 158 kilometres (98 mi) southeast of the municipal seat of Katherine.[11] The specific geographical location is -15 35' 00'', 133 12' 00'".[12]
| Larrimah Northern Territory | |
|---|---|
The Big Stubby located outside Larrimah Wayside Inn | |
Larrimah | |
| Coordinates | 15°34′33″S 133°12′59″E / 15.5757°S 133.2163°ECoordinates: 15°34′33″S 133°12′59″E / 15.5757°S 133.2163°E[1] |
| Population | 47 (2016 census)[2] |
| Established | March 1941 (village) 29 June 1950 (town) 3 April 2007 (locality)[3][4] |
| Postcode(s) | 0852[5] |
| Time zone | ACST (UTC+9:30) |
| Location | |
| LGA(s) | Roper Gulf Region[1] |
| Territory electorate(s) | Barkly[6] |
| Federal division(s) | Lingiari[7] |
| Footnotes | Locations[5][9] Adjoining localities[10] |
It is built along the Stuart Highway.[11] It was the railhead of the North Australia Railway during World War II.[13]
Demographics
According to the 2016 Australian Census, Larrimah had a population of 47 people - 48.8% male and 51.2% female, with a median age of 41 years.[14] This was a signifiant increase from reported population of 12 in 1976.[2] There are 24 private dwellings, with an average of 2.1 people per household and a median weekly income of $725.00.[14] Since Paddy Moriarty disappeared in December 2017, the local number has shrunk further.[15] In early 2022, however, a baby was born in Larrimah to Czech Republic parents, significantly lowering the town's average age and increasing the population of the town by approximately ten percent.[16]
History
Before Larrimah was established, the Yangman people occupied the surrounding area[17] for over 40,000 years[11].They believe the Dreaming tracks of the Storm Bird created the landscape of Larrimah.[17] The name "Larrimah" means "meeting place" in the Yangman language.[11]
Later. John McDouall Stuart explored the Larrimah area in the 1860s on his transcontinental journey from Flinders Range[11] however he didn't settle or establish a town.[17]
Larrimah was officially established in 1940[18] as the rail terminus of the North Australia Railway Line from Darwin. Larrimah became a military town and the transfer point for army personnel and supplies.[19] In 1942, a repeater station was built from two Sydney Williams huts to provide direct communications with other sites including at Tennant Creek and Newcastle Waters.[19]
World War II
Darwin was bombed on 19 February 1942 by 175 Japanese planes.[20] This promoted a fear of Japanese invasion of Australia.[21] By March the same year, demand for manpower to meet the invasion threat became significant and in order to fill numbers, the army relaxed its attitude to the enlistment of Aboriginal people.[21] Consequently, Aboriginal people enlisted in large numbers.[21]
The Northern Territory employed more Aboriginal army labourers than other establishments.[21] By 1944, the army employed one-fifth of Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory.[21] By mid 1944, the army employed one fifth of all Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory.[21] In May 1943, Larrimah employed 497 Aboriginal men and 33 women.[21] Men carried out semi-skilled work including slaughtering, timber cutting and cleaning.[21] Women performed maintenance tasks and were employed in hospitals, similar to work by Australian Women’s Army Service.[21]
These "special settlements" established from Larrimah to Darwin became meeting grounds for Aboriginal people from Alice Springs, Victoria River and the Arnhem Land.[22] The diverse groups of Aboriginal people shared work and duties with each other and played cards together, emphasising their status as part of the wider army system.[22]
North Australia Railway
The North Australia Railway was officially opened in October 1889[13] was a gauge railway from Darwin to Birdum extending 234 km.[13] During World War II, the railhead of this line became Larrimah. It became the site of an army transit camp.[13] The railway transported troops and materials to and from the northern Australia war zone. It also was a vital link with Darwin for those living in remote communities[23] as communication between Birdum and Alice Springs was only available via the Stuart Highway.[24]
In the 1960s and 1970s, the railway was important due to iron ore needing to be transported from Frances Creek Deposits.[13] During its peak, one million tonnes per anumn were transported.[13] When global prices dropped, the mine was forced to close, and traffic from other industries could not financially keep the line open.[13] The railway officially ceased all operations and closed in February 1981.[13]
Gorrie Airfield
Gorrie Airfield was established at the end of the North Australia Railway line, 10km from the Larrimah town centre.[23] During World War II, it was the largest army base in Australia.[11] The airstrip was named after F/OP Peter C Gorrie who was killed in action on 12th January 1942 in the Dutch East Indies.[11]
During World War II, Gorrie Airfield was the base for Royal Australian Air Force and United States Air Force personnel. During 1943, it was home to 6,500 military recruits, making it one of the largest military bases in the Pacific Region during World War II.[23]
A large bomb dump, petrol storage and other bulk supply storage was constructed in the area[23] for the warehousing of stores prior to issue to other units.[25]
All personnel left Gorrie Airfield for Darwin during October 1945[23] after peace was declared on 15th August 1945.[25] All remaining machinery and equipment was sent to the army base in Pearce Western Australia.[25]
Heritage
The following places listed on the Northern Territory Heritage Register are located within the locality of Larrimah:
Birdum Historic Township
Established in 1929 at the terminus of the North Australia Railway.[26] A small township developed including a Hotel, Post Office, railway infrastructure and a number of shops.[26]
The township was the southernmost point reached by the railway and became an important transport hub for Territory road, rail and air transport in the 1930s.[26] It was the only location to serve all three functions.[26]
Birdum township was briefly the headquarter location for the American Air Force before moving closer to Larrimah.[26]
Structural remains at the site show the lives of a small community pre and post World War II and has social associations with both American and Australian forces during the war.[26]
WWII Larrimah Telephone Repeater Station and Powerhouse
Built in 1941and 1942, the Telephone Repeater Station and Powerhouse, relocated in 1946 were a result of the military's urgent upgrading of existing Mose Code overland telegraph line to a direct voice system.[27]
The Repeater Station had state of the art long line repeater system, consisting of four voice frequency and carrier channels.[27] The technology became obsolete in the 1970s.[27]
The Powerhouse provided operational electricity for the telecommunications system and to keep bank batteries fully charged.[27]
Both buildings represent significant a significant era in change of telecommunication and demonstrate characteristics of military commissioned architecture.[27]
Flora and fauna
Native Wildlife in the Northern Territory
In the Northern Territory, there is a range of native wildlife including insects, reptiles, marsupials and mammals.[28] Vertebrate fauna includes over 400 bird species, 150 mammal species, 300 reptile species, 50 frog species, 60 freshwater fish species and hundreds of marine fish species.[29]
Some endemic species of native birds include white throated grass wren, banded fruit dove and chestnut quilled rock pigeon.[29] Birds with short migrations make annual migration to Indonesia from the Northern Territory.[29] Examples of these include the koel, dollar bird, Torres Strait pigeon and channel billed cuckoo.[29]
Mammals in the Territory include 35 bat species and 25 marine animals.[29] Endemic mammal species include the black wallaroo, carpentarian rock rate and kakadu pebble mound mouse.[29] Many mammals have become extinct in the last 100 years.[29] These include desert bandicoot, pig footed bandicoot, lesser stick nest rat and burrowing bettong.[29]
Most reptiles in the Northern Territory are lizards- over 100 species of skinks.[29] There are five common marine turtle species- green, flatback, olive, ridley and hawksbill.[29] In addition, there are 90 snake species including over 20 sea snake species.[29]
There are many notable amphibians including the common green tree frog, magnificent tree frog and borrowing frogs.[29] The Howard River toadlet is a threatened species and inhabits sandy areas in outer Darwin area.[29]
There is a large number of insects in the Territory, however little is known about them.[29] However, more than 100 ant species may be found within any hectare of forest in the Northern Territory.[29]
Exotic Wildlife in the Northern Territory
In addition, to native wildlife, there is a range of exotic animals including terrestrial vertebrates and invertebrates.[28]
There are many restricted animals that are banned from entering the Northern Territory. These include:[30]
- Ferrets that severely impact native birds, mammals and reptiles. They also spread disease.
- Axolotls that impact native frog and fish populations and are aggressive eaters. They also spread disease.
- Captive frogs or frogs from other states and territories as they pick up diseases and spread to native population.
- Captive turtles or turtles from other states and territories as they pick up diseases and spread to native population.
Cane toads
Cane Toads are lethal to Australia’s native animals, causing native population decline.[31] It is believed that Cane Toads are vulnerable to several native Australian predatory species. Two cases of Cane Toads were killed by Australasian Giant Centipedes in the Australian Northern Territory.[32]
On 12 November 2020, a centipede was discovered “attacking a subadult Cane Toad” at 5:30pm in Larrimah, under a water tank with no permanent water source nearby.[32] It was concluded that the venom of the centipede could kill a toad rapidly, contrastingly unaffected itself.[32]
Invasive Cane Toads are estimated to have reached Larrimah by 2005, thus concluded that the two species have had significant interaction.[32] Cane Toads are considered a pest in the Northern Territory and a threat to native wildlife. For humans, Cane Toad venom is toxic if ingested or rubbed into eyes.[33] Individuals can help control the Cane Toad problem by following Government instructions on how to identify juvenile and adults and collect and dispose of toads found.[32]
Research undertaken at James Cook University is able to detect the presence of Cane Toads once it arrives at a new waterbody using eDNA. The eDNA is present for two or three days after the Cane Toad visit, regardless of water temperature.[31]
Pop culture
Larrimah was visited in an episode of Dom Joly's Happy Hour.
The Disappearance of Paddy Moriarty
Paddy Moriarty was born in Ireland in 1947.[34] It is believed he was conceived out of wedlock and was a foster child.[34] He immigrated to Australia at 18 and worked as a station hand, ringer and grader driver.[34] After moving to Larrimah in 2008, he purchased an unused service station in 2010 for $30,000.[34]
On 16 December 2017, Paddy Moriarty and his dog Kellie left the Pink Panther, Larrimah’s local pub and drove 800 m home via quadbike.[35] It is believed Paddy and Kellie arrived at home as "Paddy’s hat, wallet and keys were on the table, next to dinner- ready to be heated up… Kellie’s food was half eaten in a dog bowl".[35]
On 17 December 2017 when Moriarty did not reappear the next day, locals suspected something had happened.[34] However, there were several days delay in reporting him missing to the nearest police station, 70 km away.[36] Despite extensive air and land searches,[37] and a $250,000 reward for information,[34] Moriarty and Kellie have not been seen or found since.[35]
On 7 April 2022, coroner Greg Cavanagh handed down inquest findings on Moriarty and his dog’s suspected deaths.[37] The coroner concluded Moriarty was likely killed on 16 December 2017, however his cause of death was unable to be determined.[37] Cavanagh established Moriarty was "killed in the context of and likely due to the ongoing feud he had with his nearest neighbours".[34]
Northern Territory Legislation does not allow coroner Greg Cavanagh to include a finding or comment that a person may be guilty- "However, I will refer this investigation to the Commissioner of Police and the DPP", he said.[37]
Investigations into the suspected death of Paddy Moriarty and his dog Kellie continue, and the $250,000 reward for information remains open.[37]
The Walkley Award winning Australian crime podcast Lost in Larrimah,[38][39] released in April–May 2018, explored the mystery of Moriarty's disappearance, as well as the town's history in great depth, including the feuds within the small community.[40] The hosts, Kylie Stevenson and Caroline Graham, released a book named after the town in 2021. Larrimah: A missing man, an eyeless croc and an outback town of 1̶2̶ 11 people who mostly hate each other covers both the town's history and the disappearance of Paddy Moriarty.[41] The disappearance was also the subject of a four part Radio National series by ABC News called A Dog Act: Homicide on the Highway, released in December 2018.[42]
References
- ^ a b "Place Names Register Extract for Larrimah (village)". NT Place Names Register. Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Larrimah (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "NORTHERN TERRITORY OF AUSTRALIA". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. No. 36. Australia. 29 June 1950. p. 1557. Retrieved 23 April 2019 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "NT Place Names Register". Place Names Register Extract for Larrimah (locality). Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ a b "Postcode for Larrimah, Northern Territory". Postcodes Australia. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Division of Barkly". Northern Territory Electoral Commission (. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Profile of the electoral division of Lingiari (NT)". Australian Electoral Commission. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "Summary statistics LARRIMAH". Bureau of Meteorology, Australian government. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ "Roper Gulf Shire (map)" (PDF). Northern Territory Government. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Search result for 'Larrimah'". NT Atlas. Northern Territory Government. February 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Larrimah, NT". Aussie Towns. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ "LARRIMAH Geography Population Map cities coordinates location - Tageo.com". www.tageo.com. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Drymalik, C (28 February 2022). "North Australia Railway". Chris's Commonwealth Railways Information (ComRails).
- ^ a b Australian Bureau of Statistics (2016). "Larrimah 2016 Census All Persons QuickStats". QuickStats.
- ^ Fitzgerald, R (30 March 2022). "Larrimah could become Australia's next resources boom town but residents are on the fence". ABC News.
- ^ Fitzgerald, R (12 May 2022). "Larrimah couple Ondra and Lucie welcome outback town's first new baby in decades". ABC News.
- ^ a b c Australia's Guide (2022). "Larrimah".
- ^ Pearce, H (January 2009). "A cultural heritage overview of significant places in the defence of north Queensland during World War II" (PDF).
- ^ a b Daly, K (14 May 2019). "Larrimah Museum". Brown Signs.
- ^ Brown, M (18 February 2012). "The day that changed Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Hall, R (1980). "Aborigines, The Army and The Second World War in Northern Australia". Aboriginal History. 4: 72–95.
- ^ a b Berndt, C (1961). "The Quest for Identity: The Case of the Australian Aborigines". Oceania. 32: 16–33.
- ^ a b c d e NorthernTerritory.com. "Gorrie Airfield". Northern Territory.
- ^ "Erratum: Recent Developments in the Australian Mineral Industry". Geography. 61: 169. 1976.
- ^ a b c "Gorrie Airfield | Articles | Northern Territory, Australia". northernterritory.com. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f "Birdum Historic Township". Heritage Register. Northern Territory Government. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ a b c d e "WWII Larrimah Telephone Repeater Station and Powerhouse". Heritage Register. Northern Territory Government. 15 June 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- ^ a b Government, Northern Territory (12 August 2015). "About wildlife in NT". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Government, Northern Territory (14 July 2017). "About animals in NT". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Government, Northern Territory (15 February 2016). "Prohibited wildlife". nt.gov.au. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ a b Villacorta-Rath, C (31 July 2020). "Getting The Jump on Cane Toads". Northern Australia Environmental Research Portal.
- ^ a b c d e Pomeroy, J (2021). "The fauna fights back: invasive Cane Toads killed by native centipedes in tropical Australia". Australian Zoologist. 41: 738–742.
- ^ NT.gov.au (11 August 2015). "Cane Toads".
- ^ a b c d e f g Aikman, A (9 April 2022). "Larrimah: a town likes malice". The Australian.
- ^ a b c Stevenson, K (9 April 2022). "Inquest over, but Paddy Moriarty mystery is still a long way from closure". The Australian.
- ^ Carterson, S (8 December 2021). "What happened to Paddy? The big mystery puzzling a tiny town". The Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ a b c d e Gibson, J (9 April 2022). "NT coroner believes Paddy Moritary was killed because of neighbourly dispute in Larrimah". ABC News.
- ^ Stevenson, Kylie; Graham, Caroline (9 May 2018). "Lost in Larrimah, One tiny town. One huge mystery". The Australian. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
- ^ "Lost in Larrimah on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ Williams, Jacqueline (11 August 2018). "In a Town of 11 People, Mysterious Disappearance Turns Neighbor Against Neighbor". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^ "Larrimah - Caroline Graham and Kylie Stevenson - 9781760877835 - Allen & Unwin - Australia".
- ^ Henderson, Anna; Vanovac, Neda (3 December 2018). "Could the disappearance of Paddy Moriarty end up unravelling an entire town?". ABC News. Retrieved 16 December 2018.