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Lanka Sama Samaja Party

January 05, 2023

For a list of breakaway parties from the LSSP, see List of Lanka Sama Samaja breakaway parties.

The Lanka Sama Samaja Party, often abbreviated as LSSP (literally: Lanka Socialist Party, Sinhala: ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය, Tamil: லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி), is a major Trotskyist political party in Sri Lanka. It was the first political party in Sri Lanka (then British Ceylon), having been founded in 1935 by Leslie Goonewardene, N.M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena. It currently is a member of the main ruling coalition in the government of Sri Lanka and is headed by Tissa Vitharana. The party was founded with leninist ideals, and is classified as a party with Socialist aims.

Lanka Sama Samaja Party
ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය
லங்கா சமசமாஜக் கட்சி
Lanka Equal Society Party
AbbreviationLSSP
Secretary-GeneralLeslie Goonewardene (first; 1945–1977)
LeaderN.M. Perera (first; 1947–1959)
Tissa Vitharana (current)
FoundersLeslie Goonewardene
N.M. Perera
Colvin R. de Silva
Philip Gunawardena
Robert Gunawardena
Founded18 December 1935 (87 years ago) (1935-12-18)
Headquarters457 Union Place, Colombo 02
NewspaperSamasamajaya
Janadina daily
Janasathiya
Youth wingCongress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues
IdeologyCommunism
Trotskyism
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationSupreme Lanka Coalition
International affiliationFourth International
Parliament of Sri Lanka
1 / 225
Election symbol
Key

The LSSP emerged as a major political force in the Sri Lankan independence movement during the 1940s, during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort. The party played an instrumental role in the Indian independence and later Quit India Movement through the Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI). Through its efforts, India gained Independence from Britain in 1947, followed by Sri Lanka in 1948.

In the late early 1950s, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal strike, caused by vast food price inflation by the UNP government. At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country. Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cents had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates of 70 cents were introduced to the public there was a massive anger against it.

From the late 1940s to 1960s, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the opposition Party in Sri Lanka, whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the Fourth International, an organisation characterised by Trotskyism. During this period, the party was able to use its considerable political influence to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalising organisations in the banking, education, industry, media and trade sectors. In 1964, the party joined the United Front (Sri Lanka), and formed the Socialist SLFP government, leading to its expulsion from the Fourth International. Through their election landslide in 1964, they brought the world's first non-hereditary female head of government in modern history, Sirimavo Bandaranaike to power as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka. The party peaked in political strength in the 1970s, when it was again leading a coalition government with multiple of its leaders in key cabinet roles.

In recent elections, the party has served a role in the coalition government. As of 2020, the party holds local government roles, as well as the governorship of the North Central Province.

Name

The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the first modern political party in Ceylon, later Sri Lanka.[1][2] It was noted for its choice to use a native name rather than an English name, and its members were known as "Samasamajists". The party was the first Marxist party in South Asia. The Sinhala term samasamajaya was one coined by Dally Jayawardena in the Swadesa Mitraya to translate the term 'socialist'.[3] However, the usage of samasamajaya has since been superseded by samajavadaya (which corresponds to similar usage in various Indian languages) in everything but in the names of the LSSP and various of its splinter groups.[4] The Tamil term samadharmam was used to translate 'socialist', but nowadays the English term is used.[5]

History

The Lanka Sama Samaja Party was founded on 18 December 1935, with the broad aims of Sri Lankan Independence and Socialism, by a group of young politicians.[6][7] The group at the foundation numbered a bare half-dozen, and composed principally of students who had returned from study abroad, influenced deeply by the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin.[8] The original group consisted of Leslie Goonewardene, N.M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena.[9][10][11]

Origins

The LSSP grew out of the Youth Leagues of Ceylon – societies of young people, mainly intellectuals, who wanted independence for the British ruled Sri Lanka – in which a nucleus of Marxists had developed.[12] The party's leaders were predominantly educated returnees from study in London;[13] youth who had come into contact with the ideas of the European Left and were influenced by Harold Laski, an English political theorist and professor at the London School of Economics.[14][15][16] Dr S.A. Wickremasinghe, an early returnee and a member of the State Council from 1931, was part of this group.[17] The Youth Leagues campaigned for independence from Britain, notably organising opposition to the so-called 'Ministers' Memorandum', one which in essence called for the colonial authorities to grant increased power to local ministers.[18]

Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike

The group, through the South Colombo Youth League, became involved in a strike at the Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills in 1933.[19][20] The mills; the island’s largest textile factory at that time with 1,400 workers (two-thirds of Indian origin and one-third Sinhalese), gave the members of the Youth League a chance for leadership as well as experience in trade union agitation.[21] During this period, the collective published an irregular journal in Sinhala, Kamkaruwa (The Worker).[22]

Suriya-Mal movement

In 1933 the group got involved in the Suriya-Mal movement, which had been formed to provide support for indigenous ex-servicemen by the sale of Suriya (Portia tree) flowers.[23] The Suriya-Mal movement surged as a reaction to the fact that at the time Poppy Day funds went solely to British ex-servicemen.[24] The movement was honed by volunteer work among the poor during the Malaria Epidemic of 1934-1935. The volunteers found that there was widespread malnutrition, which they helped fight by making pills of 'Marmite' yeast extract.[25][26]

Early period

In 1936 the LSSP contested the State Council elections in four constituencies and won two of them, Avissawella and Ruanwella.[27] The two new members, Philip Gunawardena and N.M. Perera, worked at the dismay of the British Colonial government; one that they were trying to dismantle.[28]

Around this time, the LSSP began fraternal relations with the Congress Socialist Party (CSP) of India.[29] Mrs Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya of the CSP was invited by the LSSP for a highly successful political tour of the island.[30][31] Leslie Goonewardene was also sent as a delegate to the CSP.[32] Despite their move towards Indian relations, the LSSP maintained a clear distance from the Indian radical left, and considered the Communist Party of India to be an extremist force.[33]

Bracegirdle Incident

In 1937, the British Colonial Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs attempted to deport a young Anglo-Australian planter, Mark Anthony Bracegirdle, who had joined the LSSP.[34][35] He went into hiding in defiance of the Governor and the LSSP started a campaign to defend him.[36][37] He appeared on the platform at that year's May Day rally, and was able to have his deportation order quashed in the courts.[38][39] Through this incident, Stubbs was isolated. The incident led to the further strengthening of an argument for independence as the Bracegirdle incident had brought almost the entire State Council into opposition to the colonial government.[40]

Bracegirdle had been working among the plantation labourers, who were often working in squalid conditions, receiving very little health care, education and living in 'line rooms'.[41] In 1940, the Lanka Estate Workers' Union (LEWU) intervened in a strike at Mooloya, becoming the harbinger of a wave of trade-union action on the plantations.[42][43][44]

Initial Trotskyist ideals

Meanwhile, in the LSSP a number of members had become influenced by the ideas of the Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky.[45] Individual party members, notably Philip Gunawardena, had encountered Trotskyist groups earlier during stays in Britain and the USA. The Trotskyists within the LSSP came together and formed a secret faction known as the "T" (after Trotsky) group.[46][47] The group's original members were Philip Gunawardena, N. M. Perera, Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Robert Gunawardena and Vernon Gunasekera, the Party Secretary.[48] They were later joined by Edmund Samarakkody and V. Karalasingham.[49]

Fourth International

In 1940, the LSSP split with the expulsion of the pro-Moscow fraction led by S. A. Wickremasinghe, M. G. Mendis, Pieter Keuneman and A. Vaidialingam.[50] The expelled members formed the United Socialist Party (USP) which later evolved into the Communist Party of Ceylon (CPC).[51][52] With the expulsion of the communists, the LSSP planted itself as an independent Trotskyist party.[53] In its heyday, the LSSP was the Fourth International's most successful component.[54]

At the outbreak of the Second World War, the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort.[55] The two State Council members of the party and others on its Central committee were arrested and jailed, but Leslie Goonewardene evaded arrest and went underground.[56]

New Programme and adoption of Constitution

On 20 April 1941, a secret conference in Kandy, attended by 42 delegates, was held.[57][58] Leslie Goonewardene, who was in hiding, attended this conference at which the new programme and constitution were adopted.[59][60] The cover organisation of the party enabled him to work for a period of one year and three months till he left for India.[61] An openly functioning section of the party was established, led by Robert Gunawardena, S.C.C. Anthonipillai, V. Karalasingham, K.V. Lourenz Perera and William de Silva.[62] The 'open' section of the party led a strike wave in May 1941 and strikes in 1942 and 1944.[63][64][65]

Proscription and move to India

Following the Japanese raid on Colombo on 5 April 1942, the imprisoned leaders escaped and fled to India.[66][67] In India, the proscribed LSSPers merged their party into the Bolshevik-Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma (BLPI).[68] Preparatory work had been done in this connection by Leslie Goonewardene, Doric de Souza and Bernard Soysa.[69][70] The LSSP thus became the Ceylon section of BLPI.[71] Through the BLPI, the Ceylonese trotskyists attained their formal membership in the Fourth International.[72] The Ceylonese Samasamajists who went to India participated actively along with the BLPI in the struggle for independence that commenced in August 1942 in India.[73][74] It was generally realised that the impending open revolt against imperialism in India was going to be decisive for the future not only of India but of Ceylon as well. Their property and assets back home were confiscated.[75] Various other members were arrested.[76][77] Only Colvin R. de Silva, Leslie Goonewardene, Vivienne Goonewardena and Selina Perera succeeded in evading arrest up to the end.[78]

 
Procession in Bangalore.

During the war there was a split in the movement. N. M. Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the 'Workers' Opposition'.[79] After the war, they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party.[80] Members of the other section, formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus, effectively maintained a separate party, the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party.[81] The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva, Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy.[82]

The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic. The BSP accused the LSSP of 'organisational Menshevism'.[83] The LSSP accused the BSP of being introvert doctrinaires. LSSP wanted to build a mass-based party, whereas the BSP concentrated on building a cadre-based (revolutionary) party.[84][85] On 25 October 1945 fist-fights broke out at between the two groups at a meeting of the BSP.[86]

Main party

The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post-war period.[87] In 1946 there was a brief reconciliation between the two factions.[88] At the general election of 1947 the LSSP emerged as the main opposition party, with 10 seats.[89] The BSP obtained 5 seats.[89] They also had the support of the Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC - which later became the Ceylon Workers' Congress) of Natesa Iyer, which had 6 members in Parliament and of various independent members.[90][91] However, SWRD Bandaranaike and his Sinhala Maha Sabha backed the newly formed United National Party (UNP), which was thus able to form a government under DS Senanayake.[92]

The BLPI-affiliated BSP became an independent party in 1948, and was recognised as the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International when the BLPI was dissolved.[93]

 
The formal ceremony marking the start of self-rule, with the opening of the first parliament at Independence Square by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester in the presence of Rt Hon D.S. Senanayake as first Prime Minister of Ceylon.

Success in the Independence Movement

In 1948, the country was granted Dominion status by the British.[94][95] The armed forces continued to be commanded by British Officers and the Royal Navy and the RAF continued to have bases on the island (at Trincomalee and Katunayake).[96][97] The Government was heavily pro-British and anti-Soviet.[98] The new government proceeded to disenfranchise plantation workers of Indian Tamils descent, using the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and the Parliamentary Elections Amendment Act of 1949.[99][100][101] These measures were intended primarily to undermine the Left electorally.[102] Of these acts, N. M. Perera said:

'I thought racialism of this type died with Houston Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler. I do not believe that anyone claiming to be a Statesman would ask us to accede to a bill of this nature ... We cannot proceed as if we were God's chosen race quite apart from the rest of the world; that we and we alone have the right to be citizens of this country.'[103]

Reunification

The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement, and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties.[104] A process of reunification was initiated, and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP.[105] Through the reunification, the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International.[106] However, Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP.[107] Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party, Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party (VLSSP).[108][109][110]

At the 1952 general election, the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the Korean War.[111] Also, the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases.[112] Moreover, it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally, the CIC, which went unrepresented.[113]

Hartal and after

In 1953, the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal.[114] The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of rice from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government.[115] At the time, J.R. Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country.[116][117] Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections, and when the new rates were introduced to the public, uproar ensued.[118][119] This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees.[120]

Prior to 1953, the concept of a 'Hartal', or general strike, was relatively unknown in Ceylon.[120] Through their exile, the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement, ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them.[121]

The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal, but did not actively support the call for strike.[122][123][115] The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike, but in not take part in it.[124] Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest.[125]

The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill.[126] Afraid of a revolution in the making, the government cabinet sought refuge on HMS Newfoundland, a Royal Navy warship offshore.[127][128] The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership.[129][130] The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power.[131]

In 1956 the LSSP went into a no-contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front) of SWRD Bandaranaike, which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP.[132][133] The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year.[134] The LSSP once again became the main opposition party, and N. M. Perera became the Leader of Opposition.[135] Through this, the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government, but strongly opposed the 'Sinhala Only' policy.[136][137][138] In July 1959, both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government, as inner-party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right-wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena.[139][140]

In March 1960, the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan 'forward to a Sama Samaja Government'.[141][142] The votes won by the LSSP, the Communists and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (a new party, not the 1956 front) of Philip Gunawardena, were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament. However, due to their contesting separately, the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each, the CP a mere 3.[143][144] Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no-contest pact with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) of Sirimavo Bandaranaike, which was thus able to form a government.[145] The Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP, and the LSSP chose not to attend the World Congress of International the following year.[146]

In 1962, officers of the Army and Police attempted a coup d'état aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power.[147] This plot was foiled, and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy.[148] The local branches of petroleum companies were nationalised, leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi-nationals; the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co-operative and the Romanian Government.[149][150]

A parallel process was one of increasing self-confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left-wing. In the parliament they were in the opposition.[151] On May Day 1963 the three main left parties (LSSP, CP and MEP) held a massive joint rally.[152] That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August, the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal.[153] The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities, leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP. The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF.[154]

Trade union activities

The 1950s and 1960s were in many ways the "Golden era" of LSSP.[155] At the time, the most powerful trade unions in the country supported LSSP politics.[115][156] The most prominent trade union in the public sector in this period was the Government Clerical Service Union, which gave the a great support to the political struggle of LSSP.[157] The forefront leader of GCSU, I. J. Wickrema, openly appealed for support to the LSSP-CP coalition in order to defeat imperialism.[158] The GCSU publication Red Tape constantly criticised the UNP government and asked the people to support the left.[115]

Coalition politics

In 1964, the LSSP held a conference at which the majority agreed with a theoretical categorisation of the SLFP by Hector Abhayavardhana as a petty bourgeois party, leaving the door open to a united front with it.[159] A minority faction, led by Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene, opposed the move but opted to stay within the Party.[160] Another minority faction led by Edmund Samarakkody, Merryl Fernando, V Karalasingham and Bala Tampoe, left the party and formed the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Revolutionary) - the LSSP(R).[161]

Later that year, the LSSP joined the coalition government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike.[162][163] Three of its MPs became Ministers; Dr N. M. Perera (Finance), Cholomondely Goonewardena (Public Works) and Anil Moonesinghe (Communications).[164] The LSSP was expelled from the Fourth International, and the membership was passed on to the LSSP(R).[165]

The Coalition Government fell in 1965, due to the desertion of several members.[166] However, the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year.[109] After the election, supporters of the party were subject to a co-ordinated campaign of victimisation by the new seven-party coalition led by the UNP.[167] In 1968, the LSSP joined the SLFP and the CP in a United Front; one that suffered clashes due to the Moscow-oriented focus of the CP.[168][169] That year's joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka.[170]

In 1970, the United Front, of which the LSSP was part, was elected to power in landslide.[171] The LSSP had 19 MPs in the House of Representatives.[172] Dr NM Perera, Dr Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene became Ministers of Finance, Constitutional Affairs with Plantation Industries and Transport and Communication, respectively.[173]

The Party was able to advance parts of its programme considerably: Foreign-owned plantations were nationalised, local ownership was restricted, democratically elected workers' councils were established in state corporations and government departments under the purview of its ministries, and measures were taken that narrowed the gap between the rich and poor.[174][175][176]

Several LSSP members were appointed to important posts in which they could press forward the party programme: Anil Moonesinghe became Chairman of the Ceylon Transport Board and theoretician Hector Abhayavardhana was made Chairman of the People's Bank and Doric de Souza was appointed permanent secretary to the Ministry of Plantations.[177][178][179]

Dr Seneka Bibile, a member of the LSSP, became the founder Chairperson of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation (SPC) - which distributed drugs at affordable rates, by generic name instead of by trade name.[180] The SPC, which became a model for the Third World and remains so today, was based on a report on Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka of which the authors were Dr S. A. Wickremesinghe and Seneka Bibile.[181]

The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues and the other bodies affiliated to the party (membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre, on a Leninist model) saw unprecedented growth at this time.[citation needed] The leadership looked to Salvador Allende's Chile as a model of revolution through parliamentary means.[182][183] Leslie Goonewardene, easily the most cosmopolitan of the party's leaders, established contact with the 'Captains' of the Movement of the Armed Forces ('Movimento das Forças Armadas' - MFA) of Portugal, after the Carnation Revolution of April 1974; he also became a theoretician of Eurocommunism and its application to Sri Lanka, writing a pamphlet 'Can we Get To Socialism This Way'.[184][185][186][187]

In 1975, the United Front broke up with the expulsion of the LSSP ministers.[188] The party then pursued a line of forming a new socialist alliance, the Socialist United Front (SUF).[189] This was finally formed in 1977 with the CPSL and with the People's Democratic Party (PDP), made up of leftist elements from the SLFP led by Nanda Ellawala.[189][190][191]

Electoral Struggle (1977)

In 1977, the LSSP and CP lost all their Parliamentary seats, and the Left was unrepresented - something that had not happened in the 46 years since the introduction of universal suffrage.[192] The party and its allies received over 8% of the vote, but this was not sufficient to win any seats under the first-past-the-post system then in place in Sri Lanka.[193] The same year the LSSP suffered another split, as a group led by the youth leader Vasudeva Nanayakkara broke away and formed the Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP).[194]

This was compounded by the death of N. M. Perera in 1979.[195][196][197] His funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Colombo.[198][199]

The end of the LSSP trade union movement

In 1980, an even worse catastrophe occurred. The UNP Government provoked a strike in the Railway Department.[200] The strike became a general strike.[201] The government cracked down on the trade unions, jailing many labour leaders, including Anil Moonesinghe and G.E.H. Perera of the Government Workers' Trade Union Federation.[202] The strike was crushed and with it the LSSP trade union movement.[203]

Further splits

In 1982 the LSSP split over the question of a coalition with the SLFP. Anil Moonesinghe, Cholomondely Goonewardena, G. E. H. Perera, Wilfred Senanayake and others formed the Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party (SLSSP), which dissolved the next year and merged with the SLFP.[204][page needed] Moonesinghe charged that the LSSP had been taken over by the BSP faction.[204][page needed] Scuffles broke out between the LSSP and the SLSSP at the joint May Day procession that year.[204][page needed]

At the Presidential election held that year, the LSSP put forward Dr Colvin R de Silva as its candidate, the SLSSP backed Hector Kobbekaduwa of the SLFP.[205][206] Dr Colvin R de Silva was beaten into 5th place.[206]

Following the signing of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in 1987, the party was at the receiving end of the terror campaign.[207]

1994 and after

The LSSP joined the People's Alliance, the front led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in 1994.[208] It had three members elected to Parliament that year.[209] Bernard Soysa was Minister of Science and Technology.[210][211] In 1999, Vasudeva Nanayakkara was expelled after having publicly criticized the People's Alliance government.[212] Nanayakkara had joined LSSP from the NSSP in 1994 and had been elected MP for Ratnapura.[213] After his expulsion, Nanayakkara floated the Democratic Left Front.[214]

When the SLFP shelved the PA and formed the United People's Freedom Alliance together with Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ahead of the 2004 elections, the CPSL and LSSP initially stayed out. They did however, sign a memorandum with the UPFA at a later stage and contested the elections on the UPFA platform. LSSP won one parliamentary seat. Its lone MP, Tissa Vitharana, was named Minister of Science and Technology.[215]

The LSSP has gradually decreased in strength. The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues has been disbanded. The party celebrated its 70th anniversary in December 2005, with a well-attended rally in Colombo.[216][217][218][219]

On 4 December 2019, Tissa Vitharana was appointed as Governor for the North Central Province, Sri Lanka,[220] being sworn in before President Gotabaya Rajapaksa.[221]

Organisational model

 
LSSP's main office, situated in Colombo

The LSSP operated as a cadre party on the Leninist model.[222] In order to become a member one had first to be active in the peripheral organisations such as the trade unions, women's organisations and youth leagues.[223] Thereafter it was necessary to serve several months' apprenticeship as a candidate member before being elevated to full membership with voting rights.[223] The basic unit of the Party is the Local, consisting of only full- and candidate-members. Locals also exist inside trade unions.[224]

Internally, the LSSP uses democratic process. The supreme body is the conference, which is summoned every few years. The conference decides on policy and elects a Central Committee (CC) to preside over its implementation.[225] The CC appoints members to bureaux to look after specific area, such as the Educational Bureau (EB), Organisational Bureau (Orgburo) and Trade Union Bureau (TUB); The Political Bureau (Politburo) is appointed to deal with day-to-day political matters and effectively provides leadership.[226][227] The CC also appoints an Editorial Board for running the Samasamajaya newspaper.[228]

The Party also has regional groupings, which have conferences and appoint office bearers for the Regional Committees (RCs).[229] Internationally, there was just one Local, the London Branch. This was also known as the Lanka Socialist League, and was anchored around Wesley Muthiah.[230]

General Secretary

There is strictly no General Secretary, but a Secretary to the Central Committee, assisted by a Deputy and an Assistant. Secretaries have been:

Electoral results

Lanka Sama Samaja Party electoral results
Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Votes Percentage of votes Vote swing Outcome
1947 1st House of Representatives Leslie Goonewardene & N. M. Perera
10 / 95
   10 204,020 10.81%   10.81% Opposition
1952 2nd House of Representatives
9 / 95
   1 305,133 13.11%   2.30%
1956 3rd House of Representatives
14 / 95
   5 274,204 10.36%   2.75% Opposition
1960 (March) 4th House of Representatives
10 / 151
   4 325,286 10.70%   0.34%
1960 (July) 5th House of Representatives
12 / 151
   2 224,995 7.31%   3.39%
1965 6th House of Representatives
10 / 151
   2 302,095 7.47%   0.16%
1970 7th House of Representatives
19 / 151
   9 433,224 8.68%   1.21% Government
1977 1st National State Assembly
0 / 168
   19 225,317 3.61%   5.07%
In the 1947, 1952 and 1956 elections the assembly had 95 single-member constituencies. In 1960 it was expanded to 151 seats and in 1977 to 168.
In 1965 Bernard Soysa was elected unopposed in his constituency.

In recent elections, LSSP has contested on the lists of the People's Alliance and, in 2004, on the lists of the United People's Freedom Alliance.

Leaders and important members

See List of Members of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party.

The LSSP has never had a formal leader.[231] In the period immediately after its formation, Dr Colvin R de Silva was elected President, but the post was later removed.[232] For many years, N. M. Perera was the leader of the LSSP Parliamentary Group and was recognised by the public as the party leader.[233][234] However, the actual leadership has always been that of a group represented in the various bureaux of the Central Committee.[231]

A large proportion of the leadership of the Left in Sri Lanka started their political lives in the LSSP. This is even true of the political right; for example, Esmond Wickremasinghe (the father of Ranil Wickremasinghe) was a leading member of the party - before marrying the daughter of the wealthy press baron D. R Wijewardena and being appointed editor-in-chief of Lake House.[235] W. Dahanayake, the later prime minister, was associated with the LSSP before gravitating right-wards (finally ending up in the UNP).[236][237]

Tissa Abeysekara was at one time tipped to parliament on the National list, however on two occasions he was holding public office (Chairman National Film Corporation) and therefore turned down, but remained an integral member of the party.[238]

Publications

The LSSP's main organ has always been the Samasamajaya newspaper.[115]: 242  Its founder-editor was B. J. Fernando, who composed the Sinhala version of the Internationale.[239] Today, its publication is somewhat irregular. For many years it was supplemented by the Tamil Samadharmam which was commenced in 1938.[240] Its first editor was K. Ramanathan, later succeeded by T. E. Pushparajan.[241][239]

In the period of underground struggle, the Kamkaruwa, was revived as a legal Sinhalese weekly the 'open' section of the Party and published until banned by Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton.[242][239] The 'open' section also brought out Straight Left in English.[243][244]

In 1960 a special magazine was brought out to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the LSSP, Visi Pas Vasrak. The large number of members of the Ceylon Mercantile Union (CMU) who had been sacked from Lake House that year collaborated in its production.[245]

In 1965, in response to the need for a broad-left popular newspaper to counteract Lake House's Dinamina, the LSSP and members of the SLFP began the Janadina daily and the Janasathiya weekly newspaper, later supplemented by the poetry periodical Janakavi.[246] The CMU members sacked from Lake House were prominent in these publications as well. A similar task was carried out in English by The Nation; however, when this weekly was taken over by the SLFP, the LSSP started the Socialist Nation, edited by Hector Abhayavardhana.[247]

A press, the 'Star Press', was begun as a semi-commercial venture, to print the LSSP's publications and still operates.[248]

In 1975 a theoretical journal, Rajaya was published, edited by a board led by Osmund Jayaratne. This and its English version State, were suspended after a few issues.

See also

Footnotes

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Further reading

  • Leslie Goonewardena, A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 4 November 2005
  • George Jan Lerski, Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon accessed 4 November 2005
  • Robert J. Alexander, Ceylon/Sri Lanka: The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 25 December 2005
  • James Jupp, Sri Lanka — Third World Democracy, Frank Cass, London, 1978.
  • Y. Ranjith Amarasinghe, Revolutionary Idealism & Parliamentary Politics - A Study Of Trotskyism In Sri Lanka, Colombo, 1998.
  • Wesley S. Muttiah and Sydney Wanasinghe, We Were Making History - Saga of the Hartal of August 1953, Colombo, 2002.

External links

  • George E. Rennar Papers. 1933-1972. 37.43 cubic feet. At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains ephemera on the Lanka Sama Samaja Party from 1957.

January 05, 2023
lanka, sama, samaja, party, list, breakaway, parties, from, lssp, list, lanka, sama, samaja, breakaway, parties, often, abbreviated, lssp, literally, lanka, socialist, party, sinhala, සම, සම, පක, ෂය, tamil, லங, சமசம, ஜக, கட, major, trotskyist, political, party. For a list of breakaway parties from the LSSP see List of Lanka Sama Samaja breakaway parties The Lanka Sama Samaja Party often abbreviated as LSSP literally Lanka Socialist Party Sinhala ල ක සම සම ජ පක ෂය Tamil லங க சமசம ஜக கட ச is a major Trotskyist political party in Sri Lanka It was the first political party in Sri Lanka then British Ceylon having been founded in 1935 by Leslie Goonewardene N M Perera Colvin R de Silva Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena It currently is a member of the main ruling coalition in the government of Sri Lanka and is headed by Tissa Vitharana The party was founded with leninist ideals and is classified as a party with Socialist aims Lanka Sama Samaja Party ල ක සම සම ජ පක ෂයலங க சமசம ஜக கட ச Lanka Equal Society PartyAbbreviationLSSPSecretary GeneralLeslie Goonewardene first 1945 1977 LeaderN M Perera first 1947 1959 Tissa Vitharana current FoundersLeslie Goonewardene N M Perera Colvin R de Silva Philip Gunawardena Robert GunawardenaFounded18 December 1935 87 years ago 1935 12 18 Headquarters457 Union Place Colombo 02NewspaperSamasamajaya Janadina daily JanasathiyaYouth wingCongress of Samasamaja Youth LeaguesIdeologyCommunismTrotskyismPolitical positionFar leftNational affiliationSupreme Lanka CoalitionInternational affiliationFourth InternationalParliament of Sri Lanka1 225Election symbolKeyPolitics of Sri LankaPolitical partiesElectionsThe LSSP emerged as a major political force in the Sri Lankan independence movement during the 1940s during which time the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort The party played an instrumental role in the Indian independence and later Quit India Movement through the Bolshevik Leninist Party of India Ceylon and Burma BLPI Through its efforts India gained Independence from Britain in 1947 followed by Sri Lanka in 1948 In the late early 1950s the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal strike caused by vast food price inflation by the UNP government At the time J R Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cents had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections and when the new rates of 70 cents were introduced to the public there was a massive anger against it From the late 1940s to 1960s the Lanka Sama Samaja Party served as the opposition Party in Sri Lanka whilst being recognised as the Sri Lankan wing of the Fourth International an organisation characterised by Trotskyism During this period the party was able to use its considerable political influence to reform the former British Colony of Ceylon into a socialist republic by nationalising organisations in the banking education industry media and trade sectors In 1964 the party joined the United Front Sri Lanka and formed the Socialist SLFP government leading to its expulsion from the Fourth International Through their election landslide in 1964 they brought the world s first non hereditary female head of government in modern history Sirimavo Bandaranaike to power as Prime Minister of Sri Lanka The party peaked in political strength in the 1970s when it was again leading a coalition government with multiple of its leaders in key cabinet roles In recent elections the party has served a role in the coalition government As of 2020 the party holds local government roles as well as the governorship of the North Central Province Contents 1 Name 2 History 2 1 Origins 2 1 1 Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike 2 1 2 Suriya Mal movement 2 2 Early period 2 2 1 Bracegirdle Incident 2 2 2 Initial Trotskyist ideals 2 3 Fourth International 2 3 1 New Programme and adoption of Constitution 2 4 Proscription and move to India 2 5 Main party 2 6 Success in the Independence Movement 2 6 1 Reunification 2 7 Hartal and after 2 8 Trade union activities 2 9 Coalition politics 2 10 Electoral Struggle 1977 2 10 1 The end of the LSSP trade union movement 2 10 2 Further splits 2 11 1994 and after 3 Organisational model 3 1 General Secretary 4 Electoral results 5 Leaders and important members 6 Publications 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Further reading 10 External linksName EditThe Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the first modern political party in Ceylon later Sri Lanka 1 2 It was noted for its choice to use a native name rather than an English name and its members were known as Samasamajists The party was the first Marxist party in South Asia The Sinhala term samasamajaya was one coined by Dally Jayawardena in the Swadesa Mitraya to translate the term socialist 3 However the usage of samasamajaya has since been superseded by samajavadaya which corresponds to similar usage in various Indian languages in everything but in the names of the LSSP and various of its splinter groups 4 The Tamil term samadharmam was used to translate socialist but nowadays the English term is used 5 History EditThe Lanka Sama Samaja Party was founded on 18 December 1935 with the broad aims of Sri Lankan Independence and Socialism by a group of young politicians 6 7 The group at the foundation numbered a bare half dozen and composed principally of students who had returned from study abroad influenced deeply by the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin 8 The original group consisted of Leslie Goonewardene N M Perera Colvin R de Silva Philip Gunawardena and Robert Gunawardena 9 10 11 Origins Edit The LSSP grew out of the Youth Leagues of Ceylon societies of young people mainly intellectuals who wanted independence for the British ruled Sri Lanka in which a nucleus of Marxists had developed 12 The party s leaders were predominantly educated returnees from study in London 13 youth who had come into contact with the ideas of the European Left and were influenced by Harold Laski an English political theorist and professor at the London School of Economics 14 15 16 Dr S A Wickremasinghe an early returnee and a member of the State Council from 1931 was part of this group 17 The Youth Leagues campaigned for independence from Britain notably organising opposition to the so called Ministers Memorandum one which in essence called for the colonial authorities to grant increased power to local ministers 18 Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills Strike Edit The group through the South Colombo Youth League became involved in a strike at the Wellawatte Spinning and Weaving Mills in 1933 19 20 The mills the island s largest textile factory at that time with 1 400 workers two thirds of Indian origin and one third Sinhalese gave the members of the Youth League a chance for leadership as well as experience in trade union agitation 21 During this period the collective published an irregular journal in Sinhala Kamkaruwa The Worker 22 Suriya Mal movement Edit In 1933 the group got involved in the Suriya Mal movement which had been formed to provide support for indigenous ex servicemen by the sale of Suriya Portia tree flowers 23 The Suriya Mal movement surged as a reaction to the fact that at the time Poppy Day funds went solely to British ex servicemen 24 The movement was honed by volunteer work among the poor during the Malaria Epidemic of 1934 1935 The volunteers found that there was widespread malnutrition which they helped fight by making pills of Marmite yeast extract 25 26 Early period Edit In 1936 the LSSP contested the State Council elections in four constituencies and won two of them Avissawella and Ruanwella 27 The two new members Philip Gunawardena and N M Perera worked at the dismay of the British Colonial government one that they were trying to dismantle 28 Around this time the LSSP began fraternal relations with the Congress Socialist Party CSP of India 29 Mrs Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya of the CSP was invited by the LSSP for a highly successful political tour of the island 30 31 Leslie Goonewardene was also sent as a delegate to the CSP 32 Despite their move towards Indian relations the LSSP maintained a clear distance from the Indian radical left and considered the Communist Party of India to be an extremist force 33 Bracegirdle Incident Edit In 1937 the British Colonial Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs attempted to deport a young Anglo Australian planter Mark Anthony Bracegirdle who had joined the LSSP 34 35 He went into hiding in defiance of the Governor and the LSSP started a campaign to defend him 36 37 He appeared on the platform at that year s May Day rally and was able to have his deportation order quashed in the courts 38 39 Through this incident Stubbs was isolated The incident led to the further strengthening of an argument for independence as the Bracegirdle incident had brought almost the entire State Council into opposition to the colonial government 40 Bracegirdle had been working among the plantation labourers who were often working in squalid conditions receiving very little health care education and living in line rooms 41 In 1940 the Lanka Estate Workers Union LEWU intervened in a strike at Mooloya becoming the harbinger of a wave of trade union action on the plantations 42 43 44 Initial Trotskyist ideals Edit Meanwhile in the LSSP a number of members had become influenced by the ideas of the Left Opposition led by Leon Trotsky 45 Individual party members notably Philip Gunawardena had encountered Trotskyist groups earlier during stays in Britain and the USA The Trotskyists within the LSSP came together and formed a secret faction known as the T after Trotsky group 46 47 The group s original members were Philip Gunawardena N M Perera Colvin R de Silva Leslie Goonewardene Robert Gunawardena and Vernon Gunasekera the Party Secretary 48 They were later joined by Edmund Samarakkody and V Karalasingham 49 Fourth International Edit In 1940 the LSSP split with the expulsion of the pro Moscow fraction led by S A Wickremasinghe M G Mendis Pieter Keuneman and A Vaidialingam 50 The expelled members formed the United Socialist Party USP which later evolved into the Communist Party of Ceylon CPC 51 52 With the expulsion of the communists the LSSP planted itself as an independent Trotskyist party 53 In its heyday the LSSP was the Fourth International s most successful component 54 At the outbreak of the Second World War the party was forced to go underground due to its opposition to the British war effort 55 The two State Council members of the party and others on its Central committee were arrested and jailed but Leslie Goonewardene evaded arrest and went underground 56 New Programme and adoption of Constitution Edit On 20 April 1941 a secret conference in Kandy attended by 42 delegates was held 57 58 Leslie Goonewardene who was in hiding attended this conference at which the new programme and constitution were adopted 59 60 The cover organisation of the party enabled him to work for a period of one year and three months till he left for India 61 An openly functioning section of the party was established led by Robert Gunawardena S C C Anthonipillai V Karalasingham K V Lourenz Perera and William de Silva 62 The open section of the party led a strike wave in May 1941 and strikes in 1942 and 1944 63 64 65 Proscription and move to India Edit Following the Japanese raid on Colombo on 5 April 1942 the imprisoned leaders escaped and fled to India 66 67 In India the proscribed LSSPers merged their party into the Bolshevik Leninist Party of India Ceylon and Burma BLPI 68 Preparatory work had been done in this connection by Leslie Goonewardene Doric de Souza and Bernard Soysa 69 70 The LSSP thus became the Ceylon section of BLPI 71 Through the BLPI the Ceylonese trotskyists attained their formal membership in the Fourth International 72 The Ceylonese Samasamajists who went to India participated actively along with the BLPI in the struggle for independence that commenced in August 1942 in India 73 74 It was generally realised that the impending open revolt against imperialism in India was going to be decisive for the future not only of India but of Ceylon as well Their property and assets back home were confiscated 75 Various other members were arrested 76 77 Only Colvin R de Silva Leslie Goonewardene Vivienne Goonewardena and Selina Perera succeeded in evading arrest up to the end 78 Procession in Bangalore During the war there was a split in the movement N M Perera and Philip Gunawardena opposed a merger into the BLPI and formed the Workers Opposition 79 After the war they reconstructed LSSP as an independent party 80 Members of the other section formed out of the exiled BLPI nucleus effectively maintained a separate party the Bolshevik Samasamaja Party 81 The latter group functioned as the Ceylon section of BLPI and was led by Colvin R de Silva Leslie Goonawardene and Edmund Samarakkoddy 82 The relation between the two groups was often antagonistic The BSP accused the LSSP of organisational Menshevism 83 The LSSP accused the BSP of being introvert doctrinaires LSSP wanted to build a mass based party whereas the BSP concentrated on building a cadre based revolutionary party 84 85 On 25 October 1945 fist fights broke out at between the two groups at a meeting of the BSP 86 Main party Edit The LSSP and the BSP were both at the helm of the strike waves that occurred in the post war period 87 In 1946 there was a brief reconciliation between the two factions 88 At the general election of 1947 the LSSP emerged as the main opposition party with 10 seats 89 The BSP obtained 5 seats 89 They also had the support of the Ceylon Indian Congress CIC which later became the Ceylon Workers Congress of Natesa Iyer which had 6 members in Parliament and of various independent members 90 91 However SWRD Bandaranaike and his Sinhala Maha Sabha backed the newly formed United National Party UNP which was thus able to form a government under DS Senanayake 92 The BLPI affiliated BSP became an independent party in 1948 and was recognised as the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International when the BLPI was dissolved 93 The formal ceremony marking the start of self rule with the opening of the first parliament at Independence Square by Prince Henry Duke of Gloucester in the presence of Rt Hon D S Senanayake as first Prime Minister of Ceylon Success in the Independence Movement EditIn 1948 the country was granted Dominion status by the British 94 95 The armed forces continued to be commanded by British Officers and the Royal Navy and the RAF continued to have bases on the island at Trincomalee and Katunayake 96 97 The Government was heavily pro British and anti Soviet 98 The new government proceeded to disenfranchise plantation workers of Indian Tamils descent using the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948 and the Parliamentary Elections Amendment Act of 1949 99 100 101 These measures were intended primarily to undermine the Left electorally 102 Of these acts N M Perera said I thought racialism of this type died with Houston Chamberlain and Adolf Hitler I do not believe that anyone claiming to be a Statesman would ask us to accede to a bill of this nature We cannot proceed as if we were God s chosen race quite apart from the rest of the world that we and we alone have the right to be citizens of this country 103 Reunification Edit The split between the LSSP and the BSP had weakened the movement and in particular the BSP which was clearly the smaller of the two parties 104 A process of reunification was initiated and in 1950 the BSP merged into the LSSP 105 Through the reunification the LSSP became the Ceylonese section of the Fourth International 106 However Philip Gunawardena opposed the reconciliation with the BSP 107 Thus he left LSSP and formed a new party Viplavakari Lanka Sama Samaja Party VLSSP 108 109 110 At the 1952 general election the electoral performance was harmed by the relative prosperity due to the price of natural rubber being driven up by the Korean War 111 Also the disenfranchisement of the Indian Tamil estate workers by the UNP government deprived the LSSP of one of its main bases 112 Moreover it damaged the electoral fortunes of its ally the CIC which went unrepresented 113 Hartal and after Edit In 1953 the LSSP took the lead in organising the Hartal 114 The immediate cause for the Hartal was a hike in the price of rice from 25 cent to 70 cent per measure by the UNP government 115 At the time J R Jayawardena was the finance minister of the country 116 117 Maintaining the price of rice at 25 cent had been an electoral promise given by UNP in the 1952 elections and when the new rates were introduced to the public uproar ensued 118 119 This anger was furthered by the suspension of the meals given to schoolchildren and hikes in rail ticket fares and postal fees 120 Prior to 1953 the concept of a Hartal or general strike was relatively unknown in Ceylon 120 Through their exile the LSSP leaders had witnessed the immense impact of the hartals during the Quit India Movement ensuring that this knowledge was brought with them 121 The Communist Party and VLSSP supported the Hartal and the SLFP and CIC expressed sympathy for the demand of the Hartal but did not actively support the call for strike 122 123 115 The Ceylon Mercantile Union supported the demands of the strike but in not take part in it 124 Rather it encouraged their members to go to work wearing black armbands as a means to protest 125 The Hartal took the country to a complete standstill 126 Afraid of a revolution in the making the government cabinet sought refuge on HMS Newfoundland a Royal Navy warship offshore 127 128 The mass upsurge that accompanied the action of the strikers caused Dudley Senanayake to resign from the premiership 129 130 The Hartal emoboldended the LSSP to start to consider that the party might be able to seize state power 131 In 1956 the LSSP went into a no contest pact with the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna People s United Front of SWRD Bandaranaike which he had formed with Philip Gunawardena and the VLSSP 132 133 The MEP won a landslide in the polls held that year 134 The LSSP once again became the main opposition party and N M Perera became the Leader of Opposition 135 Through this the LSSP supported the reforms initiated by the new government but strongly opposed the Sinhala Only policy 136 137 138 In July 1959 both LSSP and the Communist Party withdrew their support for the government as inner party feuds within the SLFP had resulted in a temporary victory for the right wing and expulsions of leftist ministers like Philip Gunawardena 139 140 In March 1960 the LSSP contested the general elections on the slogan forward to a Sama Samaja Government 141 142 The votes won by the LSSP the Communists and the Mahajana Eksath Peramuna a new party not the 1956 front of Philip Gunawardena were sufficient to have made them the biggest bloc in Parliament However due to their contesting separately the LSSP and the MEP won just 10 seats each the CP a mere 3 143 144 Elections were held again in July and the LSSP had a no contest pact with the Sri Lanka Freedom Party SLFP of Sirimavo Bandaranaike which was thus able to form a government 145 The Fourth International was highly critical of the electoral tactics of LSSP and the LSSP chose not to attend the World Congress of International the following year 146 In 1962 officers of the Army and Police attempted a coup d etat aimed at overthrowing the government and bringing the UNP to power 147 This plot was foiled and the SLFP lurched leftwards in terms of policy 148 The local branches of petroleum companies were nationalised leading to a boycott of the country by the oil multi nationals the boycott was broken with help from the Kansas Oil Producers Co operative and the Romanian Government 149 150 A parallel process was one of increasing self confidence and unity amongst the Ceylonese left wing In the parliament they were in the opposition 151 On May Day 1963 the three main left parties LSSP CP and MEP held a massive joint rally 152 That was followed by the launching of United Front on 12 August the tenth anniversary of the 1953 Hartal 153 The front launched agitations on issues like bring down the prices of essential commodities leading it to represent an immediate threat to the governance of SLFP The SLFP began to offer the left parties ministerial posts and worked intensively to break the unity of ULF 154 Trade union activities Edit The 1950s and 1960s were in many ways the Golden era of LSSP 155 At the time the most powerful trade unions in the country supported LSSP politics 115 156 The most prominent trade union in the public sector in this period was the Government Clerical Service Union which gave the a great support to the political struggle of LSSP 157 The forefront leader of GCSU I J Wickrema openly appealed for support to the LSSP CP coalition in order to defeat imperialism 158 The GCSU publication Red Tape constantly criticised the UNP government and asked the people to support the left 115 Coalition politics Edit In 1964 the LSSP held a conference at which the majority agreed with a theoretical categorisation of the SLFP by Hector Abhayavardhana as a petty bourgeois party leaving the door open to a united front with it 159 A minority faction led by Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene opposed the move but opted to stay within the Party 160 Another minority faction led by Edmund Samarakkody Merryl Fernando V Karalasingham and Bala Tampoe left the party and formed the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Revolutionary the LSSP R 161 Later that year the LSSP joined the coalition government of Sirimavo Bandaranaike 162 163 Three of its MPs became Ministers Dr N M Perera Finance Cholomondely Goonewardena Public Works and Anil Moonesinghe Communications 164 The LSSP was expelled from the Fourth International and the membership was passed on to the LSSP R 165 The Coalition Government fell in 1965 due to the desertion of several members 166 However the number of votes won by the LSSP increased at the general election held that year 109 After the election supporters of the party were subject to a co ordinated campaign of victimisation by the new seven party coalition led by the UNP 167 In 1968 the LSSP joined the SLFP and the CP in a United Front one that suffered clashes due to the Moscow oriented focus of the CP 168 169 That year s joint May Day rally was said to be the biggest ever to take place in Sri Lanka 170 In 1970 the United Front of which the LSSP was part was elected to power in landslide 171 The LSSP had 19 MPs in the House of Representatives 172 Dr NM Perera Dr Colvin R de Silva and Leslie Goonewardene became Ministers of Finance Constitutional Affairs with Plantation Industries and Transport and Communication respectively 173 The Party was able to advance parts of its programme considerably Foreign owned plantations were nationalised local ownership was restricted democratically elected workers councils were established in state corporations and government departments under the purview of its ministries and measures were taken that narrowed the gap between the rich and poor 174 175 176 Several LSSP members were appointed to important posts in which they could press forward the party programme Anil Moonesinghe became Chairman of the Ceylon Transport Board and theoretician Hector Abhayavardhana was made Chairman of the People s Bank and Doric de Souza was appointed permanent secretary to the Ministry of Plantations 177 178 179 Dr Seneka Bibile a member of the LSSP became the founder Chairperson of the State Pharmaceuticals Corporation SPC which distributed drugs at affordable rates by generic name instead of by trade name 180 The SPC which became a model for the Third World and remains so today was based on a report on Pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka of which the authors were Dr S A Wickremesinghe and Seneka Bibile 181 The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues and the other bodies affiliated to the party membership of the party proper was still restricted to a small cadre on a Leninist model saw unprecedented growth at this time citation needed The leadership looked to Salvador Allende s Chile as a model of revolution through parliamentary means 182 183 Leslie Goonewardene easily the most cosmopolitan of the party s leaders established contact with the Captains of the Movement of the Armed Forces Movimento das Forcas Armadas MFA of Portugal after the Carnation Revolution of April 1974 he also became a theoretician of Eurocommunism and its application to Sri Lanka writing a pamphlet Can we Get To Socialism This Way 184 185 186 187 In 1975 the United Front broke up with the expulsion of the LSSP ministers 188 The party then pursued a line of forming a new socialist alliance the Socialist United Front SUF 189 This was finally formed in 1977 with the CPSL and with the People s Democratic Party PDP made up of leftist elements from the SLFP led by Nanda Ellawala 189 190 191 Electoral Struggle 1977 Edit In 1977 the LSSP and CP lost all their Parliamentary seats and the Left was unrepresented something that had not happened in the 46 years since the introduction of universal suffrage 192 The party and its allies received over 8 of the vote but this was not sufficient to win any seats under the first past the post system then in place in Sri Lanka 193 The same year the LSSP suffered another split as a group led by the youth leader Vasudeva Nanayakkara broke away and formed the Nava Sama Samaja Party NSSP 194 This was compounded by the death of N M Perera in 1979 195 196 197 His funeral was one of the largest ever seen in Colombo 198 199 The end of the LSSP trade union movement Edit In 1980 an even worse catastrophe occurred The UNP Government provoked a strike in the Railway Department 200 The strike became a general strike 201 The government cracked down on the trade unions jailing many labour leaders including Anil Moonesinghe and G E H Perera of the Government Workers Trade Union Federation 202 The strike was crushed and with it the LSSP trade union movement 203 Further splits Edit In 1982 the LSSP split over the question of a coalition with the SLFP Anil Moonesinghe Cholomondely Goonewardena G E H Perera Wilfred Senanayake and others formed the Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party SLSSP which dissolved the next year and merged with the SLFP 204 page needed Moonesinghe charged that the LSSP had been taken over by the BSP faction 204 page needed Scuffles broke out between the LSSP and the SLSSP at the joint May Day procession that year 204 page needed At the Presidential election held that year the LSSP put forward Dr Colvin R de Silva as its candidate the SLSSP backed Hector Kobbekaduwa of the SLFP 205 206 Dr Colvin R de Silva was beaten into 5th place 206 Following the signing of the Indo Sri Lanka Accord in 1987 the party was at the receiving end of the terror campaign 207 1994 and after Edit The LSSP joined the People s Alliance the front led by the Sri Lanka Freedom Party in 1994 208 It had three members elected to Parliament that year 209 Bernard Soysa was Minister of Science and Technology 210 211 In 1999 Vasudeva Nanayakkara was expelled after having publicly criticized the People s Alliance government 212 Nanayakkara had joined LSSP from the NSSP in 1994 and had been elected MP for Ratnapura 213 After his expulsion Nanayakkara floated the Democratic Left Front 214 When the SLFP shelved the PA and formed the United People s Freedom Alliance together with Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna ahead of the 2004 elections the CPSL and LSSP initially stayed out They did however sign a memorandum with the UPFA at a later stage and contested the elections on the UPFA platform LSSP won one parliamentary seat Its lone MP Tissa Vitharana was named Minister of Science and Technology 215 The LSSP has gradually decreased in strength The Congress of Samasamaja Youth Leagues has been disbanded The party celebrated its 70th anniversary in December 2005 with a well attended rally in Colombo 216 217 218 219 On 4 December 2019 Tissa Vitharana was appointed as Governor for the North Central Province Sri Lanka 220 being sworn in before President Gotabaya Rajapaksa 221 Organisational model Edit LSSP s main office situated in Colombo The LSSP operated as a cadre party on the Leninist model 222 In order to become a member one had first to be active in the peripheral organisations such as the trade unions women s organisations and youth leagues 223 Thereafter it was necessary to serve several months apprenticeship as a candidate member before being elevated to full membership with voting rights 223 The basic unit of the Party is the Local consisting of only full and candidate members Locals also exist inside trade unions 224 Internally the LSSP uses democratic process The supreme body is the conference which is summoned every few years The conference decides on policy and elects a Central Committee CC to preside over its implementation 225 The CC appoints members to bureaux to look after specific area such as the Educational Bureau EB Organisational Bureau Orgburo and Trade Union Bureau TUB The Political Bureau Politburo is appointed to deal with day to day political matters and effectively provides leadership 226 227 The CC also appoints an Editorial Board for running the Samasamajaya newspaper 228 The Party also has regional groupings which have conferences and appoint office bearers for the Regional Committees RCs 229 Internationally there was just one Local the London Branch This was also known as the Lanka Socialist League and was anchored around Wesley Muthiah 230 General Secretary Edit There is strictly no General Secretary but a Secretary to the Central Committee assisted by a Deputy and an Assistant Secretaries have been Vernon Gunasekera Leslie Goonewardene Bernard Soysa Batty Weerakoon Wimalasiri de MelElectoral results EditLanka Sama Samaja Party electoral results Year Legislature Party leader Seats won Change in seats Votes Percentage of votes Vote swing Outcome1947 1st House of Representatives Leslie Goonewardene amp N M Perera 10 95 10 204 020 10 81 10 81 Opposition1952 2nd House of Representatives 9 95 1 305 133 13 11 2 30 1956 3rd House of Representatives 14 95 5 274 204 10 36 2 75 Opposition1960 March 4th House of Representatives 10 151 4 325 286 10 70 0 34 1960 July 5th House of Representatives 12 151 2 224 995 7 31 3 39 1965 6th House of Representatives 10 151 2 302 095 7 47 0 16 1970 7th House of Representatives 19 151 9 433 224 8 68 1 21 Government1977 1st National State Assembly 0 168 19 225 317 3 61 5 07 In the 1947 1952 and 1956 elections the assembly had 95 single member constituencies In 1960 it was expanded to 151 seats and in 1977 to 168 In 1965 Bernard Soysa was elected unopposed in his constituency In recent elections LSSP has contested on the lists of the People s Alliance and in 2004 on the lists of the United People s Freedom Alliance Leaders and important members EditSee List of Members of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party The LSSP has never had a formal leader 231 In the period immediately after its formation Dr Colvin R de Silva was elected President but the post was later removed 232 For many years N M Perera was the leader of the LSSP Parliamentary Group and was recognised by the public as the party leader 233 234 However the actual leadership has always been that of a group represented in the various bureaux of the Central Committee 231 A large proportion of the leadership of the Left in Sri Lanka started their political lives in the LSSP This is even true of the political right for example Esmond Wickremasinghe the father of Ranil Wickremasinghe was a leading member of the party before marrying the daughter of the wealthy press baron D R Wijewardena and being appointed editor in chief of Lake House 235 W Dahanayake the later prime minister was associated with the LSSP before gravitating right wards finally ending up in the UNP 236 237 Tissa Abeysekara was at one time tipped to parliament on the National list however on two occasions he was holding public office Chairman National Film Corporation and therefore turned down but remained an integral member of the party 238 Publications EditThe LSSP s main organ has always been the Samasamajaya newspaper 115 242 Its founder editor was B J Fernando who composed the Sinhala version of the Internationale 239 Today its publication is somewhat irregular For many years it was supplemented by the Tamil Samadharmam which was commenced in 1938 240 Its first editor was K Ramanathan later succeeded by T E Pushparajan 241 239 In the period of underground struggle the Kamkaruwa was revived as a legal Sinhalese weekly the open section of the Party and published until banned by Admiral Sir Geoffrey Layton 242 239 The open section also brought out Straight Left in English 243 244 In 1960 a special magazine was brought out to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the foundation of the LSSP Visi Pas Vasrak The large number of members of the Ceylon Mercantile Union CMU who had been sacked from Lake House that year collaborated in its production 245 In 1965 in response to the need for a broad left popular newspaper to counteract Lake House s Dinamina the LSSP and members of the SLFP began the Janadina daily and the Janasathiya weekly newspaper later supplemented by the poetry periodical Janakavi 246 The CMU members sacked from Lake House were prominent in these publications as well A similar task was carried out in English by The Nation however when this weekly was taken over by the SLFP the LSSP started the Socialist Nation edited by Hector Abhayavardhana 247 A press the Star Press was begun as a semi commercial venture to print the LSSP s publications and still operates 248 In 1975 a theoretical journal Rajaya was published edited by a board led by Osmund Jayaratne This and its English version State were suspended after a few issues See also EditCocos Islands Mutiny Ceylon Federation of Labour GCSU Sri Lanka I J Wickrema Communist Party of Sri Lanka Ceylon National Congress Sri Lankan independence movementFootnotes Edit The Lanka Sama Samaja Party from its Beginnings to its Expulsion marxists org Retrieved 7 July 2020 Pinto Leonard 14 July 2015 Being a Christian in Sri Lanka Historical Political Social and Religious Considerations Balboa Press ISBN 978 1 4525 2862 5 Lerski Jerzy Jan Lerski George Jan 1968 Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1942 Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace Parliamentary Debates 1965 Murugesan K Subramanyam C S 1975 Singaravelu First Communist in South India People s Publishing House ISBN 9780883867143 Wickramasinghe Nira 2006 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age A History of Contested Indentities University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3016 8 Tribune Ceylon News Service December 1981 Duraisingam Thambimuttu 2000 Politics and Life in Our Times Selected Articles Published for Over a Century Thambimuttu Duraisingam Leslie Goonewardene A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Marxists Internet Archive MIA Charles Wesley Ervin Tomorrow is Ours the Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon 1935 48 Colombo Social Scientists Association 2006 Guruge Ananda 28 October 2011 Peace at Last in Paradise AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 4634 1838 0 History of Ceylon From the beginning of the nineteenth century to 1948 Ceylon University Press 1959 Duraisingam Thambimuttu 2000 Politics and Life in Our Times Selected Articles Published for Over a Century Thambimuttu Duraisingam Gunawardena Charles A 2005 Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd ISBN 978 1 932705 48 5 Jayasuriya Laksiri 17 August 2010 Taking Social Development Seriously The Experience of Sri Lanka SAGE Publishing India ISBN 978 93 85985 87 4 Problems of Communism Documentary Studies Section International Information Administration 1973 S A Wickremasinghe Making Britain open ac uk Retrieved 7 July 2020 Lerski Jerzy Jan Lerski George Jan 1968 Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1942 Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace Muthiah Wesley S Wanasinghe Sydney 1997 The Bracegirdle Affair An Episode in the History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Young Socialist Publication ISBN 978 955 95284 5 6 The Island island lk Retrieved 7 July 2020 T Perera Edmund Samarakkody marxists org Retrieved 7 July 2020 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association Seneviratne H L 1999 The Work of Kings University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 74865 8 Jasentuliyana Nandasiri 29 July 2016 Same Sky Different Nights AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 5246 0041 9 Lerski Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon Chap 1 marxists org Retrieved 7 July 2020 Lund Ragnhild Blaikie Piers 18 October 2013 The Tsunami of 2004 in Sri Lanka Impacts and Policy in the Shadow of Civil War Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 96638 8 The Island Midweek Review island lk Retrieved 7 July 2020 Dr N M Perera 1905 1979 An honest and upright politician Sunday Observer 15 August 2004 Archived from the original on 8 September 2005 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Silva E P De 1975 A Short Biography of Dr N M Perera Ph D D S c B Sc De Silva Ralhan O P 1998 Concept of socialism Anmol Publications ISBN 978 81 261 0055 2 Glossary of People Go marxists catbull com Retrieved 7 July 2020 Nyrop Richard F 1975 Area Handbook for India Ceylon Studies Seminar University of Ceylon 1970 Bracegirdle Case Sydney Morning Herald NSW 1842 1954 25 November 1937 p 12 Retrieved 7 July 2020 Obituary Mark Bracegirdle The Independent 23 September 1999 The Bracegirdle Incident Colombo Telegraph 21 April 2016 Retrieved 7 July 2020 Britain World War 2 amp the Sama Samajists A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office London Young Socialist Publication 1 January 1996 ISBN 978 955 95284 4 9 Nethra A Non specialist Journal for Lively Minds International Centre for Ethnic Studies 2000 Ludowyk Evelyn Frederick Charles 1967 A Short History of Ceylon Praeger ISBN 9788013019714 Silva Lloyd Oscar De 1992 Echoes in the Memory Lantana ISBN 978 0 908265 04 6 Warnapala W A Wiswa 1974 Civil Service Administration in Ceylon A Study in Bureaucratic Adaptation Department of Cultural Affairs Sumatipala Ke Ec Ăm 1968 History of Education in Ceylon 1796 1965 With Special Reference to the Contribution Made by C W W Kannangara to the Educational Development of Ceylon Tisara Prakasakayo Goonaratna Colvin 1 January 2006 NM in His Own Words As Seen by Others Dr N M Perera Centre ISBN 978 955 8713 01 3 Syed M H 2002 Encyclopaedia of Saarc Nations Gyan Publishing House ISBN 978 81 7835 125 4 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 The Fight for Trotskyism in South Asia icl fi org Retrieved 7 July 2020 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Edmund Samarakkody 1912 1992 whatnextjournal org uk Retrieved 7 July 2020 Duraisingam Thambimuttu 2000 Politics and Life in Our Times Selected Articles Published for Over a Century Thambimuttu Duraisingam Problems of Communism Documentary Studies Section International Information Administration 1973 Lewis David S Sagar Darren J 1992 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific A Reference Guide Longman ISBN 978 0 582 09811 4 Strength of the International Communist Movement Special Subcommittee on Security Affairs United States Congress Senate Foreign Relations Committee 1953 Gunawardena Charles A 2005 Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd ISBN 978 1 932705 48 5 Saran Parmatma 1982 Government and Politics of Sri Lanka Metropolitan Silva K M De 1997 Sri Lanka The Second World War and the Soulbury Commission 1939 1945 Stationery Office ISBN 978 0 11 290558 5 Glossary of Organisations La Perera T 2006 Revolutionary trails Edmund Samarakkody a political profile Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 80 9 Jasentuliyana Nandasiri 29 July 2016 Same Sky Different Nights AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 5246 0041 9 Sanmugathasan N 1989 Political Memoirs of an Unrepentant Communist N Sanmugathasan Guṇavardhana Raṇavira Goonewardene Leslie 1960 A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Gunaratne Jasentuliyana Nandasiri 29 July 2016 Same Sky Different Nights AuthorHouse ISBN 978 1 5246 0041 9 Lerski Jerzy Jan Lerski George Jan 1968 Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1942 Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace Amerasinghe E F G 1998 Employee Relations and Industrial Law A Collection of Papers Employers Federation of Ceylon Ceylon Sessional Papers Government Press 1961 Aldrich Richard J Aldrich Professor of International Security Richard J 13 April 2000 Intelligence and the War Against Japan Britain America and the Politics of Secret Service Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 64186 9 Jackson Ashley 9 March 2006 The British Empire and the Second World War A amp C Black ISBN 978 0 8264 4049 5 Ervin Charles W 2001 Philip Gunawardena The Making of a Revolutionary Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 34 2 Rose Saul 1959 Socialism in Southern Asia Oxford University Press Talwar Sada Nand 1985 Under the Banyan Tree The Communist Movement in India 1920 1964 Allied Publishers ISBN 9788170230052 Best Anthony 2000 British Documents on Foreign Affairs reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print Burma India Pakistan Ceylon Indonesia The Philippines and South East Asia and the Far East General January 1949 December 1949 ISBN 978 1 55655 768 2 Manifesto of the Fourth International to the Workers and Peasants of India Pioneer publishers 1942 Perera T 2006 Revolutionary trails Edmund Samarakkody a political profile Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 80 9 Rana Mahendra Singh 1981 Indian Government and Politics A Bibliographical Study 1885 1980 Wiley Eastern ISBN 978 0 85226 763 9 Britain World War 2 amp the Sama Samajists A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office London Young Socialist Publication 1 January 1996 ISBN 978 955 95284 4 9 Sheppard Barry 2005 The Party The Socialist Workers Party 1960 1988 Resistance Books ISBN 978 1 876646 50 9 Goonatilake Susantha 5 September 2006 Recolonisation Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lanka SAGE Publishing India ISBN 978 93 5280 538 9 Wriggins William Howard 8 December 2015 Ceylon Dilemmas of a New Nation Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 7690 7 Richardson Al 1997 Blows Against the Empire Trotskyism in Ceylon The Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1964 Porcupine Press ISBN 978 1 899438 26 6 Baring Maurice 1924 C Doubleday Page OCLC 655235 Fukui Haruhiro Hughes Colin A 1985 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 21350 2 Ervin Charles Wesley 2006 Tomorrow is Ours The Trotskyist Movement in India and Ceylon 1935 48 Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 83 0 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association Biyanwila S Janaka 18 October 2010 The Labour Movement in the Global South Trade Unions in Sri Lanka Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 90426 4 Siriwardena Regi 1999 Working Underground The LSSP in Wartime a Memoir of Happenings and Personalities International Centre for Ethnic Studies ISBN 978 955 580 044 0 Edmund Samarakkody 1912 1992 whatnextjournal org uk Retrieved 7 July 2020 Liyanage Pulsara 1998 Vivi A Biography of Vivienne Goonewardena Women s Education and Research Centre ISBN 978 955 9261 07 0 Richardson Al 1997 Blows Against the Empire Trotskyism in Ceylon The Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1964 Porcupine Press ISBN 978 1 899438 26 6 a b Results of Parliamentary General Election 1947 PDF 4 February 2016 Archived from the original PDF on 4 February 2016 Retrieved 7 July 2020 Kanapathipillai Valli 1 August 2009 Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers Anthem Press ISBN 978 1 84331 807 1 Vanniasingham Somasundaram 1989 Sri Lanka The Conflict Within Sangam Books ISBN 978 0 86132 206 0 Rambukwella Harshana 2 July 2018 The Politics and Poetics of Authenticity A Cultural Genealogy of Sinhala Nationalism UCL Press ISBN 978 1 78735 130 1 Best Anthony 2000 British Documents on Foreign Affairs reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print Burma India Pakistan Ceylon Indonesia The Philippines and South East Asia and the Far East General January 1949 December 1949 ISBN 978 1 55655 768 2 Geographer United States Department of State Office of the 1965 Profiles of Newly Independent States Office of Media Services Bureauof Public Affairs Independence Day in Ceylon History Today Retrieved 7 July 2020 remnants of colonialism 6 672509 Removing remnants of colonialism Daily FT Retrieved 7 July 2020 The RAF and RCyAF A parting of the ways Sri Lanka Air Force United States Department of State Public Services Division 1959 The Subcontinent of South Asia Afghanistan Ceylon India Nepal and Pakistan Background U S Government Printing Office Kanapathipillai Valli 1 August 2009 Citizenship and Statelessness in Sri Lanka The Case of the Tamil Estate Workers Anthem Press ISBN 978 1 84331 807 1 Chowdhory Nasreen 13 June 2018 Refugees Citizenship and Belonging in South Asia Contested Terrains Springer ISBN 978 981 13 0197 1 Vamadevan M 1989 Sri Lankan Repatriates in Tamil Nadu Rehabilitation and Integration Zen Publishers Weiss Gordon 4 September 2012 The Cage The Fight for Sri Lanka and the Last Days of the Tamil Tigers Bellevue Literary Press ISBN 978 1 934137 57 4 Welcome to UTHR Sri Lanka UTHR Retrieved 6 July 2020 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association Silva Colvin R De 1954 Their Politics and Ours Lanka Samasamaja Intercontinental Press Combined with Inprecor Intercontinental Press 1977 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Scalapino Robert A 1965 The Communist Revolution in Asia Tactics Goals and Achievements Prentice Hall ISBN 9780131530492 a b Kearney Robert N 1983 The Political Party System in Sri Lanka Political Science Quarterly 98 1 17 33 doi 10 2307 2150202 ISSN 0032 3195 JSTOR 2150202 The Fall of the Leftist Movement CeylonToday Retrieved 8 July 2020 Nyrop Richard F 1971 Area Handbook for Ceylon U S Government Printing Office Wijeyeratne Roshan de Silva 15 August 2013 Nation Constitutionalism and Buddhism in Sri Lanka Routledge ISBN 978 1 135 03835 9 Mitra Subrata K 6 February 2009 Politics of Modern South Asia Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 0 415 45628 9 The Debasement Of Politics After The 1953 Hartal Colombo Telegraph 18 February 2013 Retrieved 8 July 2020 a b c d e Wickramasinghe Nira 2014 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age A History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 022579 7 Biziouras Nikolaos 26 March 2014 The Political Economy of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka Economic Liberalization Mobilizational Resources and Ethnic Collective Action Routledge ISBN 978 1 317 80553 3 60 years since the Great Hartal Himal Southasian 11 August 2013 Retrieved 8 July 2020 Isenberg Joan P Jalongo Mary Renck 1 January 2003 Major Trends and Issues in Early Childhood Education Challenges Controversies and Insights Teachers College Press ISBN 978 0 8077 4350 8 Lanka the Socialist Equality Party Sri Sri Lankan independence 60 years of communalism social decay and war wsws org Retrieved 8 July 2020 a b De Silva Hartal marxists org Retrieved 8 July 2020 Nossiter Thomas Johnson 1 January 1982 Communism in Kerala A Study in Political Adaptation University of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 04667 2 Fernando Warnakulasuriya Thomas Aquinas Leslie 2006 Being close to them among some eminent personalities Godage International Publishers ISBN 9789552092947 Mel de Neloufer Mel Neloufer De 2001 Women amp the Nation s Narrative Gender and Nationalism in Twentieth Century Sri Lanka Rowman amp Littlefield ISBN 978 0 7425 1807 0 Dumont Rene 1972 Paysanneries aux abois Ceylan Tunisie Senegal in French Editions du Seuil Muthiah Wesley S Wanasinghe Sydney 2002 We Were Making History The Hartal of 1953 Young Socialist ISBN 978 955 9150 03 9 The day Trotskyists shut down a country 65th anniversary of the Sri Lankan Hartal Socialist Action 12 August 2018 Retrieved 8 July 2020 14 Aug 1953 5 The Guardian at Newspapers com Newspapers com Retrieved 8 July 2020 Perera Mario WHILE GOD SLEPT Forces of darkness as Angels of Light Sri Lanka 1971 2009 Wordit CDE ISBN 978 93 87649 75 0 Mehta Raj K 2010 Lost Victory The Rise amp Fall of LTTE Supremo V Prabhakaran Pentagon Press ISBN 978 81 8274 443 1 Silva K M De Wriggins William Howard 1988 J R Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1906 1956 University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1183 9 Perera Mario WHILE GOD SLEPT Forces of darkness as Angels of Light Sri Lanka 1971 2009 Wordit CDE ISBN 978 93 87649 75 0 The Island island lk Retrieved 8 July 2020 Wickramasinghe Nira 3 January 2014 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age A History Oxford University Press ISBN 978 0 19 025755 2 Namasivayam S 1 January 1955 The General Election in Ceylon in 1956 Parliamentary Affairs IX 3 307 310 doi 10 1093 oxfordjournals pa a052901 ISSN 0031 2290 United States Department of State Public Services Division 1957 Ceylon 1957 Background U S Government Printing Office Riaz Ali 26 February 2010 Religion and Politics in South Asia Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 99985 9 Volumes 6 7 South Asia Bulletin University of California Los Angeles 1986 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Palmer Norman Dunbar 1975 Elections and Political Development The South Asian Experience Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 0341 1 The Commonwealth Yearbook H M Stationery Office 1990 ISBN 9780115802393 Abhayavardhana Hector 1 January 2001 Hector Abhayavardhana Selected Writings Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 40 3 Intercontinental Press Intercontinental Press 1975 28 Ceylon Sri Lanka 1948 present uca edu Retrieved 8 July 2020 United States Directorate for Armed Forces Information and Education 1968 Ceylon Department of Defense Armed Forces Information Service 1960 Ceylon chooses world s first woman PM 20 July 1960 Retrieved 8 July 2020 Frank Pierre 1979 The Fourth International The Long March of the Trotskyists Ink Links ISBN 978 0 906133 08 8 Horowitz Donald L 14 July 2014 Coup Theories and Officers Motives Sri Lanka in Comparative Perspective Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 5412 7 Warnapala W A Wiswa 1 January 2005 Sri Lanka Freedom Party A Political Profile Godage International Publishers ISBN 978 955 20 8853 7 United States Congress House Foreign Affairs Committee 1963 Expropriation of American owned Property by Foreign Governments in the Twentieth Century Report Prepared by the Legislative Reference Service Library of Congress for the Committee on Foreign Affairs Committee Print 88 1 July 19 1963 Nayyar Deepak 17 June 1977 Economic Relations between Socialist Countries and the Third World Springer ISBN 978 1 349 03293 8 28 Ceylon Sri Lanka 1948 present uca edu Retrieved 8 July 2020 Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 World Marxist Review 1963 Hartal revolutionary history co uk Archived from the original on 9 January 2008 Guṇavardhana Pilip 2006 The State Council Years 1936 1942 Speeches Made in the Legislature Compiled Under the Auspices of the Philip Gunawardena Commemoration Society Godage International Publishers ISBN 978 955 20 9707 2 Tribune Ceylon News Service 1977 Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Asian Survey University of California Press 1972 Jayaratne Osmund 2004 Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne Godage International Publishers ISBN 978 955 20 7584 1 Nyrop Richard F 1971 Area Handbook for Ceylon U S Government Printing Office Talks on Ceylon Coalition Approved by Ruling Party New York Times 10 May 1964 Biyanwila S Janaka 18 October 2010 The Labour Movement in the Global South Trade Unions in Sri Lanka Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 90426 4 BRITONS CRITICIZE CEYLON PROPOSAL Say a Ban on Remittances Would Damage Trade The New York Times Samaranayaka Gamiṇi 2008 Political Violence in Sri Lanka 1971 1987 Gyan Publishing House ISBN 978 81 212 1003 4 Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Nubin Walter 2002 Sri Lanka Current Issues and Historical Background Nova Publishers ISBN 978 1 59033 573 4 Problems of Communism Special Materials Section United States Information Agency 1973 Summary of World Broadcasts Far East Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation 1968 Roberts Michael 1994 Exploring Confrontation Sri Lanka politics Culture and History Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 3 7186 5692 9 Oberst Robert C 3 April 2019 Legislators And Representation In Sri Lanka The Decentralization Of Development Planning Routledge ISBN 978 0 429 71153 4 1 Aug 1970 Page 17 The Gazette and Daily at Newspapers com Newspapers com Retrieved 8 July 2020 Wilson A Jeyaratnam 1975 Electoral Politics in an Emergent State The Ceylon General Election of May 1970 CUP Archive ISBN 978 1 001 32712 9 Tribune Ceylon News Service 1975 Asian Almanac V T Sambandan 1971 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Abhayavardhana Hector 1 January 2001 Hector Abhayavardhana Selected Writings Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 40 3 Sri Lanka Parlimentuva Senate 1970 Parliamentary Debates Jayaratne Osmund 2004 Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne Godage International Publishers ISBN 978 955 20 7584 1 Fathelrahman Ahmed Ibrahim Mohamed Wertheimer Albert 13 February 2016 Pharmacy Practice in Developing Countries Achievements and Challenges Academic Press ISBN 978 0 12 801711 1 N M Allende amp Chavez Re reading Three Strategies For Socialism Colombo Telegraph 10 June 2015 Retrieved 8 July 2020 The Island island lk Retrieved 8 July 2020 Muthiah Wesley S Thiruchandran Selvy Wanasinghe Sydney 2006 Socialist Women of Sri Lanka Young Socialist Publication ISBN 9789559150060 Wilson A Jeyaratnam 1988 The Break up of Sri Lanka The Sinhalese Tamil Conflict Hurst ISBN 978 1 85065 033 1 Duraisingam Thambimuttu 2000 Politics and Life in Our Times Selected Articles Published for Over a Century Thambimuttu Duraisingam Goonewardene Leslie Can we get to socialism this way Colombo The Times of Ceylon OCLC 1056508031 The Economist Economist Newspaper Limited 1977 a b Unknown Intercontinental Press 1977 full citation needed Link Indian Newsmagazine 1977 Muller Tom 2 April 2012 Political Handbook of the World 2012 SAGE ISBN 978 1 60871 995 2 Silva K M De Wriggins William Howard 1988 J R Jayewardene of Sri Lanka 1956 1989 University of Hawaii Press ISBN 9780824816926 Bastian Sunil Luckham Robin 23 August 2003 Can Democracy be Designed The Politics of Institutional Choice in Conflict Torn Societies Zed Books ISBN 978 1 84277 151 8 Lewis David S Sagar Darren J 1992 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific A Reference Guide Longman ISBN 978 0 582 09811 4 Gunawardena Charles A 2005 Encyclopedia of Sri Lanka Sterling Publishers Pvt Ltd ISBN 978 1 932705 48 5 Fukui Haruhiro Hughes Colin A 1985 Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific Greenwood Press ISBN 978 0 313 21350 2 The Island Features island lk Retrieved 8 July 2020 Duraisingam Thambimuttu 2000 Politics and Life in Our Times Selected Articles Published for Over a Century Thambimuttu Duraisingam Tribune Ceylon News Service 1979 Biyanwila S Janaka 18 October 2010 The Labour Movement in the Global South Trade Unions in Sri Lanka Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 90425 7 Jayatilake Linus 1980 General Strike 1980 Sri Lanka President J R Jayawardene s Democracy Unmasked National Committee Labour Capital and Society Travail Capital Et Societe Centre for Developing Area Studies McGill University 1983 Fernando J Basil 1991 Sri Lanka Militarization Vs Modernization Asia Monitor Resource Center ISBN 978 962 7145 13 4 a b c Sri Lanka Sama Samaja Party Political Parties in Sri Lanka Trotskyist Organisations of Sri Lanka TypPRESS 2013 ISBN 978 613 9 19336 3 Tribune Ceylon News Service 1982 a b Jayawardane Lakshman 1988 Sri Lanka presidential election 88 issues and trends Lakshman Jayawardane Bhasin Avtar Singh 2001 India Sri Lanka relations and Sri Lanka s ethnic conflict documents 1947 2000 Indian Research Press ISBN 978 81 87943 10 5 Busky Donald F 2002 Communism in History and Theory Asia Africa and the Americas Greenwood Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 275 97733 7 Biyanwila S Janaka 18 October 2010 The Labour Movement in the Global South Trade Unions in Sri Lanka Routledge ISBN 978 1 136 90426 4 Sri Lanka News Embassy of Sri Lanka 1997 Embassy U S Sri Lanka 1995 News Letter The Embassy Lansford Tom 24 March 2015 Political Handbook of the World 2015 CQ Press ISBN 978 1 4833 7156 6 Dissanayaka T D S A 1994 The Politics of Sri Lanka The provincial council election of 1999 Swastika Private Limited ISBN 978 955 572 001 4 Rajadorai N P Corr Ratnapura Special Vasudeva never changed his party policies PM Daily News Retrieved 8 July 2020 Divisions in the left emerge BBC News 1 October 2005 Ceylon Sri Lanka The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Marxists Internet Archive MIA Lanka Sama Samaja Party and the working class Daily News 24 December 2007 Archived from the original on 28 February 2008 Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon Marxists Internet Archive MIA The Struggle for Trotskyism in Ceylon International Bolshevik Tendency IBT Governor post for Tissa Vitharana lankanewsweb net Retrieved 20 February 2020 Tissa Vitharana among two new Governors appointed Colombo Gazette 4 December 2019 Retrieved 20 February 2020 Roberts Michael 1994 Exploring Confrontation Sri Lanka politics Culture and History Taylor amp Francis p 338 ISBN 978 3 7186 5692 9 a b Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press p 72 ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Leslie Goonewardene A Short History of the LSSP marxists org Retrieved 8 July 2020 Alexander Robert Jackson 1991 International Trotskyism 1929 1985 A Documented Analysis of the Movement Duke University Press p 174 ISBN 978 0 8223 1066 2 Asian Recorder 1975 pp pCLXXXVII Wickramasinghe Nira 2006 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age A History of Contested Indentities University of Hawaii Press p 210 ISBN 978 0 8248 3016 8 Karalasingham V 1964 Politics of Coalition International Publishers Perera T 2006 Revolutionary trails Edmund Samarakkody a political profile Social Scientists Association p 68 ISBN 978 955 9102 80 9 Muthiah Wesley S Wanasinghe Sydney 1997 The Bracegirdle Affair An Episode in the History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party Young Socialist Publication ISBN 978 955 95284 5 6 a b Towards a History of the Fourth International Education for Socialists Bulletins Towards a History of the Fourth International National Education Department Socialist Workers Party 1975 p 12 Britain World War 2 amp the Sama Samajists A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office London Young Socialist Publication 1 January 1996 p 5 ISBN 978 955 95284 4 9 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association p 191 Wickramasinghe Nira 2006 Sri Lanka in the Modern Age A History of Contested Indentities University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 3016 8 Jayaratne Osmund 2004 Memoirs of Osmund Jayaratne Godage International Publishers p 23 ISBN 978 955 20 7584 1 The Ceylon Historical Journal Tisara Prakasakayo 1952 p 161 Richardson Al 1997 Blows Against the Empire Trotskyism in Ceylon The Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1964 Porcupine Press p 77 ISBN 978 1 899438 26 6 True humanist dailynews 22 April 2009 Retrieved 13 May 2013 a b c Lerski Jerzy Jan Lerski George Jan 1968 Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon A Documentary History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party 1935 1942 Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace p 33 Britain World War 2 amp the Sama Samajists A Study of the Documents Contained in the Secret Files Maintained by the Public Record Office London Young Socialist Publication 1 January 1996 ISBN 978 955 95284 4 9 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association Social Science Review Social Scientists Association 1980 Sworakowski Witold S 1973 World Communism a Handbook 1918 1965 Hoover Institution Press ISBN 978 0 8179 1081 5 Amarasinghe Y Ranjith 2000 Revolutionary Idealism and Parliamentary Politics A Study of Trotskyism in Sri Lanka Social Scientists Association Kearney Robert N 8 January 2021 Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon Univ of California Press ISBN 978 0 520 33174 7 Wilson A Jeyaratnam 10 June 2010 Electoral Politics in an Emergent State The Ceylon General Election of May 1970 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 15311 9 Abhayavardhana Hector 1 January 2001 Hector Abhayavardhana Selected Writings Social Scientists Association ISBN 978 955 9102 40 3 Wriggins William Howard 8 December 2015 Ceylon Dilemmas of a New Nation Princeton University Press ISBN 978 1 4008 7690 7 Further reading EditLeslie Goonewardena A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 4 November 2005 George Jan Lerski Origins Of Trotskyism In Ceylon accessed 4 November 2005 Robert J Alexander Ceylon Sri Lanka The Rise of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party accessed 25 December 2005 James Jupp Sri Lanka Third World Democracy Frank Cass London 1978 Y Ranjith Amarasinghe Revolutionary Idealism amp Parliamentary Politics A Study Of Trotskyism In Sri Lanka Colombo 1998 Wesley S Muttiah and Sydney Wanasinghe We Were Making History Saga of the Hartal of August 1953 Colombo 2002 External links EditOfficial website George E Rennar Papers 1933 1972 37 43 cubic feet At the Labor Archives of Washington University of Washington Libraries Special Collections Contains ephemera on the Lanka Sama Samaja Party from 1957 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lanka Sama Samaja Party amp oldid 1130237796, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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