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Land surface effects on climate

December 15, 2023

Land surface effects on climate are wide-ranging and vary by region. Deforestation and exploitation of natural landscapes play a significant role. Some of these environmental changes are similar to those caused by the effects of global warming.[1][2][3]

Deforestation effects edit

See also: Deforestation by region

Major land surface changes affecting climate include deforestation (especially in tropical areas),[4][5][6][7][8] and destruction of grasslands and xeric woodlands by overgrazing, or lack of grazing. These changes in the natural landscape reduce evapotranspiration, and thus water vapor, in the atmosphere, limiting clouds and precipitation. It has been proposed, in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, that evaporation rates from forested areas may exceed that of the oceans, creating zones of low pressure, which enhance the development of storms and rainfall through atmospheric moisture recycling.[9] The American Institute of Biological Sciences published a similar paper in support of this concept in 2009.[10] In addition, with deforestation and/or destruction of grasslands, the amount of dew harvested (or condensed) by plants is greatly diminished.[11][12][13] All of this contributes to desertification in these regions.

25-50% of the rainfall in the Amazon basin comes from the forest, and if deforestation reaches 30-40% most of the Amazon basin will enter a permanent dry climate.[14] In another article published by Nature, it points out that tropical deforestation can lead to large reductions in observed precipitation.[15]

This concept of land-atmosphere feedback is common among permaculturists, such as Masanobu Fukuoka, who, in his book, The One Straw Revolution, said "rain comes from the ground, not the sky."[16][17]

Deforestation, and conversion of grasslands to desert, may also lead to cooling of the regional climate. This is because of the albedo effect (sunlight reflected by bare ground) during the day, and rapid radiation of heat into space at night, due to the lack of vegetation and atmospheric moisture.[18]

Reforestation, conservation grazing, holistic land management, and, in drylands, water harvesting and keyline design, are examples of methods that might help prevent or lessen these drying effects.[19]

Mountain meteorological effects edit

Orographic lift edit

Main article: Orographic lift

Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain. As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically, which can raise the relative humidity to 100% and create clouds and, under the right conditions, precipitation.[citation needed]

Rain shadow edit

Main article: Rain shadow

A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area (away from the wind). The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems and cast a "shadow" of dryness behind them. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. In an effect opposite that of orographic lift, the air, without much moisture left, advances behind the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow".[citation needed]

Foehn wind edit

Main article: Foehn wind

A föhn or foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range.[citation needed]

 
Föhn can be initiated when deep low pressures move into Europe drawing moist Mediterranean air over the Alps.

It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes (see orographic lift). As a consequence of the different adiabatic lapse rates of moist and dry air, the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than equivalent elevations on the windward slopes. Föhn winds can raise temperatures by as much as 14 °C (25 °F)[20] in just a matter of minutes. Central Europe enjoys a warmer climate due to the Föhn, as moist winds off the Mediterranean Sea blow over the Alps.[citation needed]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "The Effect of Land Masses on Climate". PBS LearningMedia. from the original on 2021-01-25. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  2. ^ . Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2016-05-17.
  3. ^ Carleton, Thomas Loveland, Rezaul Mahmood, Toral Patel-Weynand, Krista Karstensen, Kari Beckendorf, Norman Bliss, and Andrew. "USGS Open-File Report 2012–1155: National Climate Assessment Technical Report on the Impacts of Climate and Land Use and Land Cover Change". pubs.usgs.gov. from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2016-05-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Zemp, Delphine; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Barbosa, Henrique; Sampaio, Gilvan; Hirota, Marina; Rammig, Anja (12 April 2015). "Cascading effects of deforestation and drying trends on reduced forest resilience in the Amazon region". from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 16 May 2016 – via ResearchGate.
  5. ^ Zemp, Delphine; Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich; Barbosa, Henrique; Sampaio, Gilvan; Hirota, Marina; Rammig, Anja (2015). "Cascading effects of deforestation and drying trends on reduced forest resilience in the Amazon region". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. 17: 15338. Bibcode:2015EGUGA..1715338Z.
  6. ^ Robbins, Jim (9 October 2015). "Opinion - Deforestation and Drought". The New York Times. from the original on 2021-04-11. Retrieved 2017-03-02.
  7. ^ "Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations". UCLA Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  8. ^ Niiler, Eric (April 11, 2016). "Climate Change Is Drying Up Islands". Discovery News. from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  9. ^ A. M. Makarieva; V. G. Gorshkov; D. Sheil; A. D. Nobre; B.-L. Li (2013). "Where do winds come from? A new theory on how water vapor condensation influences atmospheric pressure and dynamics" (PDF). Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13 (2): 1039–1056. arXiv:1004.0355. Bibcode:2013ACP....13.1039M. doi:10.5194/acp-13-1039-2013. (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-30. Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  10. ^ Sheil, Douglas & Daniel Murdiyarso (2009). (PDF). BioScience. 59 (4): 341+. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.4.12. S2CID 85905766. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-19.
  11. ^ Staniford, Stuart (December 29, 2011). "A Hypothesis about Global Drying". Early Warning. from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  12. ^ "Huge parts of world are drying up: Land 'evapotranspiration' taking unexpected turn". ScienceDaily. October 11, 2010. from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  13. ^ Peter Greve; Boris Orlowsky; Brigitte Mueller; Justin Sheffield; Markus Reichstein & Sonia I. Seneviratne (2014). "Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land". Nature Geoscience. 7 (10): 716–721. Bibcode:2014NatGe...7..716G. doi:10.1038/ngeo2247.
  14. ^ Malhi, Yadvinder; Roberts, J. Timmons; Betts, Richard A.; Killeen, Timothy J.; Li, Wenhong; Nobre, Carlos A. (11 January 2008). "Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon". Science. 319 (5860): 169–172. Bibcode:2008Sci...319..169M. doi:10.1126/science.1146961. PMID 18048654. S2CID 33966731.
  15. ^ Smith, C.; Baker, J. C. A.; Spracklen, D. V. (March 2023). "Tropical deforestation causes large reductions in observed precipitation". Nature. 615 (7951): 270–275. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..270S. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05690-1. PMC 9995269. PMID 36859548.
  16. ^ "Rain comes from the ground not the sky, Fukuoka (masanobu fukuoka forum at permies)". www.permies.com. from the original on 2016-09-23. Retrieved 2016-05-16.
  17. ^ 1978 [1975 Sep.] – The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming, translators Chris Pearce, Tsune Kurosawa and Larry Korn, Rodale Press.
  18. ^ "Deforestation causes cooling, study shows". PhysOrg. November 16, 2011. from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
  19. ^ Peter Westerveld (December 8, 2010). VIDEO: Reversing climate change is all very simple, says Peter Westerveld (YouTube). TEDxAmsterdam.
  20. ^ "South Dakota Weather History and Trivia for January". National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. February 8, 2006. See January 22 entry. from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2016.

External links edit

  • YouTube interview with Susan Martinez, Ph.D., on "global drying" theory
  • YouTube presentation: "Do forests attract rain?" from the Center for International Forestry Research
  • YouTube TEDx presentation by Peter Westerveld on restored land helping to bring rain
  • YouTube TED presentation by Allan Savory on using conservation grazing to green desert areas
  • YouTube: "Green Desert," a documentary film about the effects of deforestation in Indonesia

December 15, 2023
land, surface, effects, climate, wide, ranging, vary, region, deforestation, exploitation, natural, landscapes, play, significant, role, some, these, environmental, changes, similar, those, caused, effects, global, warming, contents, deforestation, effects, mo. Land surface effects on climate are wide ranging and vary by region Deforestation and exploitation of natural landscapes play a significant role Some of these environmental changes are similar to those caused by the effects of global warming 1 2 3 Contents 1 Deforestation effects 2 Mountain meteorological effects 2 1 Orographic lift 2 2 Rain shadow 2 3 Foehn wind 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksDeforestation effects editSee also Deforestation by region Major land surface changes affecting climate include deforestation especially in tropical areas 4 5 6 7 8 and destruction of grasslands and xeric woodlands by overgrazing or lack of grazing These changes in the natural landscape reduce evapotranspiration and thus water vapor in the atmosphere limiting clouds and precipitation It has been proposed in the journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics that evaporation rates from forested areas may exceed that of the oceans creating zones of low pressure which enhance the development of storms and rainfall through atmospheric moisture recycling 9 The American Institute of Biological Sciences published a similar paper in support of this concept in 2009 10 In addition with deforestation and or destruction of grasslands the amount of dew harvested or condensed by plants is greatly diminished 11 12 13 All of this contributes to desertification in these regions 25 50 of the rainfall in the Amazon basin comes from the forest and if deforestation reaches 30 40 most of the Amazon basin will enter a permanent dry climate 14 In another article published by Nature it points out that tropical deforestation can lead to large reductions in observed precipitation 15 This concept of land atmosphere feedback is common among permaculturists such as Masanobu Fukuoka who in his book The One Straw Revolution said rain comes from the ground not the sky 16 17 Deforestation and conversion of grasslands to desert may also lead to cooling of the regional climate This is because of the albedo effect sunlight reflected by bare ground during the day and rapid radiation of heat into space at night due to the lack of vegetation and atmospheric moisture 18 Reforestation conservation grazing holistic land management and in drylands water harvesting and keyline design are examples of methods that might help prevent or lessen these drying effects 19 Mountain meteorological effects editOrographic lift edit Main article Orographic lift Orographic lift occurs when an air mass is forced from a low elevation to a higher elevation as it moves over rising terrain As the air mass gains altitude it quickly cools down adiabatically which can raise the relative humidity to 100 and create clouds and under the right conditions precipitation citation needed Rain shadow edit Main article Rain shadow A rain shadow is a dry area on the leeward side of a mountainous area away from the wind The mountains block the passage of rain producing weather systems and cast a shadow of dryness behind them Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top In an effect opposite that of orographic lift the air without much moisture left advances behind the mountains creating a drier side called the rain shadow citation needed Foehn wind edit Main article Foehn wind A fohn or foehn is a type of dry warm down slope wind that occurs in the lee downwind side of a mountain range citation needed nbsp Fohn can be initiated when deep low pressures move into Europe drawing moist Mediterranean air over the Alps It is a rain shadow wind that results from the subsequent adiabatic warming of air that has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes see orographic lift As a consequence of the different adiabatic lapse rates of moist and dry air the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than equivalent elevations on the windward slopes Fohn winds can raise temperatures by as much as 14 C 25 F 20 in just a matter of minutes Central Europe enjoys a warmer climate due to the Fohn as moist winds off the Mediterranean Sea blow over the Alps citation needed See also editForest restoration Ecological engineering Restoration ecology Deforestation and climate change Assisted natural regeneration Moisture recycling Evapotranspiration Precipitationshed Water cycle Tropical rain belt Tropical rainforest conservation Climate engineering Weather modification Desert greening Al Baydha Project Great Plains Shelterbelt Great Green Wall forest initiative in the African Sahel Three North Shelter Forest Program also known as China s Green Great Wall References edit The Effect of Land Masses on Climate PBS LearningMedia Archived from the original on 2021 01 25 Retrieved 2016 05 17 How does land use change affect climate change Archived from the original on 2016 06 09 Retrieved 2016 05 17 Carleton Thomas Loveland Rezaul Mahmood Toral Patel Weynand Krista Karstensen Kari Beckendorf Norman Bliss and Andrew USGS Open File Report 2012 1155 National Climate Assessment Technical Report on the Impacts of Climate and Land Use and Land Cover Change pubs usgs gov Archived from the original on 2018 08 21 Retrieved 2016 05 17 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Zemp Delphine Schleussner Carl Friedrich Barbosa Henrique Sampaio Gilvan Hirota Marina Rammig Anja 12 April 2015 Cascading effects of deforestation and drying trends on reduced forest resilience in the Amazon region Archived from the original on 17 April 2021 Retrieved 16 May 2016 via ResearchGate Zemp Delphine Schleussner Carl Friedrich Barbosa Henrique Sampaio Gilvan Hirota Marina Rammig Anja 2015 Cascading effects of deforestation and drying trends on reduced forest resilience in the Amazon region EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 17 15338 Bibcode 2015EGUGA 1715338Z Robbins Jim 9 October 2015 Opinion Deforestation and Drought The New York Times Archived from the original on 2021 04 11 Retrieved 2017 03 02 Tropical drying trends in global warming models and observations UCLA Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Archived from the original on February 25 2020 Retrieved May 13 2016 Niiler Eric April 11 2016 Climate Change Is Drying Up Islands Discovery News Archived from the original on May 7 2016 Retrieved May 13 2016 A M Makarieva V G Gorshkov D Sheil A D Nobre B L Li 2013 Where do winds come from A new theory on how water vapor condensation influences atmospheric pressure and dynamics PDF Atmos Chem Phys 13 2 1039 1056 arXiv 1004 0355 Bibcode 2013ACP 13 1039M doi 10 5194 acp 13 1039 2013 Archived PDF from the original on 2020 07 30 Retrieved 2016 05 14 Sheil Douglas amp Daniel Murdiyarso 2009 How forests attract rain an examination of a new hypothesis PDF BioScience 59 4 341 doi 10 1525 bio 2009 59 4 12 S2CID 85905766 Archived from the original PDF on 2013 03 19 Staniford Stuart December 29 2011 A Hypothesis about Global Drying Early Warning Archived from the original on August 29 2017 Retrieved May 13 2016 Huge parts of world are drying up Land evapotranspiration taking unexpected turn ScienceDaily October 11 2010 Archived from the original on November 11 2020 Retrieved May 13 2016 Peter Greve Boris Orlowsky Brigitte Mueller Justin Sheffield Markus Reichstein amp Sonia I Seneviratne 2014 Global assessment of trends in wetting and drying over land Nature Geoscience 7 10 716 721 Bibcode 2014NatGe 7 716G doi 10 1038 ngeo2247 Malhi Yadvinder Roberts J Timmons Betts Richard A Killeen Timothy J Li Wenhong Nobre Carlos A 11 January 2008 Climate Change Deforestation and the Fate of the Amazon Science 319 5860 169 172 Bibcode 2008Sci 319 169M doi 10 1126 science 1146961 PMID 18048654 S2CID 33966731 Smith C Baker J C A Spracklen D V March 2023 Tropical deforestation causes large reductions in observed precipitation Nature 615 7951 270 275 Bibcode 2023Natur 615 270S doi 10 1038 s41586 022 05690 1 PMC 9995269 PMID 36859548 Rain comes from the ground not the sky Fukuoka masanobu fukuoka forum at permies www permies com Archived from the original on 2016 09 23 Retrieved 2016 05 16 1978 1975 Sep The One Straw Revolution An Introduction to Natural Farming translators Chris Pearce Tsune Kurosawa and Larry Korn Rodale Press Deforestation causes cooling study shows PhysOrg November 16 2011 Archived from the original on February 18 2021 Retrieved May 13 2016 Peter Westerveld December 8 2010 VIDEO Reversing climate change is all very simple says Peter Westerveld YouTube TEDxAmsterdam South Dakota Weather History and Trivia for January National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office February 8 2006 See January 22 entry Archived from the original on December 19 2014 Retrieved November 13 2016 External links editYouTube interview with Susan Martinez Ph D on global drying theory YouTube presentation Do forests attract rain from the Center for International Forestry Research YouTube TEDx presentation by Peter Westerveld on restored land helping to bring rain YouTube TED presentation by Allan Savory on using conservation grazing to green desert areas YouTube Green Desert a documentary film about the effects of deforestation in Indonesia Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land surface effects on climate amp oldid 1183857403, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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